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How Much Opposition to Aggrandizers? Explaining Differences in Pushback against Three Philippine Presidents

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 December 2024

Mark R. Thompson Open the ORCID record for Mark R. Thompson [Opens in a new window]  and
Kevin N. M. Agojo
Mark R. Thompson*
Affiliation:
City University of Hong Kong
Kevin N. M. Agojo
Affiliation:
City University of Hong Kong
*
Corresponding author: Mark R. Thompson; Email: mark.thompson@cityu.edu.hk
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Abstract

A major focus of the democratic backsliding literature has been on “executive aggrandizement” in electoral, institutional, and civil societal arenas. An influential explanation of the strength of opposition to aggrandizers contends that the more democratic accountability remains despite illiberal stratagems, the stronger the pushback is likely to be. A single-country temporal comparison of three aggrandizing Philippine presidents—Ferdinand Marcos Sr., Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, and Rodrigo Duterte—demonstrates that this view not only fails to account for stark variation in opposition, it predicts the reverse of what actually occurred. Despite election fraud, constitutional manipulation, and protest crackdowns, Marcos Sr. and Arroyo confronted stronger pushback. By contrast, opposition against Duterte gained little traction although elections remained competitive, institutions were left largely intact, and there was little repression of peaceful protests. This suggests that opposition efficacy is more dependent on how effectively it can contest democratic legitimation claims used to disguise autocratization.

Keywords

executive aggrandizementautocratizationoppositionPhilippine presidents

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Journal of East Asian Studies , Volume 24 , Issue 2 , July 2024 , pp. 145 - 168
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© The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the East Asia Institute

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