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Electromagnetic gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence in torus plasmas

Part of: ITER International School 2014 Focus on Fusion

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 February 2015

A. Ishizawa ,
S. Maeyama ,
T.-H. Watanabe ,
H. Sugama  and
N. Nakajima
A. Ishizawa*
Affiliation:
National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki, 509-5292, Japan
S. Maeyama
Affiliation:
Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Kashiwa, 277-8587Japan
T.-H. Watanabe
Affiliation:
Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602Japan
H. Sugama
Affiliation:
National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki, 509-5292, Japan
N. Nakajima
Affiliation:
National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki, 509-5292, Japan
*
†Email address for correspondence: ishizawa@nifs.ac.jp
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Abstract

Gyrokinetic simulations of electromagnetic turbulence in magnetically confined torus plasmas including tokamak and heliotron/stellarator are reviewed. Numerical simulation of turbulence in finite beta plasmas is an important task for predicting the performance of fusion reactors and a great challenge in computational science due to multiple spatio-temporal scales related to electromagnetic ion and electron dynamics. The simulation becomes further challenging in non-axisymmetric plasmas. In finite beta plasmas, magnetic perturbation appears and influences some key mechanisms of turbulent transport, which include linear instability and zonal flow production. Linear analysis shows that the ion-temperature gradient (ITG) instability, which is essentially an electrostatic instability, is unstable at low beta and its growth rate is reduced by magnetic field line bending at finite beta. On the other hand, the kinetic ballooning mode (KBM), which is an electromagnetic instability, is destabilized at high beta. In addition, trapped electron modes (TEMs), electron temperature gradient (ETG) modes, and micro-tearing modes (MTMs) can be destabilized. These instabilities are classified into two categories: ballooning parity and tearing parity modes. These parities are mixed by nonlinear interactions, so that, for instance, the ITG mode excites tearing parity modes. In the nonlinear evolution, the zonal flow shear acts to regulate the ITG driven turbulence at low beta. On the other hand, at finite beta, interplay between the turbulence and zonal flows becomes complicated because the production of zonal flow is influenced by the finite beta effects. When the zonal flows are too weak, turbulence continues to grow beyond a physically relevant level of saturation in finite-beta tokamaks. Nonlinear mode coupling to stable modes can play a role in the saturation of finite beta ITG mode and KBM. Since there is a quadratic conserved quantity, evaluating nonlinear transfer of the conserved quantity from unstable modes to stable modes is useful for understanding the saturation mechanism of turbulence.

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Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Plasma Physics , Volume 81 , Issue 2 , April 2015 , 435810203
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Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

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