1 Anokhina, I.N., Vymiatnin, V.M. and Potekaev, A.I., Fiziki o Fizike i Fizikakh, Tomsk: Izdatel′stvo NTL, 1998 Google Scholar; Fominykh, S.F. et al. , eds., Pism′a Fizika iz Tomska, Moscow: Znanie-Inform, 2006 Google Scholar.

2 Graham, Loren, ‘The formation of Soviet research institutes: a combination of revolutionary innovation and international borrowing’, Social Studies of Science (1975) 5, pp. 303–329 Google Scholar. In Stalin's Great Science: Times and Adventures of Soviet Physicists, London: Imperial College Press, 2004 Google Scholar, Alexei Kojevnikov, building on the work of others, discusses the importance of a ‘revolutionary combination of utopianism and utilitarianism’ that emerged in Russian science after the First World War, and the difficult relationship between scientists and the Bolsheviks, although one of accommodation. Others who have covered the history of Soviet physics in this period include Sominskii, M.S., A. F. Ioffe, Leningrad: Nauka, 1964 Google Scholar; and Ranyuk, Yuri, Pavlenko, Iu.V. and Khramov, Iu.A., Delo UFTI, Kyiv: Feniks, 1998 Google Scholar. They add little to the history of SFTI or the development of research in Siberia.

3 The Cold War was crucial to the post-war growth of SFTI as the Soviet government accelerated research on Siberian resources in the effort to expand the scientific enterprise beyond the Urals, and, connected with that, to establish such closed Siberian cities connected with the nuclear weapons enterprise as Tomsk-7.

4 A number of Tomsk students and professionals, and Siberian intellectuals generally, supported the idea of oblastnichestvo – the political (and democratic) self-rule of Siberia – in part because of the need to compete with Moscow and Petersburg for funding.

5 Russian sources on the history of SFTI include Fominykh, S.F., ed., Sibirskii Fiziko-Tekhnicheskii Institut: Istoriia Sozdaniia i Stanovleniia v Dokumentakh i Materialakh (1928–1941), Tomsk: NTL, 2006 Google Scholar; and Nekrylov, S.A., Tomskii Universitet: Pervyi Nauchnyi Tsentr v Aziatskoi Chasti Rossii (seredina 1870-x–1919 gg.), Tomsk: Izdatel′stvo TGU, 2010 Google Scholar.

6 Nicholson, Heather Johnston, ‘Autonomy and accountability of basic research’, Minerva (1977) 15, pp. 32–61 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

7 Siddiqi, Asif, The Red Rockets’ Glare, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010 Google Scholar. Scientific popularizers and voluntary associations helped secure support for cosmic research from local and national bureaucracies.

8 Fedor Grigor′ev, ‘Pervyi Universit Sibiri Stroilsia Pochti 100 Let’, Kommersant, 6 June 2011, at www.kommersant.ru/doc/1639007.

9 Witte, Sergei, The Memoirs of Count Witte (ed. and tr. Harcrave, Sidney), vol. 1, Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1990, pp. 324–326 Google Scholar.

10 See Veinberg, B.P., Solnechnye Opresniteli, Leningrad: VNIIVST, 1933 Google Scholar; and Veinberg, Led, Moscow and Leningrad: Gosizdat Tekhteorlit, 1940 Google Scholar. For biographical information see Kravets, T.P., ‘Boris Petrovich Veinberg [Nekrolog]’, Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk (1945) 27 Google Scholar; Iu.D.K., ‘Pamiati B.P. Veinberga’, Meteorologiia i Girdologiia (1947) 6 Google Scholar; and especially Kuznetsova, S.I., ‘Trudnaia Sud′ba Professora TTI B.P. Veinberg’, Izvestiia Tomskogo Politekhnicheskogo Universiteta (2009) 315, pp. 198–202 Google Scholar.

11 Galia Vsevolodovna Ostrovskaia, ‘Moi Ded, Professor B.P. Veinberg: Uchastnik Sozdaniia Dorogi Zhizni’, Rosnauka, 15 December 2015, at http://rosnauka.ru/publication/408. Veinberg refused to leave Leningrad during the blockade when his institute was evacuated, and died of starvation; one of his last contributions to the city was the ice ‘Road of Life’ along Lake Ladoga that enabled supplies to get in and people to get of out Leningrad.

12 Tsarist administrators were not enamoured of the hard sciences and even ignored such figures of world reputation as Dmitrii Mendeleev, who contributed greatly to the development of the nation's oil industry, yet never was elected to the Imperical Academy of Sciences.

13 Kojevnikov overstates the importance of KEPS for tsarist science, although its successors in the Soviet period, including the so-called SOPS, were quite successful. Kojevnikov, Alexei, ‘The Great War, the Russian Civil War, and the invention of big science’, Science in Context (2002) 15, pp. 251–254 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

14 Smele, Jonathan and Collins, David, Kolchak i Sibir': Dokumenty i Issledovania, 1919–1926, White Plains, NY: Kraus International Publishers, 1988 Google Scholar; Radkey, Oliver H., The Unknown Civil War in Russia: A Study of the Green Movement in the Tambov Region, 1920–1921, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1976 Google Scholar; Kenez, Peter, Civil War in South Russia, 1918–19: The Defeat of the Whites, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977 Google Scholar; and Kakurin, N.I. and Vatsetis, I.I., Grazhdanskaia Voina, 1918–1921, St Petersburg: Polygon, 2002 Google Scholar.

15 The Red Army beat what was left of the White forces in Crimea in late 1920, while some battles continued on the periphery for two more years, and armed national resistance in Central Asia lasted until 1934.

16 Trudy S′ezda po Organzatii Instituta Issledovaniia Sibiri, Tomsk: IIS, 1919, part 4, p. 1Google Scholar.

17 Sorokin, A.N., ‘Etapy Stanovleniia i Razvitiia Nauchnogo Soobshchestva Fizikov Sibiri v Kontse xix–xx v’, Fundamental′nye Issledovaniia (2013) 11–16, pp. 1268–1272 Google Scholar.

18 On Ehrenfest's active role in the Petrograd physics community see Frenkel′, V.Ia., Erenfest–Ioffe: Nauchnaia Perepiska, 1907–1933 gg, Leningrad: Nauka, 1973 Google Scholar.

19 On the explosion in the number of societies see Ol′denburg, S.F., Nauka v Rossii: Spravochnik Sostavlen Kommissiei ‘Nauka v Rossii’ pri Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Moscow: Gosizdat, 1923 Google Scholar. On the accommodation between scientists and the Bolsheviks see also Kojevnikov, op. cit. (2).

20 Fitzpatrick, Sheila, The Commisariat of Enlightenment: Soviet Organization of Education and the Arts under Lunacharsky, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1970 Google Scholar.

21 Josephson, Paul, ‘Science policy in the Soviet Union, 1917–1927’, Minerva (1988) 26(3), pp. 342–369 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

22 Arkhiv SFTI. f. M.A. Krivov. D. ‘Doklad na Torzhestvestvennom Sobranii Kollektiva, Posviashchennogo Piatidesiatiletiiu so Dnia Organizatsii Instituta’, l. 2.

23 Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Tomskoi Oblasti (hereafter GATO), f. R-1638, op. 1, d. 7, l. 1.

24 GATO, f. R-1638, op. 1, d. 2, l. 1.

25 Tomskye Defektoskopy, ‘Tomsk v 1930–1940-x godakh’ (2012), at http://idea4.westsib.ru/tomsk.

26 Tomskye Defektoskopy, op. cit. (25).

27 Tomskye Defektoskopy, op. cit. (25).

28 Soskin, V.L., Sibir’, Revoliutsiia, Nauka, Novosibirsk: Nauka,1989, pp. 91–92 Google Scholar.

29 GATO, f. R-1638, op. 1, d. 3, l. 6 ob.

30 Kessenikh, V.N., ‘Nauchno-Tekhnicheskie Itogi 5 Let Raboty SFTI’, Trudy Sibirskogo Fiziko-Tekhnicheskogo Instituta (1934) 2(3), p. 3 Google Scholar.

31 GATO, f. R-815, op. 1, d. 546, l. 15.

32 Ol′denburg, op. cit. (19).

33 Josephson, Paul, Physics and Politics in Revolutionary Russia, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991, pp. 72–81, 130–138 Google Scholar.

34 Fominykh, op. cit. (5), p. 70.

35 Arkhiv SFTI, Krivov, l. 2; and Elena Borisovna Kaimashnikova, ‘Istoriia Stanovleniia i Razvitiia Ugol′no-Metallurgicheskikh Gorodov Kuzbassa v 20-x – seredine 80-x gg. XX v.’, candidate dissertation, Novokuznetsk, Siberian State Industrial University.

36 Kosterev, A.D., ‘Perepiska V.D. Kuznetsova kak Istoricheskii Istochnik’, in Sbornik Materialov III Vserossiiskoi Nauchno-Prakticheskoi Konferentsii s Mezhdunarodnym Uchastiem, Tomsk: Izdatel´stvo TGU, 2008, p. 369 Google Scholar; and GATO, f. 1562, op. 1, d. 698.

37 Fominykh, op. cit. (5), p. 59; and GATO, f. R-1562, op. 1, d. 718, l. 11.

38 P.P. Lazarev, ‘O Fizicheskom Institute v Sibiri’, Krasnoe Znamia, 6 March 1927, n.p. See also GATO, f. 1562, op. 1, d. 546, l. 18.

39 GATO, f. 1562, op. 1, d. 546, l. 18 and l. 87.

40 GATO, f. 1562, op. 1, d. 698, l. 37.

41 Lazarev, op. cit. (38); and G.V. Maier and S.F. Fominykh, ‘Tomskii Period v Zhizni Akademika N.N. Semenova’, at http://tsu.ru/university/tsutoday/semenov.php, accessed 15 December 2015.

42 GATO, f. R-1562, d. 698, l. 31; and Fominykh, op. cit. (5), pp. 75–80.

43 GATO, f. R-1638, op. 1, d. 6, l. 36.

44 Fominykh, op. cit. (5), p. 80.

45 Fominykh, op. cit. (5), p. 17.

46 GATO, f. R-1562, op. 1, d. 695, l. 32.

47 Fominykh, op. cit. (5), p. 80.

48 GATO, f. r-1562, op. 1, d. 718, l. 12.

49 Fominykh, op. cit. (5), p. 64.

50 GATO, f. r-1562, op. 1, d. 718, ll. 12–13.

51 Fominykh, op. cit. (5), p. 66; and GATO, f. r-1562, op. 1, d. 698.

52 Genkin, Ia.E., ‘Moisei Izrailevich Korsunskii’, Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk (1963) 81(4), pp. 778–781 Google Scholar.

53 Frenkel′, Viktor and Josephson, Paul, ‘Sovetskie fiziki: Stipendiaty Rokfellerovskogo Fonda’, Uspekhi fizicheskikh nauk (1990) 160(11), pp. 103–134 Google Scholar.

54 Fominykh, op. cit. (5), pp. 100–101.

55 On the Institute of Red Professoriat and other such Bolshevik institutions see David-Fox, Michael, Revolution of the Mind: Higher Learning among the Bolsheviks, 1918–1929, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997 Google Scholar.

56 GATO, f. R-1562, op. 1, d. 698, l. 17.

57 GATO, f. R-1562, op. 1, d. 698, l. 17.

58 S.F. Fominykh, V.V. Kushch and A.I. Potekaev, ‘Organizatsiia SFTI i ego Deiatel′nost′ v Predvoennyi Period: Istoricheskii Ocherk’, in Fominykh, op. cit. (5), pp. 7–54, 19.

59 Fominykh, op. cit. (5), pp. 66–67.

60 GATO, f. R-1562, op. 1, d. 695, l. 74.

61 Kosterev, A.D., Nauchnaia Biografii Akademika V.D. Kuznetsova. Tomsk: n. p., 2008, p. 69 Google Scholar. In 1938, with Natalia Aleksandrovna Prilezhavaeva, Kudriavtseva became one of the first two members of the Union of Women Physicists. In her later career she was dean of the Physics–Mathematics Department at the university and from 1944 prorector of the University of Scientific Research, and in 1949 she moved to Kazakhstan to became director of the newly founded Physics Institute of the Kazakh Academy of Sciences – as part of a national, post-war effort to continue the expansion of the scientific enterprise into the provinces and republics – but she died suddenly in 1950 before completing this assignment.

62 Fominykh, Kushch and Potekaev, op. cit. (58), p. 16.

63 GATO, f. R-1638, op. 1., d. 6, l. 41.

64 Mitriakova, N.M., Moskovchenko, N. Ia. and Koroleva, T.M., Nauchno-Organizatsionaia Deiatel′nost′ Akademika A.F. Ioffe. Sbornik Dokumentov, Leningard: Nauka, 1980, pp. 110–128 Google Scholar.

65 GATO, f. R-1638, op. 1, d. 6, l. 52.

66 Fominykh, Kushch and Potekaev, op. cit. (58), p. 12.

67 Petrov, N.N. and Petrova, I.I., ‘Rytsar Novoi Fiziki: K 100-Letiiu so dnia Rozhdeniia P.S. Tartakovskogo’, Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk (1995) 65(5), pp. 443–451 Google Scholar.

68 GATO, f. R-1638, op. 1, d. 6, l. 84.

69 Fominykh, op. cit. (5), p. 66; and GATO, f. r-1562, op. 1, d. 698.

70 GATO, f. R-1562, op. 1, d. 695, l. 50.

71 Architectures contribute to the flow of people and ideas, as Galison, Peter and Thompson, Emily, eds., and their co-authors show in The Architecture of Science, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999 Google Scholar. The designers of Akademgorodok chose the architecture of buildings and their physical layout with respect to one another in part to promote interdisciplinary scientific discussions and research.

72 GATO, f. R-1562, op. 1, d. 695, l. 52 об.

73 Fominykh, Kushch and Potekaev, op. cit. (58), pp. 21–22.

74 Fominykh, op. cit. (5), p. 89.

75 Fominykh, Kushch and Potekaev, op. cit. (58), p. 23.

76 GATO, f. R-1638, op. 1, d. 6, l. 132.

77 GATO, f. R-1638, op. 1, d. 695, l. 45.

78 Tuchkevich, V.M. and Frenkel′, Viktor, Vklad Akademika A.F. Ioffe v Stanovlenie Iadernoi Fiziki v SSSR, Leningrad: Nauka, 1980 Google Scholar.

79 On the pressures of working at UFTI in this environment see Ranyuk, Pavlenko and Khramov, op. cit. (2); and Gromov, B.F., ed., A.I. Leipunskii: Izbrannye Trudy i Vospominaniia, Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 1990 Google Scholar.

80 Krementsov explores the influence of the Stalinist system on the professional culture of scientists and how they learned to work the system. Focusing on the First World War and the Cold War, Krementsov explores the foreign-policy determinants of domestic science policy, and especially the Cold War. Still, most of the policies and practices of Stalinist science were already in place already in the mid-1930s. See Krementsov, Nikolai, Stalinist Science, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997 Google Scholar. Siberian scientists did not develop the patron–client relationship that Petr Kapitsa, Sergei Vavilov and other central specialists had with Stalin. See, for example, Kapitsa, P.L., Pis′ma o Nauke, 1910–1980, Moscow: Moskovskii Rabochii, 1989 Google Scholar.

81 In the review essay ‘Was there ever a “Stalinist science”?’, Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History (2008) 9(3), pp. 625–639 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, Michael Gordon addresses such issues as autarky and international circulation of knowledge, Bolshevik intensions and programmes, and what the study of disciplines other than biology can tell us in answering the titular question.

82 On cultural revolution in Russia see Fitzpatrick, Sheila, ‘Cultural revolution in Russia 1928–32’, Journal of Contemporary History (1974) 9(1), pp. 33–52 Google Scholar; and Fitzpatrick, ed., Cultural Revolution in Russia, 1928–32, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978 Google Scholar. On the Chinese experience see Wei, Chunjuan Nancy and Brock, Darryl E., eds., Mr Science and Chairman Mao's Cultural Revolution: Science and Technology in Modern China, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2013 Google Scholar. On scientific dissidence in China see Kraus, Richard C., ‘The lament of astrophysicist Fang Lizhi: China's intellectuals in a global context’, in Dirlik, Arif and Meisner, Maurice, eds., Marxism and the Chinese Experience: Issues in Chinese Socialism, White Plains, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1989, pp. 294–315 Google Scholar.

83 Lenin, V.I., ‘O Znachenii Voinstvuiushchego Materializma’, Pod Znamenem Marksizma (March 1922) 3, pp. 5–12 Google Scholar.

84 Graham, Loren, The Ghost of the Executed Engineer, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993 Google Scholar.

85 Pystina, L.I., ‘Burzhuaznye Spetsialisty’ v Sibiri v 1920-e – Nachale 1930-kh Godov. Sotsial′no-pravovoe Polozhenie i Usloviia Truda, Novosibirsk: Izd-vo Instituta Arkheologii i Etnografii SO RAN, 1999 Google Scholar; Krasil′nikov, S.A., Shakhtinskii Protsess 1928 g, 2 vols., Moscow: Rosspen, 2011–2012 Google Scholar; and Krasil′nikov, Inteligentsiia Sibiri v Pervoi Treti XX Veka, Novosibirsk: Sova, 2007 Google Scholar. See also Soskin, V.L., Krasil′nikov, S.A., Ostashko, T.N. and Pistina, L.I., Vlast′ i Intelligentsiia v Sibirskoi Provintsii. Konets 1919–1925 gg.: Sbornik Dokumentov, Novosibirsk: Ekor, 1996 Google Scholar.

86 Frenkel′ and Josephson, op. cit. (53). Kojevnikov, op. cit. (2), pp. 80–85, notes the support for theoretical physicists in the Soviet Union in philanthropy from the Rockefeller Foundation that allowed them to travel abroad, but does not acknowledge this article.

87 Josephson, op. cit. (33), pp. 170–171.

88 Ginzburg, V., ‘Protiv Biurokratizma, Perestrakhovki i Nekompetenentnost’, in Afanas′ev, Iu.N., ed., I Nogo ne Dano, Moscow: Progress, 1988, pp. 136–144 Google Scholar.

89 See Graham, Loren, Science, Philosophy and Human Behavior in the Soviet Union, New York: Columbia University Press, 1987 Google Scholar; Joravsky, David, Soviet Marxism and Natural Science, 1917–1931, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1961 Google Scholar, among many others, have examined the important place of diamat in Soviet science. We would propose that as soon as Stalin died this importance nearly vanished. Quickly such physicists as Ginzburg agitated for an Academy of Sciences convocation to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of relativity theory two years hence. In 1958 leading Academy of Sciences personnel held a special so-called All-Union Convocation of Conference of Philosophers, to re-establish their priority in philosophical matters, to insist that philosophical concerns were subservient to scientific ones. See Fedoseev, P.N. et al. , eds., Filosofkie Problemy Sovremennogo Estestvoznaniia, Moscow: Izdatel′stvo AN SSSR, 1959 Google Scholar.

90 It must be noted that Hessen's work on Newton was his only effort in historical-materialist explanations, and likely an Aesopian defence of relativity theory and quantum mechanics. See Graham, Loren, ‘The socio-political roots of Boris Hessen: Soviet Marxism and the history of science’, Social Studies of Science (1985) 15(4), pp. 705–722 Google Scholar. Hessen's works on relativity theory, quantum mechanics and diamat did not provoke broad response among physicists, but only among Marxists. See Hessen, Boris, Osnovnye idei teorii otnositel′nosti, Moscow: Moskovskii Rabochii, 1928 Google Scholar; and Hessen, ‘K voprosu o probleme prichinnosti v kvantovoi mekhanike’, introduction to Gass, Artur, Volny Materii i Kvantovaia Mekhanika, trans. Tartakovskii, P.S., Moscow and Leningrad: Gosizdat, 1930, pp. v–xxxii Google Scholar. See the classic study of the debate between the Mechanists and the Deborinites, Joravsky, op. cit. (89), which describes the epistemological concerns raised by both groups and the outcome of their confused and confusing discussions. See ibid., pp. 279–287, for a discussion of the reception of relativity among different schools of physicists and Marxists.

91 McCutcheon, Robert, ‘The 1936–1937 purge of Soviet astronomers’, Slavic Review (1991) 50(1), pp. 100–117 Google Scholar.

92 A SFTI, F.M.A. Krivov, t. 60, l. 70.

93 Krasnoe Znamia, 2 August 1933, n.p.; and A.V. Litvinov, ‘Professorsko-Prepopavatel′skii Korpus Tomskogo Universiteta (20–30-e gg. XX v.)’, candidate dissertation, history, Tomsk State University, 2002, p. 238.

94 Tartakovskii apparently knew Boris Hessen, and worked with him to see German books and articles on quantum mechanics translated into Russian.

95 Sorokin, A.N., ‘Pervaia Regional′naia Fizicheskaia Konferentsiia v Tomske Vesnoi 1934 Goda kak Iavlenie Konsolidatsii Nauchnogo Soobshchestva dlia Resheniia Zadach Industrializatsii Sibiri’, Vestnik NGU. Seriia: Istoriia, Filologiia (2012) 11(1), pp. 131–136 Google Scholar.

96 Demidov, S.S. and Levshin, B.V., eds., Delo Akademika Nikolaia Nikolaevicha Luzina, St Petersburg: Russkii Khristianskii Gumanitarnyi Institut, 1999 Google Scholar. See also Levin, Aleksey E., ‘Anatomy of a public campaign: “Academician Luzin's case” in Soviet political history’, Slavic Review (1990) 49(1), pp. 90–108 Google Scholar. Kutateladze, S.S., ‘Korni Dela Luzina’, Sibirskii Zhurnal Industral′noi Matematiki (2007) 10(2), pp. 85–92 Google Scholar, argues that Luzin's students rudely and with full understanding used the Stalinist system to weaken Luzin, whom they disliked as a scientific director, and also likely for mathematical disagreements with him.

97 ‘Besposhchadno Razoblachat′ i Osuzhdat′ Konkretnykh Nositelei Rabolepiia pered Burzhuaznoi Nauki’, Krasnoe Znamia, 17 September 1936, n.p.; and Krasil′nikov, S. A and Klikushin, M.V., Anatomiia Odnoi Ideologicheskoi Kampanii: ‘Luzinshchina’ v Siberi: Sovetskaia Istoriia: Problemy i Uroki, Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1992 Google Scholar.

98 Materialy k Bibliografii Uchenykh TGU: V.D. Kuznetsov, Tomsk: TGU, 1972, pp. 53–54 Google Scholar; and Kosterev, op. cit. (61), p. 90.

99 GANO, f. 3, op. 10, d. 1095, l. 47 and f. r-1562, op. 1, d. 578, ll. 29–30.

100 Ranyuk, Pavlenko and Khramov, op. cit. (2).

101 Vizgin, V.P., ‘“Iavnye Skrytye Izmereniia Prostranstva” Sovetskoi Fiziki 1930-x gg. (po Materialam Martovskoi Sessii AN SSSR 1936 g.)’, Voprosy Istorii Estestvoznaniia i Tekhniki (1990) 1, pp. 63–84 Google Scholar. On the debates in the sciences over philosophical issues see Krementsov, op. cit. (80).

102 Hall, Karl, ‘The schooling of Lev Landau: the European context of postrevolutionary Soviet theoretical physics’, Osiris, 2nd series (2008) 23, pp. 235–236 Google Scholar.

103 Kosterev, op. cit. (61), p. 94.

104 Krasnoe Znamia, 9 April 1936, n.p.

105 GATO, f. r-1562, op. 1., d. 700, l. 27.

106 GATO, f. r-1562, op. 1., d. 700, l. 3 ob.

107 Fominykh, S.F., Professora Tomskogo Universiteta: Biograficheskii Slovar’, vol. 2, 1917–45, Tomsk: TGU, 1994, p. 414 Google Scholar.

108 GATO, f. r-1562, op. 1, d. 883, l. 27.

109 GATO, f. r-1562, op. 1, d. 882, l. 27.

110 Kuznetsov, ‘Moi Put′ v Nauke’, typed manuscript, Archive of the Museum of History of TGU, p. 216. Kuznetsov wrote his memoirs after the death of Stalin, as a pensioner yet still director of SFTI. The 250-page text is engaging, but often based on faulty memories of events long before. Some of its content can be balanced against his personal fund at GATO (F. R-1562), which holds a rather complete record of documents, accounts, correspondence and so on with all of the institutions and organizations that played a role in Tomsk physics. Unfortunately, Kuznetsov's diaries are nearly impossible to read because of miserable handwriting.

111 Gorelik, G.E. and Frenkel′, V.Ya., Matvei Petrovich Bronstein and Soviet Theoretical Physics in the Thirties, Basel: Birkhäuser, 2011, pp. 22–26 Google Scholar.

112 Our thanks to Gennady Gorelik, who shared material from Russian archives on Ivanenko's arrest, incarceration and exile to Tomsk in December 1935, and his ‘rehabilitation’ in August 1989.

113 Ivanenko grew bitter over his fate, and became a vocal critic of fellow theoreticians for their alleged idealism and angry that he never gained admission to the prestigious academy, nor received proper credit for his discoveries on nuclear structure. In 1944 he participated in a movement originating at MGU that attacked academy physicists that was anti-Semitic in tone, and criticized servility before the West that grew to national proportions during the Zhdanovshchina. For more on Ivanenko's thinking and motivations see Gorelik, Gennadii, ‘Razmyshleniia Posle Kruglogo Iubeliia’, Znanie-Sila (2005) 11, pp. 28–39 Google Scholar.

114 S.A. Krasil′nikov, ‘“Repressivnyi Vektor” Nauki v Vostochnykh Regionakh Strany’, in Kirillov, A.K., ed., Lichnost′ v Istorii Sibirii XVIII–XX Vekov: Sbornik Biograficheskikh Ocherkov, Novosibirsk: Sova, 2007, pp. 271–281 Google Scholar. Some of those repressed included N.A. Chinakal, director of the Mining Geological Institute; V.V. Reverdatto, director of the Medico-Biological Institute; and Iu.B. Rumer, director of the Institute of Radiophysics and Eletronics who was in an aviation sharashka from 1938 to 1950, but was released under the personal recognizance of Lev Landau and moved to Akademgorodok. Many other Akademgorodok scientists were children of repressed parents, including the one-time chair of the Siberian division, V.A. Koptiug.

115 Kabanov, M.V., 60 Let Sibirskomu Fiziko-Tekhnicheskomu Institutu: Istoriia i Perspektivy Razvitiia, Tomsk: Izdatel′stvo TGU, 1988, pp. 7–11 Google Scholar.

116 GATO, F. R-1562, op. 1, d. 524, l. 8 and d. 506, l. 27; and GATO, f. R-1638, op. 1, d. 90, ll. 7–8. See also Sorokin, Aleksander, ‘Vzaimodeistvie Nauchnogo Soobshchestva Fizikov Sibiri i Vlasti v Pervoe Poslevoennoe Desiatiletie (na Primere Tomskogo Nauchno-Obrazovatel′nogo Kompleksa)’, Bylye Gody (2013) 27(1), pp. 120–125 Google Scholar. On Lysenkoism see, among many other works, Joravsky, David, The Lysenko Affair, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1970 Google Scholar. See also Gordon, op. cit. (81), for discussion of the importance of not tarring the history of Soviet physics with the brush of Lysenkoist vernalization.

117 Ioffe, A.F., Osnovnye Predstavleniia Sovremennoi Fiziki, Moscow: Gostekhteorizdat, 1949 Google Scholar; and Arkhiv LFTI, f. 3, op. 1, ed. Khr. 195. For an example of the press attack on Ioffe see Kuznetsov, I.V. and Ovchinnikov, N.F., ‘Za Posledovatel′noe Dialektiko-Materialisticheskoe Osveshchenie Dostizhenii Sovremennoi Fiziki (o Knige A.F. Ioffe “Osnovnye Predstavleniia Sovremennoi Fiziki”)’, Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk (1951) 45(1), pp. 113–140 Google Scholar.

118 One of the world's most serious nuclear accidents occurred at the Chemical Combine on 6 April 1993, when a tank containing a highly radioactive solution exploded. See IAEA, The Radiological Accident in the Reprocessing Plant at Tomsk, Vienna: IAEA, 1998 Google Scholar. See also Rashid Alimov, ‘People vs. Siberian Chemical Combine’, Bellona Foundation, 2 October 2001, at http://bellona.ru/bellona.org/english_import_area/international/russia/nuke_industry/siberia/seversk/22031.

119 Hill, Fiona and Gaddy, Clifford, The Siberian Curse: How Communist Planners Left Russia Out in the Cold, Washington: Brookings Institution, 2003 Google Scholar.