Hostname: page-component-77f85d65b8-9nbrm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-03-27T08:36:41.101Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Knowing “what for,” but not “where”: Dissociation between functional and contextual tool knowledge in healthy individuals and patients with dementia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 August 2023

Josselin Baumard Open the ORCID record for Josselin Baumard [Opens in a new window] ,
Mathieu Lesourd ,
Christophe Jarry ,
Catherine Merck ,
Frédérique Etcharry-Bouyx ,
Valérie Chauviré ,
Serge Belliard ,
François Osiurak  and
Didier Le Gall
Josselin Baumard*
Affiliation:
Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
Mathieu Lesourd
Affiliation:
Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive & MSHE Ledoux, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
Christophe Jarry
Affiliation:
Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire (EA 4638), Université d’Angers, Angers, France
Catherine Merck
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, University Hospital Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
Frédérique Etcharry-Bouyx
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
Valérie Chauviré
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
Serge Belliard
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, University Hospital Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
François Osiurak
Affiliation:
Laboratoire d’Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EA 3082), Université de Lyon, Lyon, France Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
Didier Le Gall
Affiliation:
Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire (EA 4638), Université d’Angers, Angers, France Département de Neurologie, Unité de Neuropsychologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d’Angers, Angers, France
*
Corresponding author: J. Baumard; Email: josselin.baumard@univ-rouen.fr
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Objective:

Semantic tool knowledge underlies the ability to perform activities of daily living. Models of apraxia have emphasized the role of functional knowledge about the action performed with tools (e.g., a hammer and a mallet allow a “hammering” action), and contextual knowledge informing individuals about where to find tools in the social space (e.g., a hammer and a mallet can be found in a workshop). The goal of this study was to test whether contextual or functional knowledge, would be central in the organization of tool knowledge. It was assumed that contextual knowledge would be more salient than functional knowledge for healthy controls and that patients with dementia would show impaired contextual knowledge.

Methods:

We created an original, open-ended categorization task with ambiguity, in which the same familiar tools could be matched on either contextual or functional criteria.

Results:

In our findings, healthy controls prioritized a contextual, over a functional criterion. Patients with dementia had normal visual categorization skills (as demonstrated by an original picture categorization task), yet they made less contextual, but more functional associations than healthy controls.

Conclusion:

The findings support a dissociation between functional knowledge (“what for”) on the one hand, and contextual knowledge (“where”) on the other hand. While functional knowledge may be distributed across semantic and action-related factors, contextual knowledge may actually be the name of higher-order social norms applied to tool knowledge. These findings may encourage researchers to test both functional and contextual knowledge to diagnose semantic deficits and to use open-ended categorization tests.

Keywords

activities of daily livingapraxiatool usesemantic knowledgedementiaAlzheimer’s disease

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 30 , Issue 2 , February 2024 , pp. 97 - 106
Copyright
Copyright © INS. Published by Cambridge University Press 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Anderson, J. R. (1991). The adaptive nature of human categorization. Psychological Review, 98(3), 409–429.Google Scholar
Bartolo, A., Daumüller, M., Della Sala, S., & Goldenberg, G. (2007). Relationship between object-related gestures and the fractionated object knowledge system. Behavioural Neurology, 18(3), 143–147. https://doi.org/10.1155/2007/241670 Google Scholar
Baumard, J., & Le Gall, D. (2021). The challenge of apraxia: Toward an operational definition? Cortex, 141, 66–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2021.04.001 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baumard, J., Lesourd, M., Jarry, C., Merck, C., Etcharry-Bouyx, F., Chauviré, V., Belliard, S., Moreaud, O., Croisile, B., Osiurak, F., Le Gall, D. (2016). Tool use disorders in neurodegenerative diseases: Roles of semantic memory and technical reasoning. Cortex, 82, 119–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2016.06.007 Google Scholar
Baumard, J., Lesourd, M., Remigereau, C., Merck, C., Jarry, C., Etcharry-Bouyx, F., Chauviré, V., Belliard, S., Moreaud, O., Osiurak, F., Le Gall, D. (2019). The – weak – role of memory in tool use: Evidence from neurodegenerative diseases. Neuropsychologia, 129, 117–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.03.008 Google Scholar
Baumard, J., Osiurak, F., Lesourd, M., & Le Gall, D. (2014). Tool use disorders after left brain damage. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 473. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00473 Google Scholar
Bier, N., Bottari, C., Hudon, C., Joubert, S., Paquette, G., & Macoir, J. (2013). The impact of semantic dementia on everyday actions: Evidence from an ecological study. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 19(2), Article–2. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617712001105 Google Scholar
Bozeat, S., Lambon Ralph, M. A. L., Patterson, K., & Hodges, J. R. (2002). When objects lose their meaning: What happens to their use? Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 2(3), 236–251. https://doi.org/10.3758/CABN.2.3.236 Google Scholar
Bozeat, S., Lambon Ralph, M. A., Patterson, K., Garrard, P., & Hodges, J. R. (2000). Non-verbal semantic impairment in semantic dementia. Neuropsychologia, 38(9), Article–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0028-3932(00)00034-8 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brauer, M., & Chaurand, N. (2009). Descriptive norms, prescriptive norms, and social control: An intercultural comparison of people’s reactions to uncivil behaviors. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40 (3), 490–499. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.640 Google Scholar
Brennan, L., Giovannetti, T., Libon, D. J., Bettcher, B. M., & Duey, K. (2009). The impact of goal cues on everyday action performance in dementia. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 19(4), 562–582. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602010802405623 Google Scholar
Buchmann, I., Dangel, M., Finkel, L., Jung, R., Makhkamova, I., Binder, A., Dettmers, C., Herrmann, L., Liepert, J., Möller, J. C., Richter, G., Vogler, T., Wolf, C., Randerath, J. (2020). Limb apraxia profiles in different clinical samples. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 34(1), 217–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2019.1585575 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buchmann, I., & Randerath, J. (2017). Selection and application of familiar and novel tools in patients with left and right hemispheric stroke: Psychometrics and normative data. Cortex, 94, 49–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2017.06.001 Google Scholar
Buxbaum, L. J., & Saffran, E. M. (2002). Knowledge of object manipulation and object function: Dissociations in apraxic and nonapraxic subjectsq. Brain and Language, 21(2), 179–199.Google Scholar
Buxbaum, L. J., Shapiro, A. D., & Coslett, H. B. (2014). Critical brain regions for tool-related and imitative actions: A componential analysis. Brain, 137(7), Article–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awu111 Google Scholar
Canzano, L., Scandola, M., Gobbetto, V., Moretto, G., D’Imperio, D., & Moro, V. (2016). The representation of objects in apraxia: From action execution to error awareness. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10, 39. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00039 Google Scholar
Cialdini, R. B., Reno, R. R., & Kallgren, C. A. (1990). A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(6), 1015–1026. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.6.1015 Google Scholar
Corbett, F., Jefferies, E., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2009). Exploring multimodal semantic control impairments in semantic aphasia: Evidence from naturalistic object use. Neuropsychologia, 47(13), 2721–2731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.05.020 Google Scholar
Debettignies, B. H., Mahurin, R. K., & Pirozzolo, F. J. (1990). Insight for impairment in independent living skills in alzheimer’s disease and multi-infarct dementia. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 12(2), 355–363. https://doi.org/10.1080/01688639008400980 Google Scholar
Dumont, C., Ska, B., & Joanette, Y. (2000). Conceptual apraxia and semantic memory deficit in alzheimer’s disease: Two sides of the same coin? Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 6(6), 693–703. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617700666079 Google Scholar
Duval, C., Bejanin, A., Piolino, P., Laisney, M., de La Sayette, V., Belliard, S., Eustache, F., & Desgranges, B. (2012). Theory of mind impairments in patients with semantic dementia. Brain, 135(1), Article–1. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awr309 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Estes, Z., Golonka, S., & Jones, L. L. (2011), Thematic thinking: the apprehension and consequences of thematic relations (pp. 38).Google Scholar
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). “Mini-mental state”. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 Google Scholar
Foundas, A. L., Macauley, B. L., Raymer, A. M., Maher, L. M., Heilman, K. M., & Rothi, L. J. G. (1995). Ecological implications of limb apraxia: Evidence from mealtime behavior. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 1(1), Article–1. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617700000114 Google Scholar
Geschwind, N. (1975). The apraxias. Neural mechanisms of disorders of learned movement. American Scientist, 63(2), 188–195.Google Scholar
Giovannetti, T., Bettcher, B. M., Brennan, L., Libon, D. J., Wambach, D., & Seter, C. (2010). Target-related distractors disrupt object selection in everyday action: Evidence from participants with dementia. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 16(3), 484–494. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617710000081 Google Scholar
Giovannetti, T., Bettcher, B. M., Brennan, L., Libron, D. J., Kessler, R. K., & Duey, K. (2008). Coffee with jelly or unbuttered toast: Commissions and omissions are dissociable aspects of everyday action impairment in alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychology, 22(2), Article–2. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.22.2.235 Google Scholar
Giovannetti, T., Bettcher, B. M., Libon, D. J., Brennan, L., Sestito, N., & Kessler, R. K. (2007). Environmental adaptations improve everyday action performance in Alzheimer’s disease: Empirical support from performance-based assessment. Neuropsychology, 21(4), Article–4. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.21.4.448 Google Scholar
Giovannetti, T., Libon, D. J., Buxbaum, L. J., & Schwartz, M. F. (2002). Naturalistic action impairments in dementia. Neuropsychologia, 40(8), 8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0028-3932(01)00229-9 Google Scholar
Giovannetti, T., Mis, R., Hackett, K., Simone, S. M., & Ungrady, M. B. (2021). The goal-control model: An integrated neuropsychological framework to explain impaired performance of everyday activities. Neuropsychology, 35(1), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000714 Google Scholar
Giovannetti, T., Schmidt, K. S., Gallo, J. L., Sestito, N., & Libon, D. J. (2006). Everyday action in dementia: Evidence for differential deficits in Alzheimer’s disease versus subcortical vascular dementia. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 12(1), 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617706060012 Google Scholar
Goldenberg, G. (2009). Apraxia and the parietal lobes. Neuropsychologia, 47(6), 1449–1459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.07.014 Google Scholar
Goldenberg, G., & Hagmann, S. (1998). Tool use and mechanical problem solving in apraxia. Neuropsychologia, 36(7), 581–589. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0028-3932(97)00165-6 Google Scholar
Goldenberg, G., & Spatt, J. (2009). The neural basis of tool use. Brain, 132(6), 1645–1655. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awp080 Google Scholar
Gorno-Tempini, M. L., Hillis, A. E., Weintraub, S., Kertesz, A., Mendez, M., Cappa, S. F., Ogar, J. M., Rohrer, J. D., Black, S., Boeve, B. F., Manes, F., Dronkers, N. F., Vandenberghe, R., Rascovsky, K., Patterson, K., Miller, B. L., Knopman, D. S., Hodges, J. R., Mesulam, M. M., & Grossman, M. (2011). Classification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants. Neurology, 76(11), 1006–1014. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e31821103e6 Google Scholar
Grant, D. A., & Berg, E. (1948). A behavioral analysis of degree of reinforcement and ease of shifting to new responses in a weigl-type card-sorting problem. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38(4), 404–411. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0059831 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodges, J. R. (2000). The role of conceptual knowledge in object use evidence from semantic dementia. Brain, 123(9), 1913–1925. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/123.9.1913 Google Scholar
Jarry, C., Osiurak, F., Baumard, J., Lesourd, M., Coiffard, C., Lucas, C., Merck, C., Etcharry-Bouyx, F., Chauviré, V., Belliard, S., Moreaud, O., Croisile, B., Le Gall, D. (2021). Daily life activities in patients with alzheimer’s disease or semantic dementia: Multitasking assessment. Neuropsychologia, 150, 107714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107714 Google Scholar
Jarry, C., Osiurak, F., Delafuys, D., Chauviré, V., Etcharry-Bouyx, F., & Le Gall, D. (2013). Apraxia of tool use: More evidence for the technical reasoning hypothesis. Cortex, 49(9), 2322–2333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2013.02.011 Google Scholar
Jefferies, E., Thompson, H., Cornelissen, P., & Smallwood, J. (2020). The neurocognitive basis of knowledge about object identity and events: Dissociations reflect opposing effects of semantic coherence and control. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 375(1791), 20190300. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0300 Google Scholar
Kalénine, S., & Buxbaum, L. J. (2016). Thematic knowledge, artifact concepts, and the left posterior temporal lobe: Where action and object semantics converge. Cortex, 82, 164–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2016.06.008 Google Scholar
Kalénine, S., Buxbaum, L. J., & Coslett, H. B. (2010). Critical brain regions for action recognition: Lesion symptom mapping in left hemisphere stroke. Brain, 133(11), 3269–3280. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awq210 Google Scholar
Kalénine, S., Peyrin, C., Pichat, C., Segebarth, C., Bonthoux, F., & Baciu, M. (2009). The sensory-motor specificity of taxonomic and thematic conceptual relations: A behavioral and fMRI study. NeuroImage, 44(3), 1152–1162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.09.043 Google Scholar
Knopman, D. S., Kitto, J., Deinard, S., & Heiring, J. (1988). Longitudinal study of death and institutionalization in patients with primary degenerative dementia. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 36(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1988.tb01778.x Google Scholar
Lesourd, M., Baumard, J., Jarry, C., Etcharry-Bouyx, F., Belliard, S., Moreaud, O., Croisile, B., Chauviré, V., Granjon, M., Le Gall, D., Osiurak, F. (2017). Rethinking the cognitive mechanisms underlying pantomime of tool use: Evidence from alzheimer’s disease and semantic dementia. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 23(2), 128–138. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617716000618 Google Scholar
Lesourd, M., Le Gall, D., Baumard, J., Croisile, B., Jarry, C., & Osiurak, F. (2013). Apraxia and Alzheimer’s disease: Review and perspectives, Neuropsychology Review, 23(3), 234–256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-013-9235-4 Google Scholar
Lesourd, M., Servant, M., Baumard, J., Reynaud, E., Ecochard, C., Medjaoui, F. T., Bartolo, A., & Osiurak, F. (2021). Semantic and action tool knowledge in the brain: Identifying common and distinct networks. Neuropsychologia, 159, 107918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107918 Google Scholar
McKhann, G. M., Knopman, D. S., Chertkow, H., Hyman, B. T., Jack, C. R., Kawas, C. H., Klunk, W. E., Koroshetz, W. J., Manly, J. J., Mayeux, R., Mohs, R. C., Morris, J. C., Rossor, M. N., Scheltens, P., Carrillo, M. C., Thies, B., Weintraub, S., Phelps, C. H. (2011). The diagnosis of dementia due to alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the national institute on aging-alzheimer’s association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 7(3), 263–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.005 Google Scholar
Merck, C., Jonin, P.-Y., Laisney, M., Vichard, H., & Belliard, S. (2014). When the zebra loses its stripes but is still in the savannah: Results from a semantic priming paradigm in semantic dementia. Neuropsychologia, 53, 221–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.11.024 Google Scholar
Merck, C., Noël, A., Jamet, E., Robert, M., Hou, C., Salmon, A., Belliard, S., & Kalénine, S. (2019). Identification of taxonomic and thematic relationships: Do the two semantic systems have the same status in semantic dementia? Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 41(9), Article–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2019.1641186 Google Scholar
Mioshi, E., Kipps, C. M., Dawson, K., Mitchell, J., Graham, A., & Hodges, J. R. (2007). Activities of daily living in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer disease. Neurology, 68 (24), 2077–2084. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000264897.13722.53 Google Scholar
Neary, D., Snowden, J. S., Gustafson, L., Passant, U., Stuss, D., Black, S., Robert, P. H., Boone, K., Miller, B. L., Cummings, J., Benson, D. F. (1998). Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: a consensus on clinical diagnostic criteria. Neurology, 51(6), 1546–1554.Google Scholar
Osiurak, F. (2014). What neuropsychology tells us about human tool use? The four constraints theory (4CT): Mechanics, space, time, and effort. Neuropsychology Review, 30(2), 88–115.Google Scholar
Osiurak, F., Granjon, M., Bonnevie, I., Brogniart, J., Mechtouff, L., Benoit, A., Nighoghossian, N., & Lesourd, M. (2018). Novel tool selection in left brain-damaged patients with apraxia of tool use: A study of three cases. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 24(5), 524–529. https://doi.org/10.1017/S135561771700131X Google Scholar
Patterson, K., Nestor, P. J., & Rogers, T. T. (2007). Where do you know what you know? The representation of semantic knowledge in the human brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8(12). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2277 Google Scholar
Perini, F., Caramazza, A., & Peelen, M. V. (2014). Left occipitotemporal cortex contributes to the discrimination of tool-associated hand actions: FMRI and TMS evidence. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 591. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00591 Google Scholar
Pulvermüller, F., Moseley, R. L., Egorova, N., Shebani, Z., & Boulenger, V. (2014). Motor cognition-motor semantics: Action perception theory of cognition and communication. Neuropsychologia, 55, 71–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.12.002 Google Scholar
Ralph, M. A. L., Jefferies, E., Patterson, K., & Rogers, T. T. (2017). The neural and computational bases of semantic cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 18(1), 42–55. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2016.150 Google Scholar
Reynaud, E., Lesourd, M., Navarro, J., & Osiurak, F. (2016). On the neurocognitive origins of human tool use: A critical review of neuroimaging data. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 64, 421–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.009 Google Scholar
Roll, E. E., Giovannetti, T., Libon, D. J., & Eppig, J. (2017). Everyday task knowledge and everyday function in dementia. Journal of Neuropsychology, 13(1), Article–1. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnp.12135 Google Scholar
Rosch, E. (1988). Principles of Categorization. In Readings in cognitive science (pp. 312–322). Elsevier.Google Scholar
Rosch, E., & Lloyd, B. B. (1978). Cognition and categorization. Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Rothi, L. J. G., Ochipa, C., & Heilman, K. M. (1997). A cognitive neuropsychological model of limb praxis and apraxia. In Rothi, L. J. G., & Heilman, K. M. (Eds.), Brain damage, behaviour and cognition series. Apraxia: The neuropsychology of action (pp. 29–49). Psychology Press/Erlbaum (UK) Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Rothi, L. J., Ochipa, C., & Heilman, K. M. (1991). A cognitive neuropsychological model of limb praxis. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 8(6), Article–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643299108253382 Google Scholar
Roy, E. A., & Square, P. A. (1985). Common Considerations In The Study of Limb, Verbal And Oral Apraxia. In Advances in Psychology (pp. 111–161). Elsevier.Google Scholar
Schwartz, M. F., Kimberg, D. Y., Walker, G. M., Brecher, A., Faseyitan, O. K., Dell, G. S., Mirman, D., & Coslett, H. B. (2011). Neuroanatomical dissociation for taxonomic and thematic knowledge in the human brain. Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences of The United States of America, 108(20), 8520–8524. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1014935108 Google Scholar
Schwartz, M. F., Segal, M., Veramonti, T., Ferraro, M., & Buxbaum, L. J. (2002). The naturalistic action test: A standardised assessment for everyday action impairment. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 12(4), Article–4. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602010244000084 Google Scholar
Schwartz, R. L., Adair, J. C., Raymer, A. M., Williamson, D. J. G., Crosson, B., Rothi, L. J. G., Nadeau, S. E., & Heilman, K. M. (2000). Conceptual apraxia in probable alzheimer’s disease as demonstrated by the Florida action recall test. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 6(3), 265–270. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617700633015 Google Scholar
Signoret, J.-L., Allard, M., Benoit, N., Bolgert, F., Bonvarlet, M., & Eustache, F. (1989). Batterie d’Evaluation Cognitive – BEC 96. Paris: IPSEN.Google Scholar
Snow, J. C., Skiba, R. M., Coleman, T. L., & Berryhill, M. E. (2014). Real-world objects are more memorable than photographs of objects. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 837. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00837 Google Scholar
Snowden, J. S., Harris, J. M., Thompson, J. C., Kobylecki, C., Jones, M., Richardson, A. M., & Neary, D. (2018). Semantic dementia and the left and right temporal lobes. Cortex, 107, 188–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2017.08.024 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stamenova, V., Black, S. E., & Roy, E. A. (2012). An update on the conceptual-production systems model of apraxia: Evidence from stroke. Brain and Cognition, 80(1), 53–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2012.03.009 Google Scholar