Epidemiological studies have shown an association between the intake of plant foods, particularly fruit and vegetables, and a decrease in CHD and other CVD⁽Reference Brat, George, Bellamy, Du, Scalbert, Mennen, Arnault and Amiot¹⁾. These beneficial effects on cardiovascular health are suggested to be a result of the presence of polyphenols. Previous studies have shown that polyphenols are beneficial to cardiovascular health, particularly those present in red wines such as resveratrol and quercetin, which are thought to account for the beneficial effects of wine known as the ‘French paradox’⁽Reference Nicholson, Tucker and Brameld²⁾. Red wine polyphenols have been associated with reductions in the occurrence or severity of hypertension and are thought to regulate production of the vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 (ET-1) and the enzyme responsible for the production of the vasodilator NO, endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), but all studies to date have used supraphysiological concentrations. Cyclic strain and treatment with H₂O₂ are known to elevate the expression of ET-1 and eNOS in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC)⁽Reference Liu, Chen, Chan, Cheng and Cheng³⁾. The aims of the study were to investigate: (1) whether physiological concentrations (0.1 μm) of the red wine polyphenols quercetin and resveratrol have beneficial effects on ET-1 and eNOS mRNA expression and ET-1 secretion by HUVEC; (2) whether they alter the effects of H₂O₂ on ET-1 and eNOS mRNA expression.

HUVEC and culture media (EBM-2) were purchased from Lonza Group UK Ltd (Slough, Berks., UK) and an endothelin ELISA kit was purchased from Biomedica Gruppe (Vienna, Austria). HUVEC were treated with increasing concentrations of quercetin, resveratrol (0–1.0 μm) or ascorbic acid (0–0.3 μm) in the absence and presence of H₂O₂ (50 μm). Expression of eNOS and ET-1 mRNA was determined by quantitative RT–PCR and secretion of ET-1 protein into the media measured by ET-1 ELISA assay. Gene expression and ET-1 secretion data were analysed by two-way ANOVA using Genstat software (version 10; VSN International Ltd, Hemel Hempstead, Herts., UK). As expected, treatment of HUVEC with 50 μm-H₂O₂ significantly increased the expression of both ET-1 and eNOS mRNA. Treatment with either quercetin or resveratrol (0.001–1.0 μm) resulted in dose-dependent increases in the expression of eNOS, but to a lesser extent than H₂O₂, and the effects were not additive (P<0.001; H₂O₂×polyphenol interaction for both). In contrast, treatment with either quercetin or resveratrol (0.001–1.0 μm) resulted in dose-dependent decreases in expression of ET-1, particularly in the presence of 50 μm-H₂O₂ (P<0.001; H₂O₂×polyphenol interaction for both). In agreement with the gene expression data H₂O₂ (50 μm) significantly increased ET-1 secretion into the media relative to controls (Table), while quercetin and resveratrol (0.1 μm) both decreased ET-1 secretion in the absence of H₂O₂ (50 μm) and inhibited the stimulatory effect of H₂O₂ (Table).

Table.

Effects of quercetin and resveratrol on ET-1 secretion by HUVEC in the absence and presence of H₂O₂

In conclusion, resveratrol and quercetin significantly altered the expression of genes important in cardiovascular health, including the response to H₂O₂. The mechanisms by which these polyphenols exert their effects on gene expression are largely unknown, but transcription factors such as NF-κB may play a role.