Hostname: page-component-77f85d65b8-v2srd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-04-17T17:48:23.533Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The influence of early childhood education and care on the relation between early-life social adversity and children’s mental health in the environmental influences for Child Health Outcomes Program

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 December 2024

Michelle Bosquet Enlow Open the ORCID record for Michelle Bosquet Enlow [Opens in a new window] ,
Courtney K. Blackwell ,
Phillip Sherlock ,
Maxwell Mansolf ,
Traci A. Bekelman ,
Clancy Blair ,
Nicole R. Bush Open the ORCID record for Nicole R. Bush [Opens in a new window] ,
J. Carolyn Graff ,
Christine Hockett  and
Leslie D. Leve Open the ORCID record for Leslie D. Leve [Opens in a new window]
...Show all authors
Michelle Bosquet Enlow*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Courtney K. Blackwell
Affiliation:
Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
Phillip Sherlock
Affiliation:
Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
Maxwell Mansolf
Affiliation:
Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
Traci A. Bekelman
Affiliation:
Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
Clancy Blair
Affiliation:
Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
Nicole R. Bush
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
J. Carolyn Graff
Affiliation:
College of Nursing, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
Christine Hockett
Affiliation:
Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, USA Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
Leslie D. Leve
Affiliation:
Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
Kaja Z. LeWinn
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
Elizabeth B. Miller
Affiliation:
Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
Monica McGrath
Affiliation:
Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
Laura E. Murphy
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
Wei Perng
Affiliation:
Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
*
Corresponding author: Michelle Bosquet Enlow; Email: michelle.bosquet@childrens.harvard.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Early adversity increases risk for child mental health difficulties. Stressors in the home environment (e.g., parental mental illness, household socioeconomic challenges) may be particularly impactful. Attending out-of-home childcare may buffer or magnify negative effects of such exposures. Using a longitudinal observational design, we leveraged data from the NIH Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes Program to test whether number of hours in childcare, defined as 1) any type of nonparental care and 2) center-based care specifically, was associated with child mental health, including via buffering or magnifying associations between early exposure to psychosocial and socioeconomic risks (age 0–3 years) and later internalizing and externalizing symptoms (age 3–5.5 years), in a diverse sample of N = 2,024 parent–child dyads. In linear regression models, childcare participation was not associated with mental health outcomes, nor did we observe an impact of childcare attendance on associations between risk exposures and symptoms. Psychosocial and socioeconomic risks had interactive effects on internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Overall, the findings did not indicate that childcare attendance positively or negatively influenced child mental health and suggested that psychosocial and socioeconomic adversity may need to be considered as separate exposures to understand child mental health risk in early life.

Keywords

Early childhoodpsychosocial risksocioeconomic riskchildcaremental health

Information

Type
Regular Article
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 37 , Issue 3 , August 2025 , pp. 1628 - 1646
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

Footnotes

*

See acknowledgments for full listing of Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators.

References

Achenbach, T. M., Becker, A., Döpfner, M., Heiervang, E., Roessner, V., Steinhausen, H. C., & Rothenberger, A. (2008). Multicultural assessment of child and adolescent psychopathology with ASEBA and SDQ instruments: Research findings, applications, and future directions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(3), 251–275. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01867.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2000). Manual for the ASEBA Preschool Forms & Profiles. University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families.Google Scholar
Achenbach, T. M., & Ruffle, T. M. (2000). The child behavior checklist and related forms for assessing behavioral/emotional problems and competencies. Pediatrics in Review, 21(8), 265–271. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.21-8-265 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
US Surgeon General’s Advisory (2021). Protecting Youth Mental Health. https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/surgeon-general-youth-mental-health-advisory.pdf.Google Scholar
Amato, P. R. (2005). The impact of family formation change on the cognitive, social, and emotional well-being of the next generation. The Future of Children, 15(2), 75–96. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.2005.0012 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
An, X., Guo, W., Wu, H., Fu, X., Li, M., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Cui, R., Yang, W., Zhang, Z., & Zhao, G. (2022). Sex differences in depression caused by erly life stress and related mechanisms. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 16, 797755. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2022.797755 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Bremner, J. D., Walker, J. D., Whitfield, C., Perry, B. D., Dube, S. R., & Giles, W. H. (2006). The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256(3), 174–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-005-0624-4 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baldwin, J. R., Reuben, A., Newbury, J. B., & Danese, A. (2019). Agreement between prospective and retrospective measures of childhood maltreatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 76(6), 584–593. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0097 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belsky, J. (1986). Infant day care: A cause for concern? Zero to Three, 7(1), 1–7.Google Scholar
Belsky, J., & Rovine, M. J. (1988). Nonmaternal care in the first year of life and the security of infant-parent attachment. Child Development, 59(1), 157–167. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1988.tb03203.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belsky, J., Vandell, D. L., Burchinal, M., Clarke-Stewart, K. A., McCartney, K., & Owen, M. T. (2007). Are there long-term effects of early child care? Child Development, 78(2), 681–701. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01021.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bethell, C. D., Blackwell, C. K., Gombojav, N., Davis, M. B., Bruner, C., & Garner, A. S. (2022). Toward measurement for a whole child health policy: Validity and national and state prevalence of the integrated child risk index. Academic Pediatrics, 22(6), 952–964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2021.12.001 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bethell, C. D., Carle, A., Hudziak, J., Gombojav, N., Powers, K., Wade, R., & Braveman, P. (2017). Methods to assess adverse childhood experiences of children and families: Toward approaches to promote child well-being in policy and practice. Academic Pediatrics, 17(7s), S51–s69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2017.04.161 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bethell, C. D., Garner, A. S., Gombojav, N., Blackwell, C., Heller, L., & Mendelson, T. (2022). Social and relational health risks and common mental health problems among us children: The mitigating role of family resilience and connection to promote positive socioemotional and school-related outcomes. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 31(1), 45–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2021.08.001 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bethell, C. D., Solloway, M. R., Guinosso, S., Hassink, S., Srivastav, A., Ford, D., & Simpson, L. A. (2017). Prioritizing possibilities for child and family health: An agenda to address adverse childhood experiences and foster the social and emotional roots of well-being in pediatrics. Academic Pediatrics, 17(7), S36–S50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2017.06.002 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biedzio, D., & Wakschlag, L. (2019). Developmental emergence of disruptive behaviors beginning in infancy: Delineating normal: Abnormal boundaries to enhance early identification. In Zeenah, C. (Ed.), Handbook of infant mental health (Vol. 4th edn. pp. 407–425). The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Blackwell, C. K., Tang, X., Elliott, A. J., Thomes, T., Louwagie, H., Gershon, R., Schalet, B. D., & Cella, D. (2021). Developing a common metric for depression across adulthood: Linking promis depression with the edinburgh postnatal depression scale. Psychological Assessment, 33(7), 610–618. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0001009 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blair, C., Raver, C. C., & Berry, D. J. (2014). Two approaches to estimating the effect of parenting on the development of executive function in early childhood. Developmental Psychology, 50(2), 554–565. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033647 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blankenship, S. L., Chad-Friedman, E., Riggins, T., & Dougherty, L. R. (2019). Early parenting predicts hippocampal subregion volume via stress reactivity in childhood. Developmental Psychobiology, 61(1), 125–140. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.21788 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyce, W. T., Sokolowski, M. B., & Robinson, G. E. (2012). Toward a new biology of social adversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(Suppl 2), 17143–17148. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1121264109 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, R. H. (1989). The use of the HOME inventory in longitudinal studies of child development. In Bornstein MH, K. N. (Eds.), Stability and continuity in mental development: Behavioral and biological perspectives (pp. 191–215). Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Bradley, R. H. (1993). Children’s home environments, health, behavior, and intervention efforts: A review using the HOME inventory as a marker measure. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 119(4), 437–490.Google ScholarPubMed
Britto, P. R., Lye, S. J., Proulx, K., Yousafzai, A. K., Matthews, S. G., Vaivada, T., Perez-Escamilla, R., Rao, N., Ip, P., Fernald, L. C., & MacMillan, H. (2017). Nurturing care: Promoting early childhood development. The Lancet, 389(10064), 91–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31390-3 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burchinal, M., Roberts, J. E., Zeisel, S. A., Hennon, E. A., & Hooper, S. (2006). Social risk and protective child, parenting, and child care factors in early elementary school years. Parenting: Science and Practice, 6(1), 79–113. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327922par0601_4 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buss, C., Entringer, S., Moog, N. K., Toepfer, P., Fair, D. A., Simhan, H. N., Heim, C. M., & Wadhwa, P. D. (2017). Intergenerational transmission of maternal childhood maltreatment exposure: Implications for fetal brain development. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(5), 373–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2017.03.001 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bustamante, A. S., Bermudez, V. N., Ochoa, K. D., Belgrave, A. B., & Vandell, D. L. (2023). Quality of early childcare and education predicts high school stem achievement for students from low-income backgrounds. Developmental Psychology, 59(8), 1440–1451. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001546 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caldwell, B. M., & Bradley, R. H. (2001). HOME inventory administration manual (3rd ed.). University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and University of Arkansas at Little Rock.Google Scholar
Cameron, J. L., Eagleson, K. L., Fox, N. A., Hensch, T. K., & Levitt, P. (2017). Social origins of developmental risk for mental and physical illness. Journal of Neuroscience, 37(45), 10783–10791. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1822-17.2017 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, F. A., Ramey, C. T., Pungello, E., Sparling, J., & Miller-Johnson, S. (2002). Early childhood education: Young adult outcomes from the abecedarian project. Applied Developmental Science, 6(1), 42–57. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532480XADS0601_05 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carneiro, A., Dias, P., & Soares, I. (2016). Risk factors for internalizing and externalizing problems in the preschool years: Systematic literature review based on the child behavior checklist 1×1/2-5. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(10), 2941–2953. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0456-z CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charrois, J., Côté, S. M., Japel, C., Séguin, J. R., Paquin, S., Tremblay, R. E., & Herba, C. M. (2017). Child-care quality moderates the association between maternal depression and children’s behavioural outcome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58(11), 1210–1218. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12764 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charrois, J., Côté, S. M., Paquin, S., Séguin, J. R., Japel, C., Vitaro, F., Kim-Cohen, J., Tremblay, R. E., & Herba, C. M. (2020). Maternal depression in early childhood and child emotional and behavioral outcomes at school age: Examining the roles of preschool childcare quality and current maternal depression symptomatology. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(5), 637–648. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-019-01385-7 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chase-Lansdale, P. L., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2014). Two-generation programs in the twenty-first century. The Future of Children, 24(1), 13–39. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.2014.0003 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Choe, D. E., Olson, S. L., & Sameroff, A. J. (2013). Effects of early maternal distress and parenting on the development of children’s self-regulation and externalizing behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 25(2), 437–453. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579412001162 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choi, S. W., Lim, S., Schalet, B. D., Kaat, A. J., & Cella, D. (2021). Prosetta: An R package for linking patient-reported outcome measures. Applied Psychological Measurement, 45(5), 386–388. https://doi.org/10.1177/01466216211013106 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choi, S. W., Podrabsky, T., McKinney, N., Schalet, B., Cook, K. F., & Cella, D. (2012a), PROsetta Stone® Analysis Report: PROMIS Depression and SF-36 Mental Health. Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University.Google Scholar
Choi, S. W., Podrabsky, T., McKinney, N., Schalet, B. D., Cook, K. F., & Cella, D. (2012b). PROsetta stone® methodology: A rosetta stone for patient reported outcomes. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/60c7c36a1afd4a3ab90af0a6/t/60c8f437fa0dd42417acbd6e/1623782456126/PROSetta+Methodology+Report.pdf Google Scholar
Choi, S. W., Schalet, B., Cook, K. F., & Cella, D. (2014). Establishing a common metric for depressive symptoms: Linking the BDI-II, CES-D, and PHQ-9 to PROMIS depression. Psychological Assessment, 26(2), 513–527. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035768 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coldwell, J., Pike, A., & Dunn, J. (2006). Household chaos – links with parenting and child behaviour. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(11), 1116–1122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01655.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conger, R. D., Conger, K. J., & Martin, M. J. (2010). Socioeconomic status, family processes, and individual development. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3), 685–704. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00725.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Côté, S. M., Boivin, M., Nagin, D. S., Japel, C., Xu, Q., Zoccolillo, M., Junger, M., & Tremblay, R. E. (2007). The role of maternal education and nonmaternal care services in the prevention of children’s physical aggression problems. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(11), 1305–1312. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.11.1305 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crosby, D. A., Dowsett, C. J., Gennetian, L. A., & Huston, A. C. (2010). A tale of two methods: Comparing regression and instrumental variables estimates of the effects of preschool child care type on the subsequent externalizing behavior of children in low-income families. Developmental Psychology, 46(5), 1030–1048. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020384 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dearing, E., & Zachrisson, H. D. (2017). Concern over internal, external, and incidence validity in studies of child-care quantity and externalizing behavior problems. Child Development Perspectives, 11(2), 133–138. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12224 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deater-Deckard, K., Mullineaux, P. Y., Beekman, C., Petrill, S. A., Schatschneider, C., & Thompson, L. A. (2009). Conduct problems, IQ, and household chaos: A longitudinal multi-informant study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(10), 1301–1308. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02108.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derogatis, L. R. (1993). Brief Symptom Inventory Administration Scoring and Procedures Manual. National Computer Systems Research.Google Scholar
Derogatis, L. R., & Melisaratos, N. (1983). The brief symptom inventory: An introductory report. Psychological Medicine, 13(3), 595–605. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700048017 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duncan, G. J., & Magnuson, K. (2013). Investing in preschool programs. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27(2), 109–132. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.27.2.109 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edmondson, O. J., Psychogiou, L., Vlachos, H., Netsi, E., & Ramchandani, P. G. (2010). Depression in fathers in the postnatal period: Assessment of the edinburgh postnatal depression scale as a screening measure. Journal of Affective Disorders, 125(1-3), 365–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.01.069 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egger, H. L., & Angold, A. (2006). Common emotional and behavioral disorders in preschool children: Presentation, nosology, and epidemiology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(3-4), 313–337. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01618.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, G. W., Gonnella, C., Marcynyszyn, L. A., Gentile, L., & Salpekar, N. (2005). The role of chaos in poverty and children’s socioemotional adjustment. Psychological Science, 16(7), 560–565. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01575.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, G. W., Li, D., & Whipple, S. S. (2013). Cumulative risk and child development. Psychological Bulletin, 139(6), 1342–1396. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031808 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fabes, R. A., Hanish, L. D., & Martin, C. L. (2003). Children at play: The role of peers in understanding the effects of child care. Child Development, 74(4), 1039–1043. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00586 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Folger, A. T., Eismann, E. A., Stephenson, N. B., Shapiro, R. A., Macaluso, M., Brownrigg, M. E., & Gillespie, R. J. (2018). Parental adverse childhood experiences and offspring development at 2 years of age. Pediatrics, 141(4), e20172826. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-2826.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fritz, J., de Graaff, A. M., Caisley, H., van Harmelen, A. L., & Wilkinson, P. O. (2018). A systematic review of amenable resilience factors that moderate and/or mediate the relationship between childhood adversity and mental health in young people. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 230. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00230 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gao, L., Li, S., Yue, Y., & Long, G. (2023). Maternal age at childbirth and the risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and learning disability in offspring. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 923133. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.923133 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibson, J., McKenzie-McHarg, K., Shakespeare, J., Price, J., & Gray, R. (2009). A systematic review of studies validating the edinburgh postnatal depression scale in antepartum and postpartum women. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 119(5), 350–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01363.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glascoe, F. P., & Leew, S. (2010). Parenting behaviors, perceptions, and psychosocial risk: Impacts on young children’s development. Pediatrics, 125(2), 313–319. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-3129 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goelman, H., Zdaniuk, B., Boyce, W. T., Armstrong, J. M., & Essex, M. J. (2014). Maternal mental health, child care quality, and children’s behavior. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 35(4), 347–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2014.05.003 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, R. (2001). Psychometric properties of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(11), 1337–1345. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200111000-00015 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodman, S. H., & Gotlib, I. H. (1999). Risk for psychopathology in the children of depressed mothers: A developmental model for understanding mechanisms of transmission. Psychological Review, 106(3), 458–490. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.106.3.458 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodman, S. H., Rouse, M. H., Connell, A. M., Broth, M. R., Hall, C. M., & Heyward, D. (2011). Maternal depression and child psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-010-0080-1 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, J. G., McLaughlin, K. A., Berglund, P. A., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2010). Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication I: Associations with first onset of DSM-IV disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(2), 113–123. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.186 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gromada, A., Rees, G., & Chzhen, Y. (2020). UNICEF Innocenti, ‘Worlds of Influence: Understanding what shapes child well-being in rich countries’, Innocenti Report Card 16, UNICEF Office of Research – Innocenti, Florence. https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/Report-Card-16-Worlds-of-Influence-child-wellbeing.pdf.Google Scholar
Han, D., Dieujuste, N., Doom, J. R., & Narayan, A. J. (2023). A systematic review of positive childhood experiences and adult outcomes: Promotive and protective processes for resilience in the context of childhood adversity. Child Abuse and Neglect, 144, 106346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106346 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heckman, J. J. (2008). Schools, skills, and synapses. Economic Inquiry, 46(3), 289–232. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2008.00163.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heckman, J. J., Pinto, R., & Savelyev, P. (2013). Understanding the mechanisms through which an influential early childhood program boosted adult outcomes. American Economic Review, 103(6), 2052–2086. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.6.2052 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hodes, G. E., & Epperson, C. N. (2019). Sex differences in vulnerability and resilience to stress across the life span. Biological Psychiatry, 86(6), 421–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.04.028 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holz, N. E., Berhe, O., Sacu, S., Schwarz, E., Tesarz, J., Heim, C. M., & Tost, H. (2023). Early social adversity, altered brain functional connectivity, and mental health. Biological Psychiatry, 93(5), 430–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.10.019 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howes, C., & Smith, E. W. (1995). Relations among child care quality, teacher behavior, children’s play activities, emotional security, and cognitive activity in child care. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 10(4), 381–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/0885-2006(95)90013-6 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, K., Bellis, M. A., Hardcastle, K. A., Sethi, D., Butchart, A., Mikton, C., Jones, L., & Dunne, M. P. (2017). The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 2(8), e356–e366. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(17)30118-4 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huston, A. C., & Bentley, A. C. (2010). Human development in societal context. Annual Review of Psychology, 61(1), 411–437. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100442 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huston, A. C., Bobbitt, K. C., & Bentley, A. (2015). Time spent in child care: How and why does it affect social development? Developmental Psychology, 51(5), 621–634. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038951 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huttenlocher, P. R. (2009). Neural plasticity: The effects of environment on the development of the cerebral cortex. Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iruka, I. U., Gardner-Neblett, N., Telfer, N. A., Ibekwe-Okafor, N., Curenton, S. M., Sims, J., Sansbury, A. B., & Neblett, E. W. (2022). Effects of racism on child development: Advancing antiracist developmental science. Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, 4(1), 109–132. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121020-031339 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaffee, S. R., Harrington, H., Cohen, P., & Moffitt, T. E. (2005). Cumulative prevalence of psychiatric disorder in youths. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(5), 406–407. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000155317.38265.61 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaat, A. J., Newcomb, M. E., Ryan, D. T., & Mustanski, B. (2017). Expanding a common metric for depression reporting: Linking two scales to PROMIS(®) depression. Quality of Life Research, 26(5), 1119–1128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-016-1450-z CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keller, M. C. (2014). Gene× environment interaction studies have not properly controlled for potential confounders: The problem and the (simple) solution. Biological Psychiatry, 75(1), 18–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.09.006 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593–602. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, R. C., Davis, C. G., & Kendler, K. S. (1997). Childhood adversity and adult psychiatric disorder in the US national comorbidity survey. Psychological Medicine, 27(5), 1101–1119. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291797005588 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, R. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alhamzawi, A. O., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M., Benjet, C., Bromet, E., Chatterji, S., de Girolamo, G., Demyttenaere, K., Fayyad, J., Florescu, S., Gal, G., Gureje, O.…Williams, D. R. (2010). Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the WHO world mental health surveys. British Journal of Psychiatry, 197(5), 378–385. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.080499 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klass, P. (2016). Saving Tiny Tim — Pediatrics and childhood poverty in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine, 374(23), 2201–2205. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1603516 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knapp, E. A., Kress, A. M., Parker, C. B., Page, G. P., McArthur, K., Gachigi, K. K., Alshawabkeh, A. N., Aschner, J. L., Bastain, T. M., Breton, C. V., Bendixsen, C. G., Brennan, P. A., Bush, N. R., Buss, C., Camargo, C. A. Jr., Catellier, D., Cordero, Jé F., Croen, L., Dabelea, D.… Influences on Child Health Outcomes on behalf of program collaborators for E (2023). The environmental influences on child health outcomes (ECHO)-wide cohort. American Journal of Epidemiology, 192(8), 1249–1263. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwad071 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kroenke, K., Stump, T. E., Chen, C. X., Kean, J., Bair, M. J., Damush, T. M., Krebs, E. E., & Monahan, P. O. (2020). Minimally important differences and severity thresholds are estimated for the PROMIS depression scales from three randomized clinical trials. Journal of Affective Disorders, 266, 100–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.101 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larose, M. P., Cote, S. M., Ouellet-Morin, I., Maughan, B., & Barker, E. D. (2021). Promoting better functioning among children exposed to high levels of family adversity: The protective role of childcare attendance. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62(6), 762–770. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13313 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lebrun-Harris, L. A., Ghandour, R. M., Kogan, M. D., & Warren, M. D. (2022). Five-year trends in us children’s health and well-being, 2016-2020. JAMA Pediatrics, 176(7), e220056. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.0056 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Letourneau, N., Dewey, D., Kaplan, B. J., Ntanda, H., Novick, J., Thomas, J. C., Deane, A. J., Leung, B., Pon, K., & Giesbrecht, G. F. (2019). Intergenerational transmission of adverse childhood experiences via maternal depression and anxiety and moderation by child sex. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, 10(1), 88–99. https://doi.org/10.1017/s2040174418000648 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leve, L. D., Neiderhiser, J. M., Ganiban, J. M., Natsuaki, M. N., Shaw, D. S., & Reiss, D. (2019). The early growth and development study: A dual-family adoption study from birth through adolescence. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 22(6), 716–727. https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2019.66 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LeWinn, K. Z., Bush, N. R., Batra, A., Tylavsky, F., & Rehkopf, D. (2020). Identification of modifiable social and behavioral factors associated with childhood cognitive performance. JAMA Pediatrics, 174(11), 1063–1072. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.2904 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loeb, S., Bridges, M., Bassok, D., Fuller, B., & Rumberger, R. W. (2007). How much is too much? The influence of preschool centers on children’s social and cognitive development. Economics of Education Review, 26(1), 52–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luby, J. L. (2010). Preschool depression: The importance of identification of depression early in development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(2), 91–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721410364493 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ma, X., Biaggi, A., Sacchi, C., Lawrence, A. J., Chen, P. J., Pollard, R., Matter, M., Mackes, N., Hazelgrove, K., Morgan, C., Harding, S., Simonelli, A., Schumann, G., Pariante, C. M., Mehta, M., Montana, G., Rodriguez-Mateos, A., Nosarti, C., & Dazzan, P. (2022). Mediators and moderators in the relationship between maternal childhood adversity and children’s emotional and behavioural development: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 52(10), 1817–1837. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291722001775 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mansolf, M., Blackwell, C. K., Cummings, P., Choi, S., & Cella, D. (2022). Linking the child behavior checklist to the strengths and difficulties questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 34(3), 233–246. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0001083 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masarik, A. S., & Conger, R. D. (2017). Stress and child development: A review of the family stress model. Current Opinion in Psychology, 13, 85–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.05.008 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mashburn, A. J., Pianta, R. C., Hamre, B. K., Downer, J. T., Barbarin, O. A., Bryant, D., Burchinal, M., Early, D. M., & Howes, C. (2008). Measures of classroom quality in prekindergarten and children’s development of academic, language, and social skills. Child Development, 79(3), 732–749. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01154.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masten, A. S., & Barnes, A. J. (2018). Resilience in children: Developmental perspectives. Children (Basel), 5(7), 98. https://doi.org/10.3390/children5070098 Google ScholarPubMed
McGrath, J. J., Petersen, L., Agerbo, E., Mors, O., Mortensen, P. B., & Pedersen, C. B. (2014). A comprehensive assessment of parental age and psychiatric disorders. JAMA Psychiatry, 71(3), 301–309. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4081 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLaughlin, K. A., Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2010). Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication II: Associations with persistence of DSM-IV disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(2), 124–132. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.187 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLaughlin, K. A., Greif Green, J., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2012). Childhood adversities and first onset of psychiatric disorders in a national sample of US adolescents. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(11), 1151–1160. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2277 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLaughlin, K. A., & Lambert, H. K. (2017). Child trauma exposure and psychopathology: Mechanisms of risk and resilience. Current Opinion in Psychology, 14, 29–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.10.004 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merikangas, K. R., He, J. P., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., Avenevoli, S., Cui, L., Benjet, C., Georgiades, K., & Swendsen, J. (2010). Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. Adolescents: Results from the national comorbidity survey replication-adolescent supplement (NCS-A). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(10), 980–989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merrick, M. T., Ford, D. C., Ports, K. A., & Guinn, A. S. (2018). Prevalence of adverse childhood experiences from the 2011-2014 behavioral risk factor surveillance system in 23 states. JAMA Pediatrics, 172(11), 1038–1044. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.2537 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moog, N. K., Cummings, P. D., Jackson, K. L., Aschner, J. L., Barrett, E. S., Bastain, T. M., Blackwell, C. K., Bosquet Enlow, M., Breton, C. V., Bush, N. R., Deoni, S. C. L., Duarte, C. S., Ferrara, A., Grant, T. L., Hipwell, A. E., Jones, K., Leve, L. D., Lovinsky-Desir, S., Miller, R. K.…Buss, C. (2023). Intergenerational transmission of the effects of maternal exposure to childhood maltreatment in the USA: A retrospective cohort study. Lancet Public Health, 8(3), e226–e237. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(23)00025-7 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moog, N. K., Heim, C. M., Entringer, S., Simhan, H. N., Wadhwa, P. D., & Buss, C. (2022). Transmission of the adverse consequences of childhood maltreatment across generations: Focus on gestational biology. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 215, 173372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173372 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mooney, A. C., Jackson, K. E., Hamad, R., Fernald, L. C., Hoskote, M., & Gosliner, W. (2023). Experiences of distress and gaps in government safety net supports among parents of young children during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16037-4 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muennig, P., Schweinhart, L., Montie, J., & Neidell, M. (2009). Effects of a prekindergarten educational intervention on adult health: 37-year follow-up results of a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Public Health, 99(8), 1431–1437. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2008.148353 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
NICHD Early Child Care Research Network (1997). The effects of infant child care on infant-mother attachment security: Results of the NICHD study of early child care NICHD early child care research network. Child Development, 68(5), 860–879. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb01967.x Google Scholar
NICHD Early Child Care Research Network (2001). Child care and family predictors of preschool attachment and stability from infancy. Developmental Psychology, 37(6), 847–862. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.37.6.847 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NICHD Early Child Care Research Network (2003). Does amount of time spent in child care predict socioemotional adjustment during the transition to kindergarten? Child Development, 74(4), 976–1005. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00582 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noroña-Zhou, A., Coccia, M., Sullivan, A., O’Connor, T. G., Collett, B. R., Derefinko, K., Renner, L. M., Loftus, C. T., Roubinov, D., Carroll, K. N., & Nguyen, R. H. (2023). A multi-cohort examination of the independent contributions of maternal childhood adversity and pregnancy stressors to the prediction of children’s anxiety and depression. Research On Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 51(4), 497–512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-022-01002-3 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oh, D. L., Jerman, P., Silvério Marques, S., Koita, K., Purewal Boparai, S. K., Burke Harris, N., & Bucci, M. (2018). Systematic review of pediatric health outcomes associated with childhood adversity. BMC Pediatrics, 18(1), 83. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-018-1037-7 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ong, P., Cong, X., Yeo, Y., & Shorey, S. (2023). Experiences of nurses managing parenthood and career. A systematic review and meta-synthesis. International Nursing Review, 71(3), 610–625. Epub ahead of print. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12885CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orendain, N., Anderson, A., Galván, A., Bookheimer, S., & Chung, P. J. (2023). A data-driven approach to categorizing early life adversity exposure in the ABCD study. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 23(1), 164. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-023-01983-9 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orri, M., Tremblay, R. E., Japel, C., Boivin, M., Vitaro, F., Losier, T., Brendgen, M. R., Falissard, B., Melchior, M., & Côté, S. M. (2019). Early childhood child care and disruptive behavior problems during adolescence: A 17-year population-based propensity score study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 60(11), 1174–1182. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13065 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parkes, A., Green, M., & Pearce, A. (2021). Can centre-based childcare buffer against the negative effects of family adversity on child socio-emotional wellbeing? European Journal of Public Health, 31(3), 474–481. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckab006 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Center for Education Statistics. (2019). Percentage of Children from Birth through Age 5 and Not Yet in Kindergarten Participating in Various Weekly Nonparental Care Arrangements, by Child and Family Characteristics: 2019. US Department of Education Institute for Education Sciences. https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=4 Google Scholar
Piña, G., Moore, K. A., Sacks, V., & McClay, A. (2022). Two-generation programs may have long-term benefits, according to simulation. Child Trends. https://doi.org/10.56417/5444u5654p.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurements, 1(3), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Repetti, R. L., Taylor, S. E., & Seeman, T. E. (2002). Risky families: Family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring. Psychological Bulletin, 128(2), 330–366. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.2.330 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rey-Guerra, C., Zachrisson, H. D., Dearing, E., Berry, D., Kuger, S., Burchinal, M. R., Naerde, A., van Huizen, T., & Côté, S. M. (2023). Do more hours in center‐based care cause more externalizing problems? A cross‐national replication study. Child Development, 94(2), 458–477. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13871 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rijlaarsdam, J., Stevens, G. W., van der Ende, J., Arends, L. R., Hofman, A., Jaddoe, V. W., Mackenbach, J. P., Verhulst, F. C., & Tiemeier, H. (2012). A brief observational instrument for the assessment of infant home environment: Development and psychometric testing. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 21(3), 195–204. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1361 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ritchie, L. D., Boyle, M., Chandran, K., Spector, P., Whaley, S. E., James, P., Samuels, S., Hecht, K., & Crawford, P. (2012). Participation in the child and adult care food program is associated with more nutritious foods and beverages in child care. Childhood Obesity, 8(3), 224–229. https://doi.org/10.1089/chi.2011.0061 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rutter, M. (2012). Resilience as a dynamic concept. Development and Psychopathology, 24(2), 335–344. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579412000028 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sagi, A., Koren-Karie, N., Gini, M., Ziv, Y., & Joels, T. (2002). Shedding further light on the effects of various types and quality of early child care on infant-mother attachment relationship: The haifa study of early child care. Child Development, 73(4), 1166–1186. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00465 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sambrook Smith, M., Cairns, L., Pullen, L. S. W., Opondo, C., Fellmeth, G., & Alderdice, F. (2022). Validated tools to identify common mental disorders in the perinatal period: A systematic review of systematic reviews. Journal of Affective Disorders, 298(Pt A), 634–643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.11.011 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schalet, B. D., Lim, S., Cella, D., & Choi, S. W. (2021). Linking scores with patient-reported health outcome instruments: A validation study and comparison of three linking methods. Psychometrika, 86(3), 717–746. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-021-09776-z CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schickedanz, A., Halfon, N., Sastry, N., & Chung, P. J. (2018). Parents’ adverse childhood experiences and their children’s behavioral health problems. Pediatrics, 142(2), e20180023. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-0023.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shonkoff, J. P., & Fisher, P. A. (2013). Rethinking evidence-based practice and two-generation programs to create the future of early childhood policy. Development and Psychopathology, 25(4pt2), 1635–1653. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579413000813 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shonkoff, J. P., & Phillips, D. A. (2000). From neurons to neighborhoods: The science of early childhood development. National Academy Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/9824 Google Scholar
Solmi, M., Radua, J., Olivola, M., Croce, E., Soardo, L., Salazar de Pablo, G., Il Shin, J., Kirkbride, J. B., Jones, P., Kim, J. H., & Kim, J. Y. (2022). Age at onset of mental disorders worldwide: Large-scale meta-analysis of 192 epidemiological studies. Molecular Psychiatry, 27(1), 281–295. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01161-7 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sontag-Padilla, L., Burns, R. M., Shih, R. A., Griffin, B. A., Martin, L. T., Chandra, A., & Tylavsky, F. (2015). The Urban Child Institute CANDLE Study. https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1300/RR1336/RAND_RR1336.pdf Google Scholar
Steine, I. M., LeWinn, K. Z., Lisha, N., Tylavsky, F., Smith, R., Bowman, M., Sathyanarayana, S., Karr, C. J., Smith, A. K., Kobor, M., & Bush, N. R. (2020). Maternal exposure to childhood traumatic events, but not multi-domain psychosocial stressors, predict placental corticotrophin releasing hormone across pregnancy. Social Science & Medicine, 266, 113461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113461 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steptoe, A., Hamer, M., Butcher, L., Lin, J., Brydon, L., Kivimaki, M., Marmot, M., Blackburn, E., & Erusalimsky, J. D. (2011). Educational attainment but not measures of current socioeconomic circumstances are associated with leukocyte telomere length in healthy older men and women. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 25(7), 1292–1298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2011.04.010 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szilagyi, M., Kerker, B. D., Storfer-Isser, A., Stein, R. E., Garner, A., O’Connor, K. G., Hoagwood, K. E., & McCue Horwitz, S. (2016). Factors associated with whether pediatricians inquire about parents’ adverse childhood experiences. Academic Pediatrics, 16(7), 668–675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2016.04.013 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Totsika, V., & Sylva, K. (2004). The HOME observation for measurement of the environment revisited. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 9(1), 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1475-357X.2003.00073.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Traub, F., & Boynton-Jarrett, R. (2017). Modifiable resilience factors to childhood adversity for clinical pediatric practice. Pediatrics, 139(5), e20162569. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2569 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
US Census Bureau (2022). Table 1. Educational attainment of the population 18 years and over, by age, sex, race, and hispanic origin:-US census bureau. https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2022/demo/educational-attainment/cps-detailed-tables.html.Google Scholar
van Buuren, S., & Groothuis-Oudshoorn, K. (2011). Mice: Multivariate imputation by chained equations in R. Journal of Statistical Software, 45(3), 1–67. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v045.i03 Google Scholar
Van den Bergh, B. R. H., van den Heuvel, M. I., Lahti, M., Braeken, M., de Rooij, S. R., Entringer, S., Hoyer, D., Roseboom, T., Raikkonen, K., King, S., & Schwab, M. (2017). Prenatal developmental origins of behavior and mental health: The influence of maternal stress in pregnancy. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 117, 26–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.07.003 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vandell, D. L., Belsky, J., Burchinal, M., Steinberg, L., & Vandergrift, N. (2010). Do effects of early child care extend to age 15 years? Results from the NICHD study of early child care and youth development. Child Development, 81(3), 737–756. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01431.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442810031002 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vernon-Feagans, L., & Cox, M. (2013). The family life project: An epidemiological and developmental study of young children living in poor rural communities. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 78(5), 1–150. https://doi.org/10.1111/mono.12046 Google ScholarPubMed
von Suchodoletz, A., Lee, D. S., Henry, J., Tamang, S., Premachandra, B., & Yoshikawa, H. (2023). Early childhood education and care quality and associations with child outcomes: A meta-analysis. PLoS One, 18(5), e0285985. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285985 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Votruba-Drzal, E., Coley, R. L., & Chase-Lansdale, P. L. (2004). Child care and low-income children’s development: Direct and moderated effects. Child Development, 75(1), 296–312. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00670.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ware, J. E. Jr (2000). SF-36 health survey update. Spine, 25(24), 3130–3139. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200012150-00008 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ware, J. E. Jr., Kosinski, M., Dewey, J. E., & Gandek, B. SF-36 health survey: Manual and interpretation guide 2000Google Scholar
Ware, J. E. Jr., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1992). The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36): Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care, 30(6), 473–483.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watamura, S. E., Phillips, D. A., Morrissey, T. W., McCartney, K., & Bub, K. (2011). Double jeopardy: Poorer social-emotional outcomes for children in the nichd seccyd experiencing home and child-care environments that confer risk. Child Development, 82(1), 48–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01540.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waters, T. E., Magro, S. W., Alhajeri, J., Yang, R., Groh, A., Haltigan, J. D., Holland, A. A., Steele, R. D., Bost, K. K., Owen, M. T., & Vaughn, B. E. (2021). Early child care experiences and attachment representations at age 18 years: Evidence from the NICHD study of early child care and youth development. Developmental Psychology, 57(4), 548–556. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001165 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilhelmsen, T., Røysamb, E., Lekhal, R., Brandlistuen, R. E., Alexandersen, N., & Wang, M. V. (2023). Children’s mental health: The role of multiple risks and child care quality. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 86, 101546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2023.101546 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wustmann Seiler, C., Sticca, F., Gasser-Haas, O., & Simoni, H. (2022). Long-term promotive and protective effects of early childcare quality on the social-emotional development in children. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 854756. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.854756 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zachrisson, H. D., Dearing, E., Lekhal, R., & Toppelberg, C. O. (2013). Little evidence that time in child care causes externalizing problems during early childhood in Norway. Child Development, 84(4), 1152–1170. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12040 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zheng, S., Mansolf, M., McGrath, M., Churchill, M. L., Bekelman, T. A., Brennan, P. A., Margolis, A. E., Nozadi, S. S., Bastain, T. M., Elliott, A. J., & LeWinn, K. Z. (2024). Measurement bias in caregiver-report of early childhood behavior problems across demographic factors in an ECHO-wide diverse sample. JCPP Advances, 4(1), e12198. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcv2.12198 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Bosquet Enlow et al. supplementary material

Bosquet Enlow et al. supplementary material
Download Bosquet Enlow et al. supplementary material(File)
File 46.8 KB