Ten new species of benthic foraminifera are described from the early to middle Pleistocene Bathhouse Beach locality of the Santa Barbara Formation, Santa Barbara, California. The new taxa include Glabratella luxuribulla n. sp., Rectobolivina ruida n. sp., Homalohedra jungocostata n. sp., Homalohedra quasilineata n. sp., Pytine lemniscata n. sp., Lagena complurecosta n. sp., Lagena compressacosta n. sp., Cerebrina adamanta n. sp., Fissurina artolabiata n. sp., and Fissurina infragilella n. sp. Palliolatella immemora is proposed as a replacement name for the primary homonym Lagena neglecta Buchner, 1940.

Kennardiids, members of a family of organisms that bore phosphatic sclerites, are present in Antarctica; previously, they had been found only in Australia. This new occurrence reinforces the concept of a faunal province shared between the continents during Early Cambrian time. Although the two known genera of kennardiids, Dailyatia Bischoff and Kennardia Laurie occur in Antarctica and Australia, no species are common to both continents.

Dailyatia is interpreted as having had tightly fitting sclerites that armored a bilaterally symmetrical, bipolar body; two alternative reconstructions are presented. Taxa include two new species, Dailyatia braddocki and Dailyatia odyssei, and two unnamed species of Kennardia.

A new family, Bimuroporidae, is proposed for a clade of Ordovician trepostome bryozoans. The family is united by several characteristics, including a zooidal ontogenetic progression from mesozooid to autozooid and an integrate wall structure. Discriminant and cladistic analyses of colonies from the Ordovician Simpson Group outcropping in the Arbuckle Mountains and Criner Hills of south-central Oklahoma permit the recognition of eight species belonging to this family. Four species assigned to the new genus Bimuropora are described: B. dubia (Loeblich), B. pollaphragmata n. sp., B. conferta (Coryell), and B. winchelli (Ulrich), as well as four species assigned to the genus Champlainopora Ross: C. chazyensis (Ross), C. ramusculus n. sp., C. pachymura (Loeblich), and C. arbucklensis n. sp.

Five species of rostroconchs are known to occur in six Mississippian units in Ohio. Aphelakardia alternistriata (Herrick) n. gen. and Hippocardia herricki n. sp. are present in the Meadville and Wooster Members, Cuyahoga Formation (Osagean). ?Hippocardia sp. occurs in the Meadville Member. Pseudomulceodens cancellatum (Hyde) n. gen. is known from the Byer Member, Logan Formation, and Wooster and Blackhand Members, Cuyahoga Formation (Osagean). Bransonia hydei n. sp. occurs in the Maxville Limestone (Chesterian). An unidentified taxon occurs in the Allensville Member of the Logan Formation.

Oriostoma bromidensis n. sp., the oldest reported occurrence of Oriostoma Munier-Chalmas, 1876, is described from the Bromide Formation (Middle Ordovician, Blackriverian) of Oklahoma. The species is also the oldest known representative of the family Oriostomatidae Wenz, 1938. It is one of few gastropods known from the Bromide and is smaller than the widespread and abundant Oriostoma typical of the Silurian.

Extensive collections from stratigraphically controlled sections allow reassessment and systematic revision of Middle Jurassic inoceramids from Argentina. Two species are doubtfully referred to Parainoceramus Voronetz, including P.? westermanni n. sp. Five species of Retroceramus Koshelkina, including R. cf. R. marwicki (Speden), R. patagonicus (Philippi) and R. stehni n. sp., are present. The Bajocian–early Callovian species of Retroceramus show strong affinities with Aalenian–Bathonian inoceramids from the Northern Hemisphere, and also with the South Pacific forms of the galoi–haasti group of Heterian–Ohauan age, except for minor differences in outline, ornamentation, and the umbonal region.

The time range of each species in Argentina was determined by associated ammonoids. There is strong morphological evidence, supported by the stratigraphic distribution of species, that Retroceramus cf. R. marwicki, R. patagonicus, and R. stehni belong to a single clade, which developed from the late Bajocian to the early Callovian in the Andean region.

Late Osagean to Meramecian Platycrinites and Eucladocrinus from Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri are redescribed and redefined from study of type material. Three of the oldest species were incorrectly synonymized with P. sarae, and this correction leads to a realignment of species systematics within Platycrinites. Accordingly, six species of Platycrinites and one species of Eucladocrinus are considered valid in the Keokuk Limestone through St. Louis Limestone of the stratotype area. Valid species include Platycrinites saffordi (Hall), P. sarae (Hall), P. georgii (Hall), P. pumilus (Hall), P. brevinodus (Hall), P. niotensis (Meek and Worthen), and Eucladocrinus millebrachiatus Wahsmuth and Springer. Nomenclatoral changes include the following: 1) P. sarae is redescribed and all junior synonyms are removed; 2) P. georgii is a valid senior synonym of P. bonoensis (White), P. aeternalis (Miller), P. boonvillensis (Miller), and P. cauducus; 3) P. pentagonus (Miller) is a junior synonym of P. niotensis; 4) P. pumilus is a valid senior synonym of P. prattenanus (Meek and Worthen), and P. monroensis (Worthen); 5) P. bloomfieldensis (Miller) is designated as a nomen dubium; and 6) Eucladocrinus millebrachiatus immaturus is a junior synonym of E. millebrachiatus.

The evoluton of new species in Platycrinites was by a combination of cladogenesis and possibly anagenesis. Platycrinites sarae evolved from P. saffordi possibly through anagenesis, P. pumilus evolved from P. niotensis through cladogenesis, and P. hemisphaericus evolved through cladogenesis from P. brevinodus, although P. hemisphaericus does not occur in the geographic area of this study.

Eight species of brachyuran decapod crustaceans are recorded from coastal outcrops of Island Sandstone between Perpendicular Point and Punakaiki, Westland, New Zealand. The fauna consists of three raninids—Laeviranina pororariensis (Glaessner), L. keyesi n. sp., Lyreidus bennetti n. sp.; two portunids—Rhachiosoma granuliferum (Glaessner), Pororaria eocenica Glaessner; a goneplacid—Carcinoplax temikoensis n. sp.; and two majids—Leptomithrax griffini n. sp., Notomithrax allani n. sp. Together, they form the most diverse brachyuran assemblage yet described from New Zealand. The decapods are preserved in unusual elliptical masses, with their long axes typically parallel to bedding, containing superbly preserved cuticle often surrounded by well-formed fecal pellets, probably of decapod origin. The accumulations are interpreted to be mechanical concentrations within depressions produced by decapods or associated spatangoid echinoids. Although seven of the species have been recorded only from the Island Sandstone, Rhachiosoma granuliferum (Glaessner) is now known to occur in the correlative deep-water facies of the Kaiata Formation in North Westland, as well as in the Tapui Sandstone, North Otago (middle Eocene), and from coeval rocks at Snowdrift Quarry, southeast Otago. The raninids suggest comparison with congeneric forms from Snowdrift Quarry and the Tapui Sandstone, as well as with the La Meseta Formation, Seymour Island, Antarctica. Based upon associated foraminiferans, a Kaiatan–Runangan (late Eocene) age is assigned to this fauna. The occurrences of Carcinoplax, Leptomithrax, and Notomithrax represent paleobiogeographic and stratigraphic records for the genera.

Axiopsis eximia, a new species of thalassinidean shrimp, is described from an exposure of the Middle Eocene Lower Warley Hill Formation of South Carolina, U.S.A. Fossil axiids are rare, but this unique specimen is remarkably preserved as quartz free of enveloping matrix, having a nearly complete though distorted carapace, proximal parts of most thoracic appendages in situ but with distal articles missing, and extended abdomen with segments almost complete except for a few missing appendages. Presence of the bases of pleopods 1 and the elongate eyestalks surpassing the rostral apex, which it shares with the extant Axiopsis caespitosa group, place it provisionally in Axiopsis, which generally lacks first pleopods in males.

In Coal Creek Canyon, Utah, the Spring Canyon Member of the Blackhawk Formation is divisible into four regressive hemicycles of deposition, each representing the downdip part of a nearshore-to-offshore sequence. The first and fourth hemicycles are best developed. Individual bedding units span middle-shoreface to lower-offshore lithofacies, the latter corresponding to a thin intertongue of Mancos Shale.

Trace fossil assemblages include ~22 ichnospecies and 17 ichnogenera: Ancorichnus, Aulichnites, Chondrites, Cylindrichnus, Ophiomorpha, Palaeophycus, Phoebichnus, Planolites, Rosselia, Schaubcylindrichnus, Scolicia, Skolithos, Taenidium, Teichichnus, Terebellina, Thalassinoides, and Uchirites. Diversity and abundance of ichnospecies are greater in nearshore than in offshore lithofacies. Distal deposits are typified by obscure bioturbate textures: Cylindrichnus concentricus, Palaeophycus heberti, and Rosselia socialis are prevalent through the remainder of the lithofacies suite. Ophiomorpha irregulaire and Schaubcylindrichnus coronus are most common in middle-shoreface beds and Chondrites ichnosp. in upper-offshore beds; Ophiomorpha nodosa and O. annulata also are common in this part of the sequence.

New species of Aphelognathus, Belodina, Taoqupognathus, and Yaoxianognathus have been identified in the Late Ordovician Cliefden Caves Limestone Group in central-western New South Wales, Australia. Of the Aphelognathus species, Aphelognathus percivali n. sp. and A. webbyi n. sp. occur in the basal Gleesons Limestone Member and A. packhami n. sp. and A. stevensi n. sp. occur 30 m higher in the Wyoming Limestone Member. It seems likely from the similarity of several of the elements that A. packhami is closely related to A. percivali, and A. stevensi to A. webbyi. Yaoxianognathus wrighti n. sp. occurs in the Gleesons Limestone Member but not in the Wyoming Limestone Member. Belodina confluens, Belodina hillae n. sp., Belodina n. sp., Panderodus gracilis, Taoqupognathus philipi n. sp., and Phragmodus? tunguskaensis occur at both horizons. The conodonts suggest a middle to late Caradocian (mid-Shermanian to mid-Edenian) age for the lowest part of the Cliefden Caves Limestone. The occurrence in southeastern Australia of the forms Taoqupognathus, Yaoxianognathus, and Phragmodus? tunguskaensis suggest affinities to coeval faunas in China and eastern Siberia. The four new species of Aphelognathus are distinct from known species in the Late Ordovician of North America and Europe but they may help characterize a paleobiogeographic region that includes eastern Australia and southeast Asia.

Juvenile specimens of the Paleocene–Eocene pantodont Coryphodon provide more extensive ontogenetic information for this genus than is available for other Paleocene–Eocene mammals. The dental eruption sequence for Coryphodon is: 1) (DC11, DI1–31–3); 2) DP44; 3) DP33; 4) DP22; 5) (M11, I33); 6) DP11, 7) M22; 8) P44; 9) P33; 10) (P22, I11?); 11) C11; 12) (M33, I22) (eruption sequence of tooth positions in parentheses is uncertain). The DP11 of Coryphodon do not have permanent successors. No significant, qualitative morphological variation can be detected in deciduous cheek teeth of Coryphodon, and metric analysis of these teeth failed to detect taxonomically significant differences. The ontogenetically youngest Coryphodon is known from parts of a skeleton of an individual perhaps less than three years old at the time of death. This skeleton and other partial juvenile skeletons suggest that juvenile Coryphodon grew quickly and approached near-adult proportions before the deciduous dentition was lost or the epiphyses of the long bones began to fuse.

In paleontological investigations the number of individuals of a particular species, ni, is often expressed as a proportion of the total number of individuals, ∑i=1S ni = n, for all, S, species. This proportion, p = ni/n expressed in percent, is referred to by various authors as percent species, relative abundance, percentage abundance, species frequency, fractional abundance, and so on. Naturally, researchers are interested in the confidence limits that can be placed on these estimates, and in the number of individuals required to obtain them. The binomial distribution was used by Dryden (1931), Dennison and Hay (1967), Wright and Hay (1971), and Patterson and Fishbein (1989) for this purpose.

Settling rates and behaviors of sediment grains are of particular interest as components in interpreting the hydrodynamics of skeletal carbonate sediments (Maiklem, 1968) and the deposition of skeletons of planktonic organisms (Bé, 1977; Casey and McMillen, 1977). Settling rates and behaviors also are important because even the disarticulated remains of benthic organisms may undergo repeated resuspension and differential settling prior to final burial.

The woodbridge Clay Member of the Raritan Formation of New Jersey yields the oldest marine fauna known from the Upper Cretaceous of the United States Atlantic seaboard. This fauna is dominated by bivalves and gastropods (Richards, 1943; Stephenson, 1954), which have sufficient elements in common with the Cenomanian Woodbine Formation of Texas to suggest a Cenomanian age (Stephenson, 1954, p. 26), and this has been supported by data from megascopic plant remains and pollen (see review in Christopher, 1977; Doyle and Robbins, 1977, and references therein). The discovery, by N. F. Sohl, of two ammonite fragments in the Woodbridge Clay Member provides the first evidence for the assignment of the member within the Cenomanian Stage. The specimens came from sideritic concretions in the Woodbridge Member at the claypit of the Sayreville-Fisher Brick Company at Sayreville, Middlesex County, New Jersey (USGS Mesozoic locality 29584). General descriptions of the Raritan succession are given in Owens and Sohl (1969), Owens et al. (1977), and Owens (1983).

Sinodiversograptus Mu and Chen, 1962, from the Monograptus turriculatus Zone of the lower Telychian (=Upper Llandovery, Silurian), is the earliest known Silurian graptolite genus to bear thecal cladia. Only one species of sinodiversograptid is known, this being S. lientanensis (Mu, 1948). A mature specimen of this species is illustrated in Figure 1. The genus Sinodiversograptus has been portrayed as such in both the Treatise (Bulman, 1970) and in Rickards et al.'s (1977) analysis of the evolution of the Silurian and Devonian graptoloids. Mu and Chen (1962), however, in their detailed study of the astogeny of the conspecific S. multibrachiatus, noted that the development of Sinodiversograptus may be divided into three stages.

1) Streptograptid stage (Figure 2.1)—development is as in a normal monograptid, with the first theca arising from the sicula. Subsequent thecae are added sympodially. Rickards et al. (1977) noted that the thecae of Sinodiversograptus are not streptograptid in form (i.e., retroverted, with an aperture slit-like laterally, but possessing a median upturned lip—see Chen, 1986, for illustrations of chemically isolated streptograptid thecae), but are hooked (Figure 2.8), an observation also made by the present author of the thecae of Mu and Chen's (1962) specimens (housed in the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology). They most closely resemble the thecae of Monograptus runcinatus Lapworth, 1876, as illustrated, for example, by Bjerreskov (1975). This first stage of development might, therefore, more correctly be termed the monograptid stage.

A partial skeleton, including a skull with part of the axial skeleton, part of a second skull, and fragments of ribs have been recovered from the Sinemurian of the Sandilands Formation exposed at Kennecott Point in the northwestern Queen Charlotte Islands. This material is the most complete Early Jurassic collection from North America reported to date; other occurrences include a forefin from the Nordegg Formation (Sinemurian) of Alberta positively identified as Ichthyosaurus (McGowan, 1978) and vertebral centra from the Nicely Formation (Pliensbachian), Oregon, not assigned conclusively to a genus (McGowan, 1978). The discovery of ichthyosaurs in the allochthonous insular belt of British Columbia adds weight to the contention that ichthyosaurs were cosmopolitan in their distribution (McGowan, 1978; Orr, 1986).

Rousseau H. Flower described and figured about 400 new fossil taxa. In addition, he probably described and figured an equal number of other fossils during his long career (Wolberg, 1988). Appropriate disposition of the specimens held within our collections is of major concern to the NMBM&MR. We are most concerned for the long-term care of the fossils and their availability to interested persons. The importance of this material can be seen from the very large number of holotypes included in this second notice of transfer. This note continues the transfer to the Smithsonian Institution of fossil specimens described and/or figured by Rousseau Flower (1964) and housed at the NMBM&MR. This series begins at number 47, and continues the listing from Wolberg (1990). It is obvious that the sheer volume of figured material at the NMBM&MR will require additional notices.

E. H. Sellards (1916, p. 96) applied the new binomen “Hipparion minor” to the very small hipparionine horse from the early Pliocene Bone Valley District of peninsular Florida. Since the gender of Hipparion is neuter, the ending of the species name must be amended to agree with it (Articles 32d and 34b, ICZN, 1985), and thus the correct spelling of the original species name for this taxon is Hipparion minus Sellards. This correction was previously instituted by Hay (1930, p. 693). However, this name is a primary junior homonym of Hipparion minus Pavlow, 1890, a Eurasian species of horse, and as such is permanently invalid (Articles 52b, 53c(ii), and 57b, ICZN, 1985). Hipparion minus Pavlow was in common use for small hipparionine horses from Russia and Greece during the first quarter of this century. Although now generally regarded as a nomen dubium, it was used as a valid subspecies as recently as Pirlot (1956). Its present disuse in no way affects the condition of primary homonymy between the two species names.