Hostname: page-component-6766d58669-tq7bh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-05-14T19:54:00.602Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Circularly polarized diversified MIMO antenna design for millimeter-wave on-body applications using characteristic mode theory

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 December 2024

Sumon Modak Open the ORCID record for Sumon Modak [Opens in a new window] ,
Anjaneyulu Lokam  and
Umar Farooq Open the ORCID record for Umar Farooq [Opens in a new window]
Sumon Modak*
Affiliation:
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Telangana, India
Anjaneyulu Lokam
Affiliation:
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Telangana, India
Umar Farooq
Affiliation:
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Telangana, India Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Telangana, India
*
Corresponding author: Sumon Modak; Email: sumon.ssmodak@gmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper presents a systematic design approach for developing a semiflexible multiple-input–multiple-output antenna system operating in the millimeter wave frequency spectrum, specifically designed for body-worn applications in biotechnologies. The designed antenna features dual flower-shaped antenna radiators placed in a spatial diversity configuration. Strategic modifications have been implemented by integrating dual crescent-shaped slots in the ground layer to attain the targeted frequency band of 25.7–30.6 GHz. Later, the upper edge of the ground plane is truncated in order to achieve circularly polarized radiation characteristics at 29.4 GHz with 3 dB ARBW of 0.6 GHz (29.1–29.7 GHz). The realization of circular polarization in the antenna geometry is validated through the analysis of characteristic mode theory. A maximum gain of 5.6 dBi is attained along with a port isolation of >30 dB. The proposed antenna undergoes analysis to assess its performance in the bending conditions and specific absorption rate, besides validation of diversity metrics encompassing envelope correlation coefficient, diversity gain, channel capacity loss, total active reflection coefficient, and mean effective gain has also been conducted. Finally, the proposed antenna structure is fabricated, and its performance is validated and subsequently compared with that of its simulated counterpart.

Keywords

axial ratiocircular polarizationCMAdiversityflower shapedflexiblemillimeterMIMOSARwearable

Information

Type
Research Paper
Information
International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies , Volume 16 , Special Issue 10: Swedish microwave days 2023 , December 2024 , pp. 1786 - 1797
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press in association with The European Microwave Association.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Sundarsingh, EF, Kanagasabai, M and Ramalingam, VS (2017) Completely integrated multilayered weave electro-textile antenna for wearable applications. International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 9(10), 2029–2036.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sid, A, Cresson, PY, Joly, N, Braud, F and Lasri, T (2022) A flexible and wearable dual band bio-based antenna for WBAN applications. AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 157, 1–9.Google Scholar
Kiourti, A (2018) RFID antennas for body-area applications: From wearables to implants. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 60(5), 14–25.Google Scholar
Varkiani, SMH and Afsahi, M (2019) Compact and ultra-wideband CPW-fed square slot antenna for wearable applications. AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 106, 1–8Google Scholar
Ur-Rehman, M, Malik, NA, Yang, X, Abbasi, QH, Zhang, Z and Zhao, N (2017) A low profile antenna for millimeter-wave body-centric applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 65(12), 6329–6337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paracha, KN, Abdul Rahim, SK, Soh, PJ and Khalily, M (2019) Wearable antennas: A review of materials, structures, and innovative features for autonomous communication and sensing. IEEE Access 7, 56694–56712.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dey, AB, Kumar, S, Arif, W and Anguera, J (2023) Elastomeric textile substrates to design a compact, low-profile AMC-based antenna for medical and IoT applications. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 10(6), 4952–4969.Google Scholar
Joshi, JG, Pattnaik, SS and Devi, S (2012) Metamaterial embedded wearable rectangular microstrip patch antenna. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2012, .Google Scholar
Le, TT and Yun, TY (2021) Wearable dual-band high-gain low-SAR antenna for off-body communication. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 20(7), 1175–1179.Google Scholar
Zhao, Z, Zhang, C, Lu, Z, Chu, H, Chen, S, Liu, M and Li, G (2023) A miniaturized wearable antenna with five band-notched characteristics for medical applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 22(6), 1246–1250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Modak, S, Kaim, V, Khan, T, Kanaujia, BK, Matekovits, L and Rambabu, K (2024) Design and performance measurement of worn-on-body instrumental ultra-miniaturized UWB wearable patch for e-health monitoring. IEEE Access 12, 25719–25730.Google Scholar
Faisal, F, Amin, Y, Cho, Y and Yoo, H (2019) Compact and flexible novel wideband flower-shaped CPW-fed antennas for high data wireless applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 67(6), 4184–4188.Google Scholar
Ashyap, AYI, Abidin, ZZ, Dahlan, SH, Majid, HA, Waddah, AMA, Kamarudin, MR, Oguntala, GA, Alhameed, RAA and Noras, JM (2018) Inverted E-shaped wearable textile antenna for medical applications. IEEE Access 6, 35214–35222.Google Scholar
Ferreira, D, Pires, P, Rodrigues, R and Caldeirinha, RFS (2017) Wearable textile antennas: Examining the effect of bending on their performance. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 59(3), 54–59.Google Scholar
Pandey, R, Biswas, AK and Chakraborty, U (2023) Non-conventional leather substrate based high isolation wideband MIMO antenna for body-centric applications. AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 170, 1–14.Google Scholar
Li, H, Sun, S, Wang, B and Wu, F (2018) Design of compact single-layer textile MIMO antenna for wearable applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 66(6), 3136–3141.Google Scholar
Jayant, S, Srivastava, G and Kumar, S (2022) Quad-port UWB MIMO footwear antenna for wearable applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 70(9), 7905–7913.Google Scholar
Peng, I and Du, C (2024) A flexible CPW-fed tri-band four-port MIMO antenna for 5G/WIFI 6E wearable applications. AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 174, 1–11.Google Scholar
Roy, S, Biswas, AK, Ghosh, S, Chakraborty, U and Sarkhel, A (2021) Isolation improvement of dual-/quad-element textile MIMO antenna for 5G application. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications 35(10), 1337–1353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qu, L, Piao, H, Qu, Y, Kim, HH and Kim, H (2018) Circularly polarised MIMO ground radiation antennas for wearable devices. Electronics Letters 54, 189–190.Google Scholar
Modak, S, Kaim, V, Zaidi, AM, Kanaujia, BK and Rambabu, K (2024) Design of electrically small intraocular antenna for retinal prosthesis system and its validation. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 71(12), 3402–3412.Google ScholarPubMed
Illahi, U, Iqbal, J, Ramey, SM and Sulaiman, MI (2024) Design and development of a new circularly polarized MIMO wearable DRA for WBAN applications. AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 177, 1–9.Google Scholar
Xu, M and Zhang, J (2023) circularly polarized multiple-input multiple-output dielectric resonator antenna for 5G millimeter-wave application. Electronics 12, 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, S, Nandan, D, Srivastava, K, Kumar, S, Singh, H, Marcy, M, Mostafa, H and Kanaujia, BK (2021) Wideband circularly polarized textile MIMO antenna for wearable applications. IEEE Access 9, 108601–108613.Google Scholar
Iqbal, A, Smida, A, Alazemi, AJ, Waly, MI, Khaddaj Mallat, N and Kim, S (2020) Wideband circularly polarized MIMO antenna for high data wearable biotelemetric devices. IEEE Access 8, 17935–17944.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dwivedi, AK, Narayanaswamy, NK, Penmatsa, KKV, Singh, SK, Sharma, A and Singh, V (2023) Circularly polarized printed dual port MIMO antenna with polarization diversity optimized by machine learning approach for 5G NR n77/n78 frequency band applications. Scientific Reports 13, 1–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alaal, N, Elsayed, RA, Farahat, AE, Hussein, KFA and Deeb, WSE (2024) Q-band MIMO antennas with circular polarization for spatial and polarization diversity. Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves 45, 393–432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, A, Pattanayak, P, Verma, RK, Sabat, D and Prasad, G (2023) Two-element MIMO antenna system for multiband millimeter-wave, 5G mobile communication, Ka-band, and future 6G applications with SAR analysis. AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 171, 1–14.Google Scholar
Iqbal, A, Basir, A, Smida, A, Mallot, NK, Elfergani, I, Rodriguez, J and kim, S (2019) Electromagnetic bandgap backed millimeter-wave MIMO antenna for wearable applications. IEEE Access 7, 111135–111144.Google Scholar
Tiwari, RN, Kaim, V, Singh, P, Khan, T and Kanaujia, BK (2023) Semi-flexible diversified circularly polarized millimeter-wave MIMO antenna for wearable biotechnologies. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 71(5), 3968–3982.Google Scholar
Shariff, BGP, Ali, T, Mane, R, Alslath, MGN, Kumar, P, Pathan, S, Kishk, AA and Khan, T (2024) Design and measurement of a compact millimeter wave highly flexible MIMO antenna loaded with metamaterial reflective surface for wearable applications. IEEE Access 12, 30066–30084.Google Scholar
Balanis, CA (1997) Antenna Theory – Analysis and Design, Chap. 14. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 1–1146.Google Scholar
Modak, S, Lokam, A and Farooq, U (2024) Characteristic mode based self isolated MIMO antenna design for millimeter wave 5G communications. AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 178, 1–11.Google Scholar
Modak, S, Khan, T and Laskar, RH (2020) Penta-notched UWB monopole antenna using EBG structures and fork-shaped slots. Radio Science 55, 1–11.Google Scholar
Modak, S, Daasari, S, Shome, PP and Khan, T (2023) Switchable/tunable band-notched characteristics in UWB and UWB-MIMO antennas: A comprehensive review. Wireless Personal Communications 128, 2131–2154.Google Scholar
Han, M and Dou, W (2019) Compact clock-shaped broadband circularly polarized antenna based on characteristic mode analysis. IEEE Access 7, 159952–159959.Google Scholar
Sharma, A, Gangwar, D, Singh, RP, Solanki, R, Rajpoot, S, Kanaujia, BK, Singh, SP and Ekuakille, AL (2021) Design of compact wideband circularly polarized hexagon-shaped antenna using characteristics mode analysis. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 70, 1–8.Google Scholar
Modak, S and Khan, T (2021) A slotted UWB-MIMO antenna with quadruple band-notch characteristics using mushroom EBG structure. AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 134, 1–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farooq, U and Lokam, A (2023) A compact 26/39 GHz millimeter wave MIMO antenna design for 5G IoT applications. Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves 44, 333–345.Google Scholar
Modak, S and Khan, T (2021) Cuboidal quad-port UWB-MIMO antenna with WLAN rejection using spiral EBG structures. International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, 14(5), 626–633.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eslami, A, Nourinia, J, Ghobadi, C and Shokri, M(2021) Four-element MIMO antenna for X-band applications. International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 13(8), 859–866.CrossRefGoogle Scholar