The emotional wellness of trainee healthcare professionals is recognised as an important public health issue.Reference Bourcier, Far, King, Cai, Mader and Raiter1 Trainees are exposed to a unique set of stressors, including demanding workloads, high stakes and emotionally taxing patient encounters.Reference Bullock, Kraft, Amsden, Gore, Wimsatt and Prengle2 Consequently, the rates of psychological distress, burnout and other stress-related mental health conditions are significantly higher in this group than in the general population.Reference Bullock, Kraft, Amsden, Gore, Wimsatt and Prengle2 Such conditions not only compromise overall well-being but are also associated with increased medical errors and patient dissatisfaction.Reference West, Tan, Habermann, Sloan and Shanafelt3
These alarming findings have prompted academic institutions to include various wellness promotion content in the academic curriculum.Reference Bourcier, Far, King, Cai, Mader and Raiter1,Reference Bullock, Kraft, Amsden, Gore, Wimsatt and Prengle2 Although these efforts are laudable, trainees can feel uncomfortable with structured wellness activities that are embedded in the curriculum, as individual definitions of mental wellness are heterogeneous.Reference Chatterjee, Edmonds, Girardo, Vickers, Hathaway and Stonnington4 Thus, there is a preference among trainees for student-led wellness activities, which tend to emphasise a diverse conceptualisation of mental wellness.Reference Chatterjee, Edmonds, Girardo, Vickers, Hathaway and Stonnington4 In this light, student-led wellness activities are one of many tools that can facilitate healthy coping via the safe discussion and normalisation of mental health struggles. Ultimately, further research and system-level change are needed to address both the mental wellness crisis and the discomfort with formal wellness interventions among trainees.Reference Bourcier, Far, King, Cai, Mader and Xiao5
Struggles with stress, burnout and psychological distress among trainees were particularly intensified globally during the COVID-19 pandemic.Reference Brown, Kassam, Paget, Blades, Mercia and Kachra6 Sadly, mental health stigma in the healthcare field remains a prevalent issue and poses a significant barrier to treatment and recovery for individuals with mental illness.Reference Bullock, Kraft, Amsden, Gore, Wimsatt and Prengle2 The paucity of mental health-related platforms for self-expression in healthcare education inspired a group of trainees (including C.Z., K.P., I.L. and J.X.) to develop an outlet for their peers to share personal experiences, reflections and strategies to promote wellness in the form of an online literary and arts magazine Breathe (www.thebreathemag.com). The magazine's ultimate goal is to destigmatise mental health struggles and serve as a coping strategy against the various system- and work-related causes of distress for trainee healthcare professionals.
To accomplish these goals, the artistic medium was chosen for its subjectivity, unstructured nature and potential therapeutic effects. In the medical context, art and literature therapy are forms of psychotherapy that use creative expression to promote mental wellness.Reference Malchiodi7 These therapies are based on the idea that the creative process can be therapeutic, allowing individuals to express and process their thoughts, feelings and emotions in a safe and non-threatening environment.Reference Malchiodi7 Exposure to art or participation in group-based creative writing workshops can improve anxiety and depressive symptoms and be protective against burnout.Reference Mundy, Kudahl, Bundesen, Hellström, Rosenbaum and Eplov8,Reference Volpe, de Boer, Wasserman and Van Scoy9
Project description
Breathe is a free-to-read, student-led online literary and arts magazine created by a team of trainee healthcare professionals at McMaster University in Canada. The target audience is all trainee healthcare professionals across Canada. The magazine showcases literary and artistic expressions about mental health and wellness during healthcare education. Some common themes among the submissions include pre-existing mental illness and its exacerbation, difficult experiences during training (e.g. loss of a patient, stress, imposter syndrome) and successful coping strategies used by trainees. The magazine includes visual art such as paintings, digital art, drawings and photography, as well as written pieces such as short stories, poetry and reflections. Interviews featuring individuals with profound mental health experiences in healthcare are also included. Supplementary Fig. 1, available at https://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bji.2023.40, outlines the steps involved in the magazine's development.
Post-publication evaluation
This study to evaluate the potential benefits of Breathe magazine received ethical approval from the Hamilton Integrated Research Ethics Board (project ID: 16578). Implied informed consent through survey participation was obtained from all participants in compliance with the Research Ethics Board's requirements. After the first magazine issue was published, readers were emailed a request to complete an anonymised online survey assessing their satisfaction and knowledge acquisition using a 5-point Likert scale. Their contact information was obtained via the magazine website, which had requested email registration prior to viewing.
As shown in Table 1, descriptive statistics were used to analyse the survey data of 56 respondents out of 174 readers contacted (32.2% response rate). Overall, 85.7% of respondents reported that Breathe had provided them with an effective coping strategy for stress, 82.2% would read a future issue and 87.5% would recommend Breathe to others. Moreover, 69.6% of respondents agreed that their mental wellness (referred to as ‘well-being' in the wording of the survey) improved after reading the magazine, 91.1% of respondents indicated interest in using artistic media to cope with stress and 96.4% of respondents felt more comfortable with discussing mental health topics in the future. Overall, 87.5% of respondents were satisfied with Breathe.
Reader responses to post-publication survey using a 5-point Likert scale (n = 56)
Discussion
Reflections and recommendations
The launching of this novel project presented unique challenges. We offer some recommendations for colleagues who are interested in pursuing similar projects.
Considerable effort should be made to market the project prior to publication, for the purposes of securing future readership and artistic submissions. Social media should serve as the primary marketing channel, owing to its accessibility and low cost, but we also had success by directly contacting academic institutions and adjacent stakeholders for promotional and financial support. Having multiple means of promotion may help to achieve a more diverse pool of readers and submissions.
The project's vision and style should be made clear to the team prior to the commencement of work. We found frequent meetings and the employment of a team-wide ‘mood board’, where designers could compile images that convey general feelings they wished to express in the final publication, to be helpful for maintaining a unified project aesthetic. Moreover, if there are several subteams focused on different aspects of the project, difficulties might arise in keeping the entire team updated on progress. Employing more precise communication methods, being transparent about deadlines and implementing frequent check-ins to assess progress by the leaders can be helpful.
There should be clear plans for succession. Because the project is student-led, team turnover is expected as members graduate from their training. Recruitment should begin soon after the project's publication to take advantage of the surge in readership. General recruitment should take place through existing marketing channels, but current team members should be encouraged to participate in leadership roles, given their experience. Around the same time, the anticipated dates for future publications should be announced so that the audience's interest does not wane. Regular communication via marketing channels can help to maintain interest.
Finally, project improvement should be considered following publication, preferably via anonymous online surveys, given the sensitive nature of mental health issues. We suggest collecting useful demographic data such as academic programme, location of training and self-disclosure of reader and contributor status. The precise number of unique readers should also be collected via (a) website analytics or (b) mandatory email registration to view the magazine. The former might incur additional cost, whereas the latter might deter readership. For the inaugural issue, we asked readers to register by email prior to viewing, but this was not mandatory for accessing the magazine. Therefore, our email list of 174 readers likely does not reflect actual readership.
Future directions
The inaugural issue of Breathe magazine received high satisfaction ratings from its readers. New issues of the magazine will be released annually, followed by post-publication surveys for programme improvement purposes. Limitations of the inaugural survey include a low response rate and imperfect data collection methods, as outlined above. Future work should use validated tools to assess well-being or wellness (e.g. the General Well-Being ScheduleReference Dupuy, McDowell and Newell10) to be more methodologically rigorous. There is an ongoing effort to further disseminate the magazine and increase its accessibility across Canada. Similar projects can be implemented in other languages, at other academic institutions and targeting other geographic locations. However, student-led projects are inherently hampered by the lack of experience that students have in project management and creation. Although Breathe magazine and other similar projects continue to tackle the challenges described in this article, official support from academic institutions and professional organisations would probably amplify their impact. This support might include promotional aid, sponsorship, endorsement or ownership, and support for editorial team members to encourage their work (e.g. official acknowledgement, academic credit).
Supplementary material
Supplementary material is available online at https://doi.org/10.1192/bji.2023.40.
Data availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Acknowledgements
We thank the Breathe team for their tireless efforts towards the magazine's publication, and the contributors and readers for their trust, honesty and bravery. We also thank the following groups at McMaster University for financially supporting the publication of Breathe: the Faculty of Health Sciences, the Post-Graduate Medical Education office, and the Office of the President.
Author contributions
Breathe magazine was founded and led by Keerthana Pasumarthi. All authors were involved in the conception of the work. C.Z. and K.P. wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors revised and approved the final draft of the manuscript.
Funding
This research received no specific grant from any funding agency, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Declaration of interest
This study commented on reader responses to Breathe magazine which the authors of this paper helped lead and establish. Study results and findings were kept anonymous to the authors of this study when possible.
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