Introduction
Around April 2020, journalistic reports started flourishing that discussed the onset of a strange phenomenon. By then, amid the almost-global pandemic lockdown, societies experienced a ‘dream surge’, referring to the ‘global increase in the reporting of vivid, bizarre dreams’.Footnote 1 Multiple prominent media outlets in the Global North deemed this phenomenon newsworthy, variously describing dreams as vivid, bizarre, weird, unusual, strange, odd, and powerful. The hope that these reports placed in pandemic dreams was one of an authentic glance at the ‘anxiety of the moment’.Footnote 2 Despite their ‘bizarre and individual’Footnote 3 character, pandemic dreams displayed striking formal and substantial similarities, which were taken to plausibilise this indication of authenticity.Footnote 4 Subsequently, commentators identified a global community of dreamers ‘affected by the same experience’Footnote 5 that promised to ‘glean something universal’Footnote 6 from the pandemic juncture. The pandemic dream surge fell into a historical sequence of events during and immediately after which dreams spiked, including 9/11, the earthquakes in San Francisco (1989) and L’Aquila (2009), and the aftermath of the Second World War and the first Gulf War. What set pandemic dreams apart was the supposedly global synchronicity of the experience on which they drew, as well as their circulation through global communication infrastructures: ‘This upwelling of dreams is the first to occur globally and the first to happen in the era of social media, which makes dreams readily accessible for immediate study. As a dream “event,” the pandemic is unprecedented.’Footnote 7
Instead of asking whether dreams actually surged, this article starts from the more basic observation that dreams became a matter of public interest in 2020. As a striking counterpoint to the scientific modes of reasoning dominating the Covid-19 pandemic, which are epitomised by an epidemiological understanding of society, this concern marked an epistemic event in the pandemic order of knowledge.Footnote 8 This article suggests that the deeper implications of the turn to dreams only become apparent when attending to the Anthropocenic rupture that the pandemic constitutes.Footnote 9 As Dipesh Chakrabarty has argued, the pandemic ‘connotes a time when our recognition of the microbial world we live amid cannot any longer be … forgotten as we go about our everyday lives’.Footnote 10 Doing so, it also vividly demonstrates the Anthropocenic reversal of the relation between the passive background status that modernity reserves for the non-human world and the active human subject that makes its own history on the stage thus provided. The turn to dreams reflected the challenge that this reversal poses to a modern understanding of history, as authored by a human subject that witnesses a linear, progressive unfolding of time.Footnote 11 The article traces three registers on which the problematisation of pandemic dreams unfolded: scientific attempts to study pandemic dreams, archival attempts to preserve pandemic dreams, and practical attempts to engage with pandemic dreams. This empirical engagement illustrates that dreams were consistently interrogated based on a hope of capturing how pandemic experience inscribes itself on subjects at a primary, unmediated level that bypasses their capacity to rational control. Thereby, the turn to dreams understood the relation between subject and history as one of experiential exposure rather than modern control. It thus affirmed the Anthropocene condition in which ‘it is no longer we who take the Earth; it is the Earth who takes us’,Footnote 12 as François Hartog puts it.
Responding to this observation, the first contention that the article puts forth is thus that the problematisation of pandemic dreams marked a historiographic experiment which probed accounting for a history that appeared to exceed the image to which modernity relegates it. At the same time – the second contention – the article argues that this empirical turn to dreams echoed the theoretical turn to relationality in International Relations (IR). Instead of affirming the outlook of this turn, for which decentring the human becomes the royal road to becoming attuned to the Anthropocene,Footnote 13 this article insists on its ambiguity. It stays with it by tracing how the application of a relational sentiment amid the pandemic dream surge continuously found itself on the brink of tipping back into a modern will to control and to re-enclose the excess of meaning in pandemic dreams.
Unfolding this argument, the article makes two main contributions to the broader IR literature. First, it adds to the ongoing discussion of the Anthropocene in IR and the nexus between the Anthropocene and the Covid-19 pandemic more specifically.Footnote 14 It does so by zooming in on the temporal stakes of the Anthropocene challenge and the question of how this challenge might effect a change regarding the modern experience of time. Further, it grounds some of the recent critical engagements with the ‘celebratory projection of the world’Footnote 15 of relational approaches to the Anthropocene in an empirical case. This helps to problematise the tipping points through which relational sentiments fold back into a modern way of approaching the world. Second, the article takes its cue from an interdisciplinary engagement with dreams across the social sciences and humanities and introduces dreams to IR scholarship.Footnote 16 Rather than treating dream reports as sources in themselves, it starts from an empirical curiosity about how dreams were turned into tools to make sense of the pandemic present.Footnote 17
The article proceeds in three steps. The next section situates the turn to dreams vis-à-vis the Anthropocenic character of the Covid-19 pandemic. It draws out how this turn to dreams echoed the relational turn in IR in its attempt to provide a response to the Anthropocene rupture. The following section turns to the works of Reinhart Koselleck and Michel Foucault to conceptualise the turn to pandemic dreams as an engagement with the limits of modern historiography. It outlines an analytics of actuality that guides the empirical analysis of the pandemic turn to dreams by zooming in on the epistemic hope placed in dreams, the experiments with subjectivity it implied, and the implicit renegotiation of the relation between subject and history it attempted. The final section follows these vectors across three empirical registers on which the ‘dream surge’ unfolded: a scientific register populated by psychologists, psychiatrists, neuroscientists, and dream researchers, dedicated to using dreams as indicators of the intensity of the present; an archival register that articulated the urgent concern for gathering pandemic dream reports as raw experiences of the pandemic present, pursued by laypeople running online dream archives and professional museum curators alike; and finally, a practical register that turned dreams into tools for coping with an unsettling pandemic present.
Covid-19 and the challenge of accounting for an Anthropocene present
The nexus between the Covid-19 pandemic and the Anthropocene has been articulated in multiple ways. Most straightforwardly, a causal reading views the pandemic as the actualisation of a risk that is increased through the changing land-use patterns and close proximities between the habitats of humans and wild animals that mark the Anthropocene.Footnote 18 Departing from this attempt to grasp the pandemic as an Anthropocene effect, a second way of articulating this nexus understands the pandemic as a laboratory for engaging with a generalised Anthropocene experience. Here, the pandemic appears as a momentary prompt to ‘digest’ the underlying ‘change in cosmology’Footnote 19 that the Anthropocene brings about, as the late Bruno Latour put it.
The Anthropocene challenge of non-experienceability
Experiencing the Covid-19 pandemic therefore demands a reconsideration of previous problematisations of the non-experienceability of the Anthropocene. Primarily, this problematisation refers to the question of whether it is possible to grasp Anthropocene temporality, given the incommensurability of a human experience of time and the much vaster and deeper level at which humans, by now, influence and become entangled with the time of the planet. Within the frame of modern historiography, as François Hartog argues, ‘the time fostered by the Anthropocene is excessive’.Footnote 20 Assuming the stability of the natural world, modern time became denaturalised to the degree that modern historiography accounted for ‘a history of humans, and humans only, a history that is linked to human hopes, memories, and actions, or, if you like, human experiences and expectations’.Footnote 21 As the radicalised human capacity to make history at a previously unattainable, planetary scale re-entangles human and natural time, the Anthropocene thus problematises the very idea that historical reasoning should be grounded in human experience only. Its non-experienceability is an effect of a modern historiography that reproduces the human/nature binary. The subsequent incapacity to bridge ‘the gap between the time of the Anthropocene and the times of the world’ poses the challenge of finding ways of accounting for the present that allow for our ‘dwelling in both at the same time’.Footnote 22
The relational turn in IR as a response to non-experienceability
In parts as a response to this challenge, IR scholarship has increasingly turned to relational approaches.Footnote 23 Largely committed to new materialist, post-humanist, and/or pluriversal ontologies, these approaches ‘offer an alternative reading of the “present”’Footnote 24 in the face of ‘a new reality, where humans, non-humans, things, and materials co-exist in complex relations of life and non-life’.Footnote 25 Diagnosing the problem of non-experienceability as rooted in a modern hierarchical juxtaposition between a passive nature and an active human subject, relational approaches implicitly pursue a historiographic project that breaks with modern assumptions. Theirs is a desire for an altered ‘historical consciousness’ that probes a new ‘form of self-knowledge’.Footnote 26 The self to be known reflexively understands its being-in-the-world as irreducibly a mode of being-in-relation.Footnote 27
Tamara Trownsell exemplifies the practical consequences of this understanding when suggesting that ‘confronting complexity requires a more diverse existential toolbox replete with nuanced, nimble tools. This may be achieved through synergistic exchanges with lifeways built off of a deep existential commitment to interconnection.’Footnote 28 In other words, accounting for a present that is understood to exhaust modern ways of sense-making needs to start from alternative modes of being-in-the-world. Therefore, enabling ‘new conversations between polyphonic experiences of relationalities’Footnote 29 presupposes cultivating a self-knowledge that takes into account the fundamental precarity of (human) subjects which – as all beings – are ‘vulnerable to the relations that compose them’.Footnote 30
Pursuing a relational analytics, in other words, necessitates an entangled mode of being-in-the-world. As per Ignasi Torrent’s recent account, the analytical and the normative prompts of relational theorising thus become increasingly indistinguishable.Footnote 31 Consequently, the problem of accounting for the present is resolved through a relational practice that senses ‘how things resonate, feel, draw, or repel us … within a given timespace moment’ and interpellates subjects to ‘constitute the self-in-relation-to-others’.Footnote 32 Instead of seeking control over the present, restoring its experienceability proceeds through the imperative to gauge one’s situatedness in, and exposure to, the relational entanglements that constitute it.
The possibility of a shared archive between relationality and the turn to dreams
If we follow Milja Kurki to assume that ‘a multipronged wave of relational revolutions [is] taking place across the world and across fields of study’,Footnote 33 the resonances of such a broader shift can be traced all the way down to the practices and sentiments surrounding the pandemic turn to dreams. Three very brief examples that are further developed in the last section of this article illustrate this:
(1) A scientific project based at the University of Turku took dreams as indicators of the intensity by which the pandemic was experienced. The authenticity of this experience resulted from the subject being ‘unaware’Footnote 34 and thus lacking control over its own dreaming state.
(2) The Museum of London justified its new-found interest in collecting pandemic dreams: To understand an event such as the pandemic that ‘has affected the human condition’, it deemed it necessary to capture people’s ‘raw encounters’Footnote 35 with it.
(3) The practice of social dreaming during the pandemic called on subjects to surrender themselves to their dreams. It suggested that by giving up control (according to the guidelines of social dreaming), an assumed reservoir of surprising, ‘unthought’Footnote 36 knowledge in dreams may be tapped.
The turn to dreams directly referenced neither the Anthropocene nor relational approaches. Nonetheless, in its attempt to establish an experienceability of the pandemic present, by mobilising the dream as a terrain situated at the limits of modern imaginaries of subjectivity – unaware, raw, unthought – it betrayed an underlying quasi-relational sentiment. Albeit unfolding at different levels, both the relational turn and the turn to dreams thus provide traces of what Hannah Richter has called ‘an evolutionary adaption of society’s knowledge relations’ to the exhaustion of ‘the modern idea of a passive, distant nature’.Footnote 37 They thus come into view as elements of a shared, emergent archive of responses to the non-experienceability of the Anthropocene.Footnote 38 This archive, in turn, leads them to follow the shared imperative of experimenting with modes of being-in-relation and of finding practical tools to sense this existential condition.
Beyond ascertaining common themes, such a perspective can also draw out common pitfalls. Viewing how the pandemic engagement with dreams translated relational sentiments into tangible practices thus considers the ‘orchestrations’ required to engage in ‘relational dialogues’,Footnote 39 a blind spot which relational approaches have reflexively acknowledged. The ambiguities within those empirical orchestrations and the moments where they fail to redeem their quasi-relational ambition provide a fruitful opportunity to render this relational (self-)doubt productive.
Particularly because it might appear provocative to flatten out the differences between a sophisticated theoretical apparatus (such as that of the relational turn) and a peculiar empirical episode (such as the pandemic turn to dreams), it is important to specify the level at which these approaches coalesce. This section has suggested that this coalescence concerns the very attempt to provide a response – either theoretically or practically – to restore the experienceability of an Anthropocenic present. The next section conceptualises this observation as an engagement with the limits of a modern practice of historiography.
Dreaming of a ruptured present: Towards an analytics of actuality
Koselleck and Foucault can be brought into fruitful dialogue over their shared concern for the limits of modern historiography and their differential suggestions to engage with those limits analytically. Staging this dialogue, this section derives an analytics of actuality which links back to the shared archive discussed in the previous section and prepares the empirical interrogation of the pandemic turn to dreams.
At the limits of modern historiography
According to Koselleck, a modern understanding of historical time emerged in the 18th century. The will to demonstrate the ‘naked reality’Footnote 40 of a bygone past was gradually replaced by the reflexive acknowledgement of the fictional means necessary to do so. From then on, writing history meant producing a ‘perspectivistic fiction of the factual’Footnote 41 through practices of periodisation and the construction of causal, diachronous explanations. This implied a shifting imagination of the relation between subject and history. Increasingly, the event-bound experience of ‘the authentic eyewitness’Footnote 42 made way for a modern author-subject of history. Equating temporal distance with analytical rigour, the role of this subject consisted of speaking retrospective order to time. In a passage in The Order of Things, Foucault echoes this problematisation. He suggests that through practices of periodisation – fictionalisations, as Koselleck would have it – modern historiography produces an ‘appearance of continuity’Footnote 43 that starts from the assumption of the coherence of history. Incoherence and rupture thus mark the outside of modern historiographic thought. Their absence becomes constitutive for projecting the idea of a linear temporality onto past, present, and future.Footnote 44
Both Koselleck and Foucault are acutely aware of the limits of modern historiography. For Koselleck, these limits revolve around the gap between the experience of an emergent event and its linguistic and retrospective enclosure into a linear historical narrative.Footnote 45 This results in an absence of the actuality of history from modern historiography, by which he refers to the anthropologically grounded, lived experience of an event ‘in the course of occurring’, which he assumes to possess ‘a different mode of existence from language’.Footnote 46 Leaving subjects with the primary experience of speechlessness, actuality is thus understood as ontologically preliterate. This results in an aporia of attempts to account for primary experiences through linguistic means. As Jan Ifversen and Christoffer Kølvraa suggest, such moments ‘cannot simply be conceptualized retrospectively by the historian’ because this would ‘miss the heart of what made them an event’ and defuse their rupturing potential ‘by folding them into domesticated and complacent forms of historical consciousness’.Footnote 47 Actuality thus challenges modern historiography in its very functioning and points to a friction between the ontological register of primary experience and the epistemic register of modern historiography. In a sense, Koselleck anticipates the relational problematisation that ‘conceptual ways of “gathering” the world’ present us with a ‘“twisted world”’Footnote 48 and the correlated call to engage with existential questions of being-in-the-world.
This is particularly apparent when Koselleck outlines practical ways of engaging with this ungraspable, yet existentially present, terrain of history that escapes modern historiography. Intriguingly, this leads him to turn to dreams.Footnote 49 Contrasting with the modern will to fictionalise history, Koselleck suggests that dreams testify to the ‘irresistible facticity of the fictive’.Footnote 50 Dreams, in this reading, subvert the modern configuration of the relation between subject and history. Rather than sovereignly detached, the dreaming subject appears to be existentially exposed to a present which it cannot control but which is being ‘dictated upon the body’Footnote 51 by dreaming. A ‘vivid inner truth’Footnote 52 thus subsists in dreams. For Koselleck, they become traces of an authentic encounter with a ‘physically and affectively lived experience’.Footnote 53 The value of the dream as a source subverting the assumptions of modern historiography thus lies in its character as a mode of observing without active observer. It haunts the subject involuntarily yet also testifies to ‘a state of experience in eventu’Footnote 54 that is immediately grounded in the present. Situated at the very limits of rationality, the dream (stylised into an anthropological fact) helps to overcome the basic gap between history and its articulation.
Foucault shares a basic interest for moments that confront the modern historiographical pretence of coherence with an experience of rupture. However, in contrast to Koselleck, he situates the unfolding of such moments on an epistemic rather than an ontological register. As will be suggested below, this analytical decision is a prerequisite for pursuing an interrogation of the turn to dreams in light of its shared archive with relationality. Experiences of ‘discontinuity within a historical layer of continuity’,Footnote 55 so Foucault suggests, result from an exhaustion of the episteme that suggested the prevalence of such a continuity in the first place. Whatever their ontological undertones, these moments of actualité (as Foucault calls them) thus gain traction when they are reflexively asserted as such. In other words, it is the very articulation that the present is ruptured and that it therefore exceeds the coherence within which modern history wants to enclose it that renders it analytically relevant. Observing such moments means observing how ‘thought’ – understood as a sedimented mode of reasoning, for instance, modern historiography – ‘contrives to escape itself’.Footnote 56 Once recognised as such, actualité endows subjects with the task of probing new ‘mode[s] of relating to contemporary reality’,Footnote 57 not least to reflexively gauge and relate to their own being-in-a-rupture.
To summarise briefly, Koselleck and Foucault share the diagnosis that modern historiography reaches its limits when it comes to accounting for moments of rupture; these moments disrupt the plausibility of coherence and of the modern author-subject recognising it. Nonetheless, both develop markedly differing responses to this finding. Koselleck ascribes ontological priority to the experience of rupture. He suggests that this experience – actuality – inscribes itself on subjects on a primary level that cannot be articulated but is felt intensely. Grasping actuality thus means ‘tracing something ungraspable’,Footnote 58 which eventually leads Koselleck to dreams and their promise to testify to such an excessive, primary experience. This search for alternative ways of accounting for the present beyond the limits of modern rationality brings Koselleck’s approach surprisingly close to the attitude relational theorising adopts in response to the Anthropocene. Foucault, in contrast, changes the mode of observation. He approximates the limits of historiography from the perspective of moments in which these limits are reflexively problematised. He thus refrains from joining the attempts to capture the authentic encounter with actuality and to gauge the existential stakes involved in it. Instead, he paves the way for turning the very attempts to capture actuality, and the experiments in subjectivity they require, into an analytical concern.
Towards an analytics of actuality
Based on the previous discussion, actuality can be understood as an empirical terrain on which the limits of (modern) historiography are being problematised and attempts are formulated to move beyond it. When observing the relational turn in IR and the pandemic turn to dreams as speaking from a shared archive, this concerns the mutual engagement with such a terrain of actuality. To translate this conceptual approximation into a practical instrument which prepares the empirical interrogation that follows, it is possible to outline three vectors of an analytics of actuality:Footnote 59 (1) epistemic assertions of actuality, (2) experimental engagements with subjectivity, and (3) renegotiations of the relationship between subject and history.
(1) Interrogating epistemic assertions of actuality implies asking how the difference of contemporary reality is articulated, and which tools are employed to render this contemporary reality intelligible. Linking back to the previous section, relational theorising claims the radical difference of an Anthropocene present that exhausts modern ways of knowing. Renegotiating being-in-the-world by loosening into a world of entanglements that has become ungraspable if approached through the tools of modernity becomes a prerequisite for cultivating a fundamentally different mode of knowing.Footnote 60 Mobilised for an interrogation of the pandemic turn to dreams, this first vector asks how knowledge of and through dreams is mobilised during the pandemic to render the contemporary moment intelligible. This experiment in knowledge production marks an epistemic event that problematises the blind spots of other forms of knowing the (pandemic) present.
(2) Complementing this first epistemic level, a second vector concerns the experimental engagements with subjectivity that emerge in response to this reflexive assertion of a ruptured present. The previously thematised theoretical call to cultivate a sense of one’s relational entanglement with the world moves along this vector. For the following analysis of pandemic dreams, this calls attention to how the distinction between the dreaming subject and its rational, modern counterpart is articulated and how, linking back to the first vector, the mobilisation of the limits of this modern subject overlaps with the epistemic concern to grasp actuality. In view of this interlocking, the vector cautions of an immediately affirmative stance towards these (quasi-relational) experiments in subjectivity. It advises close attention to how attempts to cultivate different forms of subjectivity amid the turn to dreams are being orchestratedFootnote 61 and hence ‘understood in terms of power-relations and relations of knowledge’ and potentially ‘reintegrated’Footnote 62 into the schemes they sought to escape.
(3) The last vector approaches the zone between the epistemic assertion of actuality and the experiments with subjectivity mobilised to attain it as the site of a renegotiation of the relationship between subject and history. Whereas the first two vectors adopt a largely Foucauldian outlook on actuality, this last vector returns to the basic insight offered by Koselleck that shifting historical experiences of time are accompanied by reconfigurations of the relation between the subject accounting for history and the history it observes. The previous section has shown how Anthropocene temporality undermines the plausibility of prioritising human experience when accounting for the unfolding of time. It also challenges the capacity of the human subject to act as the sovereign observer of a history, which is by now recognised as more-than-human. Relational theorising responds to this problematisation by implicitly shifting historiographic aspiration itself. It exchanges ‘a modern desire to control the passage of time’Footnote 63 with an interest in the experience of actuality. This also involves a shift from the modern author-subject that explains history towards a relational subject that gauges its exposure to it. Bringing this analytical vector to the grounded engagements with pandemic dreams then implies asking if and how these engagements translate an existential assumption of exposure to a ruptured present into concrete practices of sensing this present.
The following section mobilises these analytical vectors to examine the different registers of pandemic dreaming. Doing so, it flags the interference patterns with relational theorising that thereby emerge, as well as the moments in which practices with a quasi-relational ambition tip back into modern modes of reasoning.
Dreaming the pandemic
The problematisation of dreams during the pandemic eclectically stretched scientific, archival, and practical terrains. Across these terrains, this section discerns a differential yet consistent engagement with actuality that echoes relational sentiments. In particular, the preoccupation with dreams was at the same time one with the limits of subjectivity. While mobilising these limits held the epistemic promise of a different way of accessing the pandemic present, it also displayed a tendency to tip back into the ‘trap of reaffirming the primacy of the human subject within a modern politics while claiming to overcome it’.Footnote 64 Tracing this ambiguity starts with two scientific projects, one based at the University of Helsinki (UoH project) and one interdisciplinary consortium led by psychologists from the University of Turku (MIND project). It then moves on to archival approaches to pandemic dreams, looking at the amateur dream archive i dream of covid and the Museum of London’s (MoL) ‘Collecting COVID’ project. Lastly, it turns to the self-help book Pandemic Dreams, and the Social Dreaming Matrices developed by the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations and conducted during the pandemic between April 2020 and June 2021 to examine practical engagements with pandemic dreams.
Register 1: Capturing pandemic dreams scientifically
By globally synchronising the experience of a disrupted everyday, the pandemic provided unique conditions for the scientific study of dreams. It formed a ‘natural experiment’Footnote 65 for accessing the field of dreams which normally ‘doesn’t allow a lot of doorways in’.Footnote 66 Besides this hope of understanding dreams themselves better, the scientific register also marked an attempt to better understand the pandemic situation as such. Turning to dreams, so the UoH project suggested, promised access to the ‘shared mindscape between individuals’ that echoed ‘the apocalyptic atmosphere of the circumstances brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic’.Footnote 67 Pursuing a similar ambition, the MIND project saw dreams as an indicator that ‘shed[s] light on how exceptional circumstances, such as the coronavirus pandemic, affect our mental contents’.Footnote 68 Both projects thus started by epistemically asserting the actuality of the pandemic event in terms of an atmospherically present affective intensity. The ontopolitical commitment underlying this assertion equated the reality of actuality with the pre-reflective experience it evoked.Footnote 69
The mobilisation of dreams as valuable indicators of actuality followed the so-called continuity hypothesis. Widely shared in dream research, this hypothesis suggests that dreams imaginatively mirror ‘the intensity of personal concerns’Footnote 70 that occupy people in their everyday, ‘especially when they’re pressing and significant’.Footnote 71 Dreams thus testify to the affective intensity encolouring the experience of the present and, hence, its actuality. Attempts to grasp this epistemic terrain – one attracting interest not least given its close link to mental healthFootnote 72 – are intimately linked to the peculiar figure of the dreaming subject. It is precisely its liminal and ‘unaware’ situatedness, ‘fully immersed in an internally generated hallucinatory world’,Footnote 73 where reflective control is suspended yet experience prevails, that guarantees the authentic witnessing of the dream. On the scientific register, during the pandemic, the dreaming subject became a sensor tapping what ‘exists in the present, in the actual, but is unknown or unseen’.Footnote 74 Grasping what goes on at the oneiric limits of subjectivity became a crucial factor for the epistemic assertion of actuality.
Amid the technicalities that sought to enable such a grasp, the ambiguities of this scientific advance towards actuality come into view. The MIND project responded to the ontologically ‘fleeting’ quality of dreams through ‘methods that come closer to capturing momentary experiences’.Footnote 75 To capture ‘dream experiences as such’Footnote 76 it mobilised ecological momentary assessment (EMA). EMA aims to assess ‘experiences in real-time, in real-world settings, over time and across contexts’ in order to depict ‘the dynamics of life as it is lived, day-to-day, hour by hour’.Footnote 77 Meaningfully studying dreams thus meant becoming methodologically attuned to them by modelling scientific practice in the image of the phenomenon it sought to capture.Footnote 78 The momentary itself needed to be penetrated. Practically, this meant that participants filled in a dream-log right upon awakening for 14 days, and thus, as long as the dream experience was still lucid, specifying dream contents, emotional experience, sleeping quality, and a number of other aspects. To maintain the promise of authenticity that, as outlined above, is intimately linked to the liminal subjectivity of the dreamer, the study further requested participants ‘to not censor their dreams, or try to make them more logical, organized, and complete than they remembered them’.Footnote 79 The passage towards the hidden semantic of the dream required bypassing the subject whose modern will to make sense of the dream risks distorting its immediate sensual grounding in the present and hence its epistemic promise.
The attempt through which the UoH project sought to fulfil its promise of capturing the atmospheric quality of the pandemic similarly started by asking study participants to ‘describe [their] dreams during the pandemic lockdown’.Footnote 80 Subsequently, it focused on identifying correlations between clusters of dream contents and the stress levels that participants reported.Footnote 81 These clusters were assembled by an unsupervised algorithm that mapped the proximities between different dream contents, warranting the alleged ‘purity’Footnote 82 of the study. Dreams, in other words, needed to be understood on their own terms. To do so, however, a series of translations rendered participants’ dream reports readable: they were translated into English, formally harmonised by turning full sentences into lists of nouns (chronologically lined up in their order of appearance), certain words were summarised into thematic supra-categories, and researchers made a qualitative assessment to classify whether or not reports comprised distressing episodes and whether their content could count as pandemic-specific.Footnote 83 This process effectively submitted the poetics of the dream to that of the machine analysing it. Eventually, what remained of the atmospheric actuality that the project initially set out to grasp were correlations between algorithmically produced word clusters and differential stress levels.
Taken together, the scientific register epistemically asserted actuality as the intensely lived experience of the pandemic present. Dreams became indicators of the authentic state of this ‘collectively shared consciousness’,Footnote 84 testifying to how the pandemic actuality affectively inscribed itself on the subjects living through it. Capturing authenticity – which was understood to emerge at the very limits of subjectivity – became dependent on preventing the dream as much as possible from first passing through rationality’s filters. This was achieved through methodical traps. The scientific hope invested in the dream as a way of grasping the immediate affective entanglement between the subject and the present thereby echoed a hope for a form of knowing ‘located in the feeling heart and not the head … and in specific experiences of reality’,Footnote 85 as present in relational theorising. Nonetheless, this affirmation remained ambiguous. While a quasi-relational sentiment appeared to inform what, for the scientific register, counted as reality, it did not translate into its practice of observation. Here, the modern habit of ‘fixing’ what relations are and how we should ‘capture’ them’Footnote 86 retained a continuous influence. Mirroring the aporia drawn out by Koselleck, that accounting for primary experiences of events unavoidably betrays their ungraspable quality, the scientific translation of dreams into data deprived them of their previously affirmed excessive quality. The initial quasi-relational affirmation of the experiential entanglement between subject and pandemic present collapsed in the scientific observation of this relationally entangled observation.
Register 2: Archiving and exhibiting pandemic dreams
While the scientific register mobilised dreams as indicators of pandemic actuality, the archival register transfigured them into tools that allowed subjects to engage with their experience of being-in-a-rupture.
The online archive i dream of covid invited visitors to share their own dreams and browse those of others. Its initial focus was on gathering data. It asked dreamers to submit their location, age range, and the date of the dream report they wished to share, which was subsequently tagged by the admins with thematic keywords. In turn, this enabled a systematic searchability of dream reports (by content or location), through which the site mirrored the scientific problematisation of pandemic dreams. The explicit ambition to sense ‘dreaming patterns and trends’Footnote 87 and ‘growing theme[s]’Footnote 88 further reinforced this impression. i dream of covid explicitly reflected on the proximity that this convergent hunt for the pattern suggested, as one of the admins articulated the caveat of neither being a ‘data scientist nor a researcher’.Footnote 89 Instead of adopting a scientific ambition, i dream of covid thus pursued an ethics of archiving that stressed the need to balance the diversity of submissions with publishing what appeared ‘representative of larger dreaming trends’.Footnote 90
As a ‘more art- than science-based’Footnote 91 approach, i dream of covid transfigured the pattern itself. Freeing it from the constraints imposed by those considerations of accuracy that are necessary to depict a community unaware of its existence (as per the scientific interest in the cluster where dreams became a tool for objectification), the online archive turned the pattern into an affective site of identification that enabled community. Formal and thematic similarities, along with the recognition that ‘others are dreaming about the same things as you’,Footnote 92 should help to tame what appeared ‘bizarre and individual’Footnote 93 to the isolated dreamer. Adding to this reassuring recognition of one’s patterned self, sharing dreams promised a sense of connection and intimacy that answered to the affective needs of pandemic subjects.Footnote 94 i dream of covid thus encouraged subjects to probe an experimental engagement with their being-in-a-rupture. Particularly where the pandemic suspended social relations, the engagement with dreams was presented as a factor in repairing the affective intimacy taken to be (re-)constitutive of a caring community. As such, by turning to dreams, the online archive also experimented with a different way of conceiving community that mirrored the relational ambition to ‘represent experience, affect, silence, situatedness in assemblages’Footnote 95 as important factors. However, what was community-making in this regard was the enclosure of the potentially excessive and uncanny aspects of dreams (by making them visible as patterns) and thus precisely the bracketing of those elements that appeared to reach beyond the human and disrupt the present. As a case in point, a psychologist commenting on the archive encouraged its use ‘as long as people aren’t frightened’.Footnote 96 In the case of i dream of covid, the imperative of avoiding disturbance thus set the normative limit of experimental engagements with subjectivity and different representations of (pandemic) community.
While i dream of covid invited experiments in subjectivity that were performed through the act of archiving dreams itself, the Museum of London was more explicitly concerned with rearranging the relation between history and the subject accounting for it. Gathering oral histories of dreams as part of the ‘Collecting COVID’ project was ‘the first time that dreams’ were ‘collected as a museum object’.Footnote 97 The museum positioned dreams as ‘a key shared experience’ that mirrored ‘the anxiety, stress and worry brought on by the global COVID-19 crisis’.Footnote 98 The exhibitory experiment sought traces of ‘raw encounters’Footnote 99 with the pandemic. There is an affinity between this approximation of the pandemic through an unmediated encounter and the scientific assertion of actuality. Consequently, when commenting on the project, a MIND consortium member praised the curational exercise as a ‘very valuable source of information for future historians, scientists and artists interested in how the pandemic affected … our innermost experiences of dreams and nightmares’ and cited ‘preliminary [scientific] evidence’Footnote 100 for the pandemic’s impact on dream lives.
The MoL’s curational discourse thus marked an event in the order of (historical) knowledge: it reinstated dreams as ‘worthy of historical account’,Footnote 101 which, following Koselleck, they had not been since early modern times. Dreams promised ‘capturing something that’s neither fiction nor fact’ but ‘an experience that people create with a kind of force of an otherness’.Footnote 102 The previously sketched shared archive that links relational theorising and the turn to dreams is evident here. As Chipato and Chandler argue, ‘a relational rather than rationalist ontology enables the (post)human to galvanise the powers of rescue and salvage alleged to exist outside or exterior to the enclosed “world” of being, of the modernist ontology’ – therefore ‘access to the outside or alterity’ requires ‘the ability to move towards, to feel towards or to approach this outside’.Footnote 103 In the MoL’s attempt to capture a historical juncture that evades conceptualisation, curational practice encountered what Koselleck had sketched as an ‘irresolvable hiatus between the “primary experiences” of those who participated in occurrences and the “secondary experiences” of non-participatory observers or later narrators’.Footnote 104 Since this hiatus demarcates the limits of what modern historiography is able to render visible, the attempt to move beyond this limit equally indicates doubts regarding the plausibility of modern historiography as such. Amid the historical juncture of the pandemic, Koselleck’s problematisation of the limits of a historically contingent mode of historiography entered historiographical practice itself. Thereby, it testified to an emergent experience of time that sketches a present that cannot be adequately accounted for as rationally explainable and instead needs to be rendered affectively accessible and experienceable. No longer in control of history, the subject needs to be gauged for its exposure to history. Despite this outlook, the prospects of this attempted move beyond modern temporality remained ambiguous: the pandemic present was recognised to require an understanding of elements that exceed clear conceptualisations. However, translating this into a need to ‘provide a more emotional and personal narrative of this time for future generations’Footnote 105 ignored the precarity of any account of these excessive elements and denied the excessive phenomenon in question precisely the absence that constitutes it.Footnote 106 Excess, instead, was re-enclosed into a progressive narrative according to which the future would learn from the present.
Register 3: Practically engaging with pandemic dreams
Complementing the scientific and archival concerns, a third register outlined practical instructions allowing subjects to engage with their own dream experiences during the pandemic. These practices meandered between attempts to control dreams and attempts to affirm the creative, imaginative potential within them.
Published in 2020, the popular scientific book Pandemic Dreams argued that ‘a better understanding of our collective dream lives’ could help to guide ‘us through the crisis’.Footnote 107 In line with i dream of covid, it understood dream sharing as an opportunity to foster empathetic, intimate relationships. Based on this outlook, the book described concrete techniques for engaging with dreams.
A first set of techniques – reducing anxiety dreams and re-scripting traumatic nightmares – highlights the need to control the excessive aspects of dreams. To do so, the subject needs to appropriate and redirect the inherently imaginative and, in the case of traumatic nightmares, repetitive quality of dreams. To counter anxiety dreams, the book thus prompts subjects to visually imagine more enjoyable scenes before going to bed. Given the ‘extremely visual’ character of dreams, such contents are ‘especially likely to get through to your dreaming mind’.Footnote 108 Similarly, repetition provides a hook that allows subjects to gain control over dreams because it establishes stable expectation. According to Pandemic Dreams, knowing what the traumatic content will look like enables subjects to rehearse a ‘script’ that involves ‘solutions’Footnote 109 that mitigate the disturbing nightmare imagery.Footnote 110 A second pair of techniques – incubating problem-solving dreams and cultivating big dreams – shifts the perspective towards leveraging the excess that separates oneiric experiences from normal waking rationality. According to the book, problem-solving dreams may be incubated by following a detailed step-by-step procedure. Mental discipline (e.g. visualising ‘the problem as a concrete image’Footnote 111 before going to sleep) and physical performance (e.g. lying ‘quietly in bed before getting out of bed’Footnote 112) are taught here in detail. Cultivating big dreams uses the same technique to confront larger questions of ‘imagining the future – personal and global – as the pandemic wears on’.Footnote 113 Following the analytical concern for experiments in subjectivity, even though both sets of techniques partly affirmed the excessive character of dreams, they eventually aimed at reinstating the subject’s control over them when it came to the pandemic situation. Eventually, the engagement with dreams was fully enclosed into a modern orientation towards overcoming crisis and moving progressively towards a better future.
At first glance, the Social Dreaming Matrices (SDMs) offered by the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations during the Covid-19 pandemic pursued a more radical affirmation of the excess present in dreams.Footnote 114 Dreams were understood as a ‘unique source of information’Footnote 115 that was firmly grounded in ‘the [then] current socio-political environment – in particular the COVID-19 pandemic’.Footnote 116 SDMs aspired to endow the pandemic present with ‘new meaning and understanding’Footnote 117 but also to move beyond the strictures of current thought through the ‘unexpected visions of the future’Footnote 118 residing in dreams. The protocol from the first session exemplifies these ambitions. It quotes ‘a need to find a new attitude’ since ‘our societies are not sustainable for the new future’ and an intense feeling of ‘“hunger” to come into the matrix’ to seize the ‘freedom to express what had been pent up/“locked down” for so long’.Footnote 119 Dreams thus became a medium for subjects to engage with what Foucault had called the task that actuality poses.
As a technique, social dreaming works through two tools that are instrumental in enabling subjects to relate to actuality through dreams: the form of the matrix and the technique of free association. Both emphasise the need to restrict the subject in order to attain to the ‘unthought known’Footnote 120 of the dream without tampering with it. Free association essentially means sharing dreams by ‘saying what comes to mind’ without subjecting it ‘to rational control’.Footnote 121 It calls on subjects to ‘surrender oneself to trains of thought, without monitoring for importance’.Footnote 122 Hosts facilitate this practice, intervening where association tips into interpretation and hence, where the subject re-imposes itself. The matrix supports this through a physical arrangement of chairs that prevents eye contact and thus breaks up the social relations between dreamers (when SDMs moved online in pandemic times, the same end was pursued by turning off videos).Footnote 123 Social group dynamics are seen to hamper the free flow of dream associations. Therefore, ‘to “see” what was in matrix, one had to be temporarily “blind” to what was known of group’.Footnote 124 In case the set-up fails to prevent the intrusion of group sensitivities, hosts intervene to maintain the productive blindness of the matrix.Footnote 125
In social dreaming, the link between the epistemic assertion of actuality as a different way of knowing the present and the mobilisation of the limits of subjectivity – two of the analytical vectors sketched above – comes into its own. SDMs probe an experimentation with subjectivity that ostensibly abolishes the hallmarks of its modern figuration altogether: blinded to its social embeddedness, denied interpretation, and called to surrender to the dream. The realm of truly new knowledge attuned to actuality, referred to as an ‘imaginative space of reverie with its wonderment and surprise’Footnote 126 that dreams are, is suspected at the periphery of human rationality. Explicitly, social dreaming thus positions itself as a ‘subversive activity’ that undermines ‘the entire structure of Western epistemology’ in its gridlocked ‘linear and rational’ ways.Footnote 127 When taken up during the pandemic, social dreaming thus echoed the relational call that ‘legitimate ways of paying attention to and navigating the world will exceed the intellectualized terms sanctioned by Enlightenment thought’.Footnote 128 Further, the dreaming sessions during the pandemic subscribed to social dreaming’s aim to turn the matrix into ‘a multi-verse of meanings’Footnote 129 so as to acknowledge that ‘dreams are not solely the property of the dreamer but belong to a greater context of which the dreamer is a part’.Footnote 130 Mirroring relational sentiments, the matrix thus became a tool for ‘embracing interconnection as a fundamental existential assumption’; its call to participants to understand themselves through the figure of the dreamer became a practical way to experiment with ways ‘to constitute the self-in-relation-to-others’,Footnote 131 for which the pandemic dream became the vehicle.
Particularly in light of these resonances, it is productive to draw out some of the tensions inherent in the practice of social dreaming. On the one hand, this concerns its quintessentially modern rationale for engaging with dreams. Opening up to the ‘non-logic of the unconscious’Footnote 132 is seen to pave the way to ‘recapture’Footnote 133 their creative excess. The links drawn to a better, even liberated future, which the appropriation of the imaginative potential in dreams aims at, serves as a strong reminder of the precarity of escaping the ties of modern history that Lundborg has shown. Dreams become a means to an end, another tool to steer history in the right, progressive direction. The prevalence of modern reason remains salient when turning to the figure of the dreamer that social dreaming cultivates. Considering the modern epistemic desire for new and better knowledge, the sheer methodical rigour with which the move beyond the subject is outlined is striking. While social dreaming requires the subject to give in to the dream and to give up its will to control, this never escapes the air of a performance of carefully planned self-restriction. It is hard to oversee the parallels to Odysseus, the conceptual persona of modern reason, who after all ‘chooses for himself … He listens, but does so while bound helplessly to the mast’.Footnote 134 As such, while social dreaming amid the pandemic critically insisted on how the actuality of the contemporary moment exhausted modern epistemic practices, the alternative it outlined easily tips into a practice ‘by which the self survives adventures, throwing itself away in order to preserve itself’.Footnote 135 Social dreaming, as performed during the pandemic, thus testified to how claims to move beyond the rational subject and modern reason may end up reasserting both.
Conclusion
Intrigued by the pandemic turn to dreams, this article has suggested that the phenomenon invites a reflection that points beyond its positioning as an event in the order of pandemic knowledge. It argued that the turn to dreams may be read as an experimental attempt to account for the excessive temporality of the Anthropocene which the Covid-19 pandemic instantiates. If the Anthropocene challenges a modern account of temporality, because it displaces its reliance on human experience, the pandemic turn to dreams experimented with a mode of accounting for the present that is based on an experience consistently painted as grounded deeply within the human yet fundamentally beyond the borders of its rational understanding. Across the empirical registers that the article interrogated, it was precisely this excess of rationality that was linked to an authentic grasp of the pandemic juncture: for the scientific register, the dream became a sensor for the affective intensity of the pandemic present. However, the subject’s will to rationalise the dream needed to be methodically pre-empted to capture its authenticity. For the archival register, dreams rendered the affective and experiential components of community visible; mutual exchanges over dreams allowed for repairing those intimate relations lost by lockdown. An adequate museum preservation of the pandemic eventin turn ended up gathering the raw and authentic encounters assumed in dreams. For the practical register, dreams were seen to provide a reservoir of imaginative potential that could enable a better grasp of the pandemic present. Access to this reservoir, however, was preconditioned on bypassing the rationality of the subject and instead cultivating a practice of opening it up to its limits.
This articulation of the move beyond the human subject as a condition of experienceability of an Anthropocenic present strongly resonates with IR’s relational turn. By and large, this turn has similarly rendered an existential affirmation of being-in-relation – and thus a move beyond the limits through which modernity imagines the human subject – a condition for becoming attuned to the Anthropocene. In light of this resonance, the article has turned to Koselleck and Foucault to suggest reading the empirical turn to dreams and the relational turn in IR as elements of a shared archive of actuality that assembles reflexive engagements with the limits of modern historiography. The very basic shift that takes place in this regard concerns how the configuration of the relation between the subject and the (emergent) history it accounts for is imagined. Modern historiography prompts the subject to conceive of itself as standing apart from history, in a position of active retrospective control over it. The empirical space of this article allows the conjecture that the Anthropocene subject, in contrast, is invited to understand itself through its entanglement with and its exposure to the present. Subsequently, this subject is called to gauge the intense experience by which this new passivity inscribes itself. Nonetheless, the article also serves as a reminder of how easily this attempt to go beyond the subject is compromised, orchestrated, and re-enclosed by the cunning ways of modern reason: amid the pandemic, science turned the excess of dreams into a measurable unit, archives gathered oneiric experiences to anticipate a progressive order of history in which the future would learn from the present, and practices outlined instructions aimed at allowing subjects to control their dreams.
Overall, this interrogation of the peculiar pandemic turn to dreams has contributed to the discussion of two broader themes in the study of IR. First, while others have problematised the relational turn in IR for the exclusions neglected in its ‘celebratory all-encompassing affirmation of an entangled world’,Footnote 136 the article has added a somewhat more cautious nuance to this forceful critique. While acknowledging the genre-stretching contemporary move towards relationality that relational theorists have ascertained, the present article has offered a critical twist on this tendency.Footnote 137 By observing the turn to dreams and the relational turn in IR as elements of a shared archive, it emphasised the remaining grip of modern reason within this abovementioned tendency. Against the grain of contemporary critique which is increasingly judged by its ability to attune to immediacy, the article also tried to recoup the value of taking-a-distance.Footnote 138 Second, the article has sought to move the conversation on the Anthropocene in IR forward. On the one hand, it has done so by qualifying the Covid-19 pandemic as an experiential testing ground for the Anthropocene rather than merely conceiving of it as a material effect. On the other hand, by exploring the experience of time that the pandemic turn to dreams conveyed, it has shown how the temporal rupture of the AnthropoceneFootnote 139 evokes reflexive societal attempts to articulate and relate to this experience in unexpected ways and places.
Perhaps assembling more of these engagements can provide the traces for observing a nascent experience of time in the Anthropocene.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank the three anonymous reviewers for their constructive engagement with the piece, as well as the editors for their guidance during the review process. Further, I am grateful to Isaline Bergamaschi (for first encouraging me to think about pandemic dreams), Filipe dos Reis, Xavier Guillaume, Ellen Kirkpatrick, Susanne Krasmann, Luis Lobo-Guerrero, Tom Lundborg, Leah Sophie Muhle, Federico Petris, Hannah Richter, Kirsti Stuvøy, and Katharina Wezel for their thoughtful comments. I also want to thank the organisers and participants of the 2023 IPS The Netherlands Seminar Series and of the 2023 GLOBE Summer School in Nordmarka.
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