1. Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo, Advisory Opinion, [2010] I.C.J. Rep. 1 at 29−30.

2. In this article, by “West” I refer to a collection of states which includes Member States of the EU— including the UK—the US, and Canada. By “Third World” I am referring to those states—in Asia, Africa, and Latin America—which share a common history of being subjected to colonial and foreign domination. I have also included China within the “Third World” category. While it is admitted that these terms lack clear and precise definitions, especially in contemporary times, reference to them is still useful for present purposes given the manner in which promoters of internal self-determination have come to distinguish the two groups, as will be discussed in Section II of this article.

3. SUMMERS, James, Peoples and International Law: How Nationalism and Self-Determination Shape a Contemporary Law of Nations (Leiden/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff, 2007) at 188Google Scholar

4. CASSESE, Antonio, “Political Self-Determination: Old Concepts and New Developments” in Antonio CASSESE, ed., UN Law/Fundamental Rights: Two Topics in International Law (Alphen aan den Rijn: Sijthoff & Noordhoff, 1979), 137 at 137Google Scholar

5. CASSESE, Antonio, Self-Determination of Peoples: A Legal Reappraisal (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995) at 101Google Scholar

6. THORNBERRY, Patrick, “The Democratic or Internal Aspect of Self-Determination with Some Remarks on Federalism” in Christian TOMUSCHAT, ed., Modern Law of Self-Determination (Dordrecht/Boston/London: Martinus Nijhoff, 1992), 101 at 101Google Scholar

7. ROSAS, Alan, “Internal Self-Determination” in Tomuschat, supra note 6, 225 at 232Google Scholar

8. Ibid., at 230 (author's emphasis, footnote omitted).

9. JOSEPH, Sarah, SCHULTZ, Jenny, and CASTAN, Melissa, The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000) at 103Google Scholar

10. SALMON, Jean, “Internal Aspects of the Right to Self-Determination: Towards a Democratic Legitimacy Principle?” in Tomuschat, supra note 6, 253 at 265Google Scholar

11. Reference re Secession of Quebec, Supreme Court of Canada, 161 Dominion Law Reports (1998), 4th Series, at 385.

12. Ibid., at 437.

13. Ibid., at 438.

14. “Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, General Recommendation 21”, online: University of Minnesota 〈http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/gencomm/genrexxi.htm〉.

15. Cassese, supra note 5 at 101Google Scholar

16. Cassese, supra note 4 at 140Google Scholar

17. THORNBERRY, Patrick, International Law and the Rights of Minorities (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991) at 217Google Scholar

THORNBERRY, Patrick, “Self-Determination, Minorities, Human Rights: A Review of International Instruments” (1989) 38 International and Comparative Law Quarterly 867 at 883CrossRefGoogle Scholar

18. Cassese, supra note 5 at 322Google Scholar

19. PAZARTZIS, Photini, “Secession and International Law: the European Dimension” in Marcelo G. KOHEN, ed., Secession: International Law Perspectives (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 355 at 372Google Scholar

20. Written statement of the Republic of Albania, 14 April 2009, at 40 (emphasis added), online: ICJ 〈http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/141/15618.pdf〉.

21. Written statement of the Kingdom of The Netherlands, 17 April 2009, at 9 (emphasis added), online: ICJ 〈http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/141/15652.pdf〉.

22. Written statement of the Republic of Cyprus, 3 April 2009, at 33−4, online: ICJ 〈http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/141/15609.pdf〉. It is a right which “applies between the State and all its population, giving people the right to choose the form of government and have access to constitutional rights” (p. 35).

23. Written statement of the Federal Republic of Germany, 15 April 2009, at 33 (emphasis added), online: ICJ 〈http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/141/15624.pdf〉.

24. Written statement of Finland, 16 April 2009, at 3, online: ICJ 〈http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/141/15630.pdf〉.

25. Ibid., at 4 (emphasis added).

26. Ibid., at 6 (emphasis added).

27. Ibid., at 7 (emphasis added).

28. Written statement by the Russian Federation, 16 April 2009, at 30, online: ICJ 〈http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/141/15628.pdf〉.

29. Written statement of the Slovak Republic, 16 April 2009, para. 10, online: ICJ 〈http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/141/15626.pdf〉.

30. Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe Final Act, Helsinki 1975, online: OSCE 〈http://www.osce.org/mc/39501?download=true〉 [1975 Helsinki Final Act].

31. The Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) process has been regarded as “an engine of democratic change and a repository of democratic principles”; Thornberry, supra note 6 at 121 (footnote omitted). In 1994, the CSCE was renamed the “Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe” (OSCE).

32. Principle VIII of the 1975 Helsinki Final Act, supra note 30 (emphasis added).

33. Cassese, supra note 4 at 152Google Scholar

34. See 1975 Helsinki Final Act, supra note 30.

35. KOSKENNIEMI, Martti, “National Self-Determination Today: Problems of Legal Theory and Practice” (1994) 43 International and Comparative Law Quarterly 241 at 256CrossRefGoogle Scholar

36. Cassese, supra note 4 at 150Google Scholar

37. Ibid., at 151.

38. European Charter of Local Self-Government, Strasbourg, 15.X.1985, online: Council of Europe 〈http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/Html/122.htm〉.

39. PACKER, “The OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities” in Gudmundur ALFREDSSON, Jonas GRIMHEDEN, Bertram G. RAMCHARAN, and Alfred de ZAYAS, eds., International Human Rights Monitoring Mechanisms (The Hague/Boston/London: Martinus Nijhoff, 2001) at 641−656Google Scholar

40. See “High Commissioner on National Minorities: Speech by Max van der Stoel”, 13 May 1994, online: OSCE 〈http://www.osce.org/hcnm/37259〉.

41. Ibid.

42. “Early Warning and Early Action: Preventing Inter-Ethnic Conflict”, 9 July 1999 (emphasis added), online: OSCE 〈http://www.osce.org/hcnm/32107〉. For a more recent statement on the various models available for minority participation, see “Rights for Peace: Promoting Minority Participation to Avert Conflicts”, 4 October 2011, online: OSCE 〈http://www.osce.org/hcnm/83622〉.

43. “The Lund Recommendations on the Effective Participation of National Minorities in Public Life & Explanatory Note”, September 1999, online: OSCE 〈http://www.osce.org/hcnm/32240?download=true〉 [Lund Recommendations]. See especially para. 19 at 11−12, on “territorial arrangements”.

44. PALERMO, Francesco, “When the Lund Recommendations are Ignored. Effective Participation of National Minorities through Territorial Autonomy” (2009) 16 International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 653 at 654−655Google Scholar

45. Ibid., at 659.

46. ANGHIE, Antony, “The Evolution of International Law: Colonial and Postcolonial Realities” (2006) 27 Third World Quarterly 739 at 748CrossRefGoogle Scholar

47. NKRUMAH, Kwame, Towards Colonial Freedom: Africa in the Struggle against World Imperialism (London/Melbourne/Toronto: Heinemann, 1962) at 43Google Scholar

48. Ibid. (emphasis added).

49. APPADORAI, A., The Bandung Conference (New Delhi: The Indian Council of World Affairs, 1955)Google Scholar

50. Ibid., at 21. The discussion on self-determination and human rights had not taken too much time, given the universal acceptance afforded to the principle of self-determination. The only contribution was the show of support for the rights of the people of Palestine, calling for the implementation of relevant UN Resolutions that had been adopted on the matter (pp. 15−18).

51. Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, UN General Assembly Resolution 1514(XV), 14 December 1960, online: OHCHR 〈http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/independence.htm〉 [1960 Colonial Declaration]. This was largely promoted by Third World states. Eighty-nine states voted for, while none voted against. Interestingly, however, a number of states abstained from voting, most of which belonged to the European/Western bloc; namely, Portugal, Spain, Belgium, France, the UK, and the US.

52. Thornberry, “Self-Determination, Minorities, Human Rights”, supra note 17 at 875Google Scholar

53. See the declaration of the Government of India, online: UN 〈http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en#EndDec〉.

54. Written statement of the People's Republic of China, 16 April 2009, online: ICJ 〈http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/141/15611.pdf〉.

55. Ibid., at 3.

56. Ibid., at 3−4 (emphasis added).

57. Ibid., at 5 (emphasis added).

58. As India once noted: “Like other citizens of India, the people of Jammu and Kashmir had been periodically exercising their right to self-determination within India's constitutional framework by participating in the five nation-wide general elections that had been held in the 29 years since India's independence. There could be no question of the people of Jammu and Kashmir exercising the right of self-determination separately from India. That would be a violation of the Indian Constitution and of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of India and an unwarranted interference in its internal affairs, all of which would constitute a violation of the United Nations Charter”: 31 GAOR (1976) 3rd Committee., 17th Meeting, (A/C.3/31/SR.17), para. 57, quoted in Summers, supra note 3 at 366 (ftn 202).

59. GHAI, Yash, “Autonomy Regimes in China: Coping with Ethnic and Economic Diversity” in Yash GHAI, ed., Autonomy and Ethnicity: Negotiating Competing Claims in Multi-Ethnic States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000) at 77−98CrossRefGoogle Scholar

60. DUGARD, John and RAIC, David, “The Role of Recognition in the Law and Practice of Secession” in Kohen, ed., supra note 19, 94 at 123Google Scholar

61. “Statements Made by Mr. Hardeep Singh Puri, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of India at the 60th Session of the Commission on Human Rights, Geneva (March 15−April 23, 2004)”, online: Ministry of External Affairs, India 〈http://www.meaindia.nic.in/mystart.php?id=53017848〉.

62. RAO, Pemmaraju Sreenivasa, “The Indian Position on Some General Principles of International Law” in Bimal N. PATEL, ed., India and International Law (Leiden/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff, 2005), 33 at 52−54Google Scholar

63. Written statement of the Arab Republic of Egypt, 16 April 2009, at 19, online: ICJ 〈http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/141/15622.pdf〉.

64. BELL, Christine, Peace Agreements and Human Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000) at 133Google Scholar

65. KEANE, John, The Life and Death of Democracy (London: Pocket Books, 2010)Google Scholar

66. Ibid., at xi.

67. Jomo KENYATTA, “The Kikuyu System of Government” in Wilfred CARTEY and Martin KILSON, eds., The African Reader: Independent Africa (New York: Vintage Books, 1970) at 19−28Google Scholar

68. GARRATT, G.T.ed., The Legacy of India (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1937)Google Scholar

69. Ibid.

70. WEERAMANTRY, C.G., Equality and Freedom: Some Third World Perspectives (Colombo: Hansa, 1976) at 26Google Scholar

71. See for instance: the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 27 June 1981 (entered into force 21 October 1986), online: UNHCR 〈http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/type,MULTILATERALTREATY,OAU,,3ae6b3630,0.html〉 [1981 African Charter]; the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance, 30 January 2007, online: African Union 〈http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Documents/Treaties/text/Charter%20on%20Democracy.pdf〉; the Inter-American Democratic Charter, 11 September 2001, online: OAS 〈http://www.educadem.oas.org/documentos/dem_eng.pdf〉; the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Charter of Democracy, online: SAARC 〈http://www.saarc-sec.org/SAARC-Charter-of-Democracy/88/〉; the Arab Charter on Human Rights, 22 May 2004, online: University of Minnesota 〈http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/loas2005.html〉.

72. Written statement of The Islamic Republic of Iran at 7, online: ICJ 〈http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/141/15646.pdf〉.

73. SHELTON, Dinah, “Self-Determination in Regional Human Rights Law: From Kosovo to Cameroon” (2011) 105 American Journal of International Law 60CrossRefGoogle Scholar

74. OUGUERGOUZ, Fatsah and TEHINDRAZANARIVELO, Djacoba Liva, “The Question of Secession in Africa” in Kohen, supra note 19, 257 at 257Google Scholar

75. 1981 African Charter, supra note 71.

76. Katangese Peoples’ Congress v. Zaire, Communication 75/92, Eighth Annual Activity Report (1994−1995), online: University of Minnesota 〈http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/africa/ACHPR1.htm〉.

77. Ibid.

78. Dugard and Raic, supra note 60 at 108Google Scholar

79. Kevin Mgwanga Gunme v. Cameroon, Communication 266/2003, Twenty Sixth Annual Activity Report (2008−2009), online: 〈http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/18367317/1483467725/name/Verdict+of+Communication+No+266-2003.pdf〉.

80. Ibid., at 37.

81. UMOZURIKE, U.O., Introduction to International Law (Ibadan: Spectrum Law Publishing, 1993) at 55Google Scholar

OFUATEY-KODJOE, W., “Self-Determination” in Oscar SCHACHTER and Christopher C. JOYNER, eds., United Nations Legal Order, Vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995)Google Scholar

82. SUKSI, Markku, Sub-State Governance through Territorial Autonomy: A Comparative Study in Constitutional Law of Powers, Procedures and Institutions (Heidelberg/Dordrecht/London/New York: Springer, 2011) at 244−269CrossRefGoogle Scholar

83. Ibid., at 252. See “Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement”, online: Aceh Monitoring Mission 〈http://www.aceh-mm.org/download/english/Helsinki%20MoU.pdf〉. This paved the way for the adoption of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 11 of 2006 on the Governing of Aceh.

84. Ibid., at 188−213. The two-government structure which was put in place as a consequence of the formation of Tanzania (i.e. the coming together of Zanzibar and Tanganyika in 1964) has therefore been regarded as a solution “that guaranteed Zanzibar a large measure of internal self-determination on the basis of residual law-making powers” (p. 640).

85. Nkrumah, supra note 47 at xvi−xviiGoogle Scholar

86. Ibid., at 27. Therefore, “self-government” or autonomie were “nothing but blinds and limitations in the way of the struggle of the national liberation movement in the colonies towards self-determination and complete national independence” (p. 32).

87. Ibid., at 43.

88. Ibid., at 44−5 (emphasis added).

89. NEHRU, Jawaharlal, An Autobiography (New Delhi: Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund, 1981) at 418Google Scholar

90. Ibid., at 608 (emphasis added).

91. Ibid., at 420.

92. Keane, supra note 65 at 597Google Scholar

93. B.S. CHIMNI, “Third World Approaches to International Law: A Manifesto” in Antony ANGHIE, Bhupinder CHIMNI, Karin MICHELSON, and Obiora OKAFOR, eds., The Third World and International Order: Law, Politics and Globalization (Leiden/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff, 2003), 47 at 61Google Scholar

94. Cassese, supra note 5 at 12Google Scholar

95. Ibid.

96. CASTELLINO, Joshua, International Law and Self-Determination: The Interplay of the Politics of Territorial Possession with Formulations of Post-Colonial “National” Identity (The Hague/Boston/London: Martinus Nijhoff, 2000) at 13Google Scholar

97. PRIESTLAND, David, The Red Flag: Communism and the Making of the Modern World (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 2010) at 235Google Scholar

BOWRING, Wilson's; Bill, “Positivism versus Self-Determination: the Contradictions of Soviet International Law” in Susan MARKS, ed., International Law on the Left: Re-examining Marxist Legacies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 133 at 143Google Scholar

98. BERMAN, Nathaniel, “The International Law of Nationalism: Group Identity and Legal History” in David WIPPMAN, ed., International Law and Ethnic Conflict (Ithaca, NY/London: Cornell University Press, 1998), 25 at 37Google Scholar

99. BROWNLIE, Ian, “An Essay in the History of the Principle of Self-Determination” in C.H. ALEXANDROWICZ, ed., Grotian Society Papers 1968: Studies in the History of the Law of Nations (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1970), 90 at 95Google Scholar

100. Ibid., at 97.

101. NOWAK, Manfred, UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: CCPR Commentary, 2nd rev. ed. (Kehl: N.P. Engel, 2005) at 10Google Scholar

102. CHIMNI, B.S., “Marxism and International Law: A Contemporary Analysis” Economic and Political Weekly (6 February 1999), 337Google Scholar

103. HARRISON, Paul, Inside the Third World: The Anatomy of Poverty, 3rd ed. (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1993)Google Scholar

104. Weeramantry, supra note 70 at 38Google Scholar

105. Makau MUTUA, “What is TWAIL?” ASIL, Proceedings of the 94th Annual Meeting, April 2000, online: University of Buffalo 〈http://www.law.buffalo.edu/Faculty_And_Staff/submenu/MutuaM/reports/asil040500.pdf〉.

106. CARTY, Anthony, “The National as a Meta-Concept of International Economic Law” in Asif H. QURESHI, ed., Perspectives in International Economic Law (London: Kluwer Law International, 2002), 65 at 71Google Scholar

107. ANGHIE, Antony, “Time Present and Time Past: Globalization, International Financial Institutions, and the Third World” (2000) 32 New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 243Google Scholar

108. Ibid., at 246.

109. B.S. CHIMNI, “Developing Countries and the GATT/WTO System: Some Reflections on the Idea of Free Trade and Doha Round Trade Negotiations” in Chantal THOMAS and Joel P. TRACHTMAN, eds., Developing Countries in the WTO Legal System (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 21 at 26Google Scholar

110. Chimni, supra note 102 at 341Google Scholar

Chimni, ibid., at 39−40Google Scholar

SORNARAJAH, M., “A Developing Country Perspective of International Economic Law in the Context of Dispute Settlement” in Qureshi, supra note 106 at 83−110Google Scholar

Helene Ruiz FABRI, “Regulating Trade, Investment and Money” in James CRAWFORD and Martti KOSKENNIEMI, eds., The Cambridge Companion to International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012) at 352−372CrossRefGoogle Scholar

111. Anghie, supra note 107 at 288Google Scholar

112. CHIMNI, B.S., “International Institutions Today: An Imperial Global State in the Making” (2004) 15 European Journal of International Law 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar

113. BEDJAOUI, Mohammed, Towards a New International Economic Order (Paris: UNESCO, 1979)Google Scholar

ELIAS, T.O., New Horizons in International Law, 2nd rev. ed. (Dordrecht/Boston/London: Martinus Nijhoff, 1992)Google Scholar

Weeramantry, supra note 70 at 135−138Google Scholar

114. See Declaration on the Right to Development, A/Res/41/128, 4 December 1986, online: UN 〈http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/41/a41r128.htm〉. Article 4(2) therein states: “As a complement to the efforts of developing countries, effective international co-operation is essential in providing these countries with appropriate means and facilities to foster their comprehensive development.”

115. MARKS, Susan and CLAPHAM, Andrew, International Human Rights Lexicon (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005) at 102Google Scholar

116. Carty, supra note 106 at 79Google Scholar

117. QURESHI, Asif H. and ZIEGLER, Andreas R., International Economic Law (London: Sweet & Maxwell, 2007) at 57Google Scholar

118. CASSESE, Antonio, International Law, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005) at 506Google Scholar

119. MUTUA, Makau, “Why Redraw the Map of Africa: A Moral and Legal Inquiry” (1995) 16 Michigan Journal of International Law 1113Google Scholar

120. QUASHIGAH, Edward and OKAFOR, Obioraeds., Legitimate Governance in Africa: International and Domestic Legal Perspectives (The Hague/London/Boston: Kluwer Law International, 1999)Google Scholar

NDLOVU-GATSHENI, Sabelo J., “Fiftieth Anniversary of Decolonization in Africa: A Moment of Celebration or Critical Reflection?” (2012) 33 Third World Quarterly 71CrossRefGoogle Scholar

121. BUCHHEIT, Lee C., Secession: The Legitimacy of Self-Determination (New Haven, CT/London: Yale University Press, 1978) at 14−15Google Scholar

122. SUMMERS, James, “Why does the Right of Self-determination have Internal and External Aspects?”. Lecture delivered at the Lauterpacht Centre for International Law, University of Cambridge (28 October 2011)Google Scholar

123. Buchheit, supra note 121 at 15Google Scholar

124. FRANCK, Thomas, “The Emerging Right to Democratic Governance” (1992) 86 American Journal of International Law 46CrossRefGoogle Scholar

MARKS, Susan, “What Has Become of the Emerging Right to Democratic Governance?” (2011) 22 European Journal of International Law 507CrossRefGoogle Scholar

125. Franck, supra note 124 at 46Google Scholar

126. Ibid., at 52. The right to self-determination was therein interpreted as a “right of a people organized in an established territory to determine its collective political destiny in a democratic fashion”.

127. FOX, Gregory H., Humanitarian Occupation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

128. GRAY, Christine, International Law and the Use of Force (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000) at 42−44Google Scholar

Simone van den DRIEST, “‘Pro-Democratic Intervention’ and the Right to Political Self-determination: The Case of Operation Iraqi Freedom” (2010) 1 Netherlands International Law Review 27Google Scholar

129. Gray, supra note 128, at 42Google Scholar

GRAY, Christine, “The Use of Force and the International Legal Order” in Malcolm EVANS, ed., International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 615 at 620Google Scholar

130. CRAWFORD, James, “Sovereignty as a Legal Value” in Crawford and Koskenniemi, supra note 110, 117 at 130Google Scholar

131. Gray, supra note 129 at 620Google Scholar

132. Article 2(4) of the UN Charter states: “All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations.”

133. REISMAN, W. Michael, “Coercion and Self-Determination: Construing Charter Article 2(4)” (1984) 78 American Journal of International Law 642 at 643CrossRefGoogle Scholar

134. Ibid.

135. SCHACHTER, Oscar, “The Legality of Pro-Democratic Invasion” (1984) 78 American Journal of International Law 645CrossRefGoogle Scholar

136. Ibid., at 648.

137. NANDA, Ved P., “The Validity of United States Intervention in Panama under International Law” (1990) 84 American Journal of International Law 494CrossRefGoogle Scholar

138. Ibid., at 500 (footnotes omitted).

139. For a detailed discussion especially in the context of the Iraqi invasion (2003), see generally Driest, supra note 127.

140. Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Judgment, [1986] I.C.J. Rep. 14 at 133.

141. Gray, supra note 128 at 43Google Scholar

142. Ibid., at 42.

143. CHIMNI, B.S., “Legitimating the International Rule of Law” in Crawford and Koskenniemi, supra note 110, 290 at 301Google Scholar

FALK, Richard, “A Commentary on Marathon Murders” Richard Falk Blog (19 April 2013)Google Scholar

144. KOJI, Watanabeed., Humanitarian Intervention: The Evolving Asian Debate (Tokyo/New York: Japan Centre for International Exchange, 2003)Google Scholar

THAKUR, Ramesh, The United Nations, Peace and Security: From Collective Security to the Responsibility to Protect (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

145. ANGHIE, Antony, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004)Google Scholar

GATHII, James Thuo, “International Law and Eurocentricity” (1998) 9 European Journal of International Law 184CrossRefGoogle Scholar

146. RAJAGOPAL, Balakrishnan, “Counter-hegemonic International Law: Rethinking Human Rights and Development as a Third World Strategy” (2006) 27 Third World Quarterly 767CrossRefGoogle Scholar

147. SAID, Edward, Culture and Imperialism (London: Vintage, 1994) at 18Google Scholar

148. Robert A. DAHL, “Democracy and Human Rights Under Different Conditions of Development” in Asbjorn EIDE and Bernt HAGTVET, eds., Human Rights in Perspective: A Global Assessment (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992), 235 at 235Google Scholar

149. It has been the view of a former UN Independent Expert on the Right to Development, Dr Arjun Sengupta, that the right to development could only be achieved through a development plan which “would be totally different from the earlier forms of central planning and would be based entirely on decentralized decision-making with the participation and empowerment of the beneficiaries”; see “Report of the Independent Expert on the Right to Development’ (submitted by the UN Secretary General at the Fifty-Fifth Session to the UN General Assembly, 17 August 2000), reproduced in Franciscans International, ed., The Right to Development: Reflections on the First Four Reports of the Independent Expert on the Right to Development, Dr. Arjun Sengupta (Geneva: Franciscans International, 2003) at 183.

150. Chimni, supra note 102 at 343Google Scholar

151. SIMPSON, Gerry J., “Imagined Consent: Democratic Liberalism in International Legal Theory” (1994) 15 Australian Yearbook of International Law 103 at 121Google Scholar

152. QUASHIGAH, Edward and OKAFOR, Obiora, “Toward the Enhancement of the Relevance and Effectiveness of the Movement for the Securement of Legitimate Governance in Africa” in Quashigah and Okafor, supra note 120, 539 at 547Google Scholar

153. GHAI, Yash, “Human Rights and Governance: The Asian Debate” (1994) 15 Australia Year Book of International Law 1Google Scholar

154. Marks and Clapham, supra note 115 at 69Google Scholar

155. Simpson, supra note 151 at 121Google Scholar

156. HOBSBAWM, Eric, Globalisation, Democracy and Terrorism (London: Abacus, 2007) at 99Google Scholar

157. Salmon, supra note 10 at 280Google Scholar