¹ For a general discussion of the aggression amendments and the process of their adoption, see Barriga, Stefan & Grover, Leena, A Historic Breakthrough on the Crime of Aggression, 105 AJIL 517 (2011)Google Scholar; Kreß, Claus & von Holtzendorff, Leonie, The Kampala Compromise on the Crime of Aggression, 8 J. Int’l Crim. Just. 1179 (2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and the articles in the 10th Anniversary Special Issue of the Journal of International Criminal Justice “Aggression: After Kampala” 10 J. Int’l Crim. Just. 1-290 (2012).

² Art. 8bis (2) defines “act of aggression” as “the use of armed force by a State against the sovereignty, territorial integrity or political independence of another State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Charter of the United Nations.” It also provides that any of a number of acts set out in United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3314 (Xxix) of 14 Dec. 1974 qualify as an act of aggression.

³ Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court arts. 15bis (3) & 15ter (3), July 17, 1998, 2187 UNTS.

⁴ Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court arts. 15bis (2) & 15ter (2), July 17, 1998, 2187 UNTS.

⁵ For updated figures on ratifications/acceptances of the ICC Aggression amendments, see Amendments on the crime of aggression to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, United Nations Treaty Collection.

⁶ For an overview of actions taken domestically by states with respect to the ratification/acceptance of the amendments see Status of ratification and implementation, the Global Campaign For Ratification and Implementation of the Kampala Amend Ments on the Crime of Aggression.

⁷ See Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court arts. 12(2)(a) & 12(3), July 17, 1998, 2187 Unts, and, generally, Akande, Dapo, The Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over Nationals of Non-Parties: Legal Basis and Limits, 1 J. Int’l Crim. Just. 618–650 (2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁸ Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court art. 15bis (5), July 17, 1998, 2187 Unts.

⁹ Id.

¹⁰ For a discussion of these issues, see Barriga, Stefan, Exercise of Jurisdiction and Entry Into Force of the Amendments on the Crime of Aggression, Belgian Interministerial Commission For Humanitarian Law: Colloquium “From Rome to Kampala” (2012)Google Scholar.

¹¹ Akande, Dapo, Prosecuting Aggression: The Consent Problem and the Role of the Security Council, Working Paper, Oxford Institute For Ethics, Law and Armed Conflict (2010)Google Scholar.

¹² Koh, Harold Hongju & Buchwald, Todd F., The Crime of Aggression: The United States Perspective, 109 AJIL 257, 292 (2015)Google Scholar.

¹³ See Pellet, Alain, Response to Koh and Buchwald’s Article: Don Quixote and Sancho Panza Tilt at Windmills, 109 AJIL 557, 562-563 (2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar & Jia, Bing Bing, The Crime of Aggression as Custom and the Mechanisms for Determining an Act of Aggression, 109 AJIL 569 (2015)Google Scholar.

¹⁴ Rostow, Nicholas, The International Criminal Court, Aggression, and Other Matters: A Response to Koh and Buchwald, 109 AJIL Unbound 230 (2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁵ Dannenbaum, Tom, Politics, the Rule of Law, and the Role of the Crime of Aggression, A Response to Koh and Buchwald, 109 AJIL Unbound 235 (2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁶ Zimmermann, Andreas, Alea iacta est: The Kampala Amendment on the Crime of Aggression post-2017: A Response to Koh and Buchwald , 109 AJIL Unbound 240 (2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁷ Williams, Sarah, Aggression, Affected States, and a Right to Participate: A Response to Koh and Buchwald, 109 AJIL Unbound 246 (2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.