Hostname: page-component-77f85d65b8-8wtlm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-03-27T22:16:12.737Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Consumption of wholemeal rye bread increases serum concentrations and urinary excretion of enterolactone compared with consumption of white wheat bread in healthy Finnish men and women

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

Katri S. Juntunen ,
Witold M. Mazur ,
Kirsi H. Liukkonen ,
Mariko Uehara ,
Kaisa S. Poutanen ,
Herman C. T. Adlercreutz  and
Hannu M. Mykkänen
Katri S. Juntunen*
Affiliation:
University of Kuopio, Department of Clinical Nutrition, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
Witold M. Mazur
Affiliation:
University of Helsinki, Folkhälsan Research Center and Department of Clinical Chemistry, PO Box 60, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
Kirsi H. Liukkonen
Affiliation:
VTT Biotechnology and Food Research, PO Box 1500, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland
Mariko Uehara
Affiliation:
University of Helsinki, Folkhälsan Research Center and Department of Clinical Chemistry, PO Box 60, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
Kaisa S. Poutanen
Affiliation:
VTT Biotechnology and Food Research, PO Box 1500, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland
Herman C. T. Adlercreutz
Affiliation:
University of Helsinki, Folkhälsan Research Center and Department of Clinical Chemistry, PO Box 60, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
Hannu M. Mykkänen
Affiliation:
University of Kuopio, Department of Clinical Nutrition, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
*
*Corresponding author: Dr Katri Juntunen, fax +358 17 162 792, email Katri.juntunen@uki.fi
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the 'Save PDF' action button.

Rye is an important source of plant lignans in Finland. In the present crossover trial we wanted to study the effect of rye bread as part of the usual diet on serum and urine enterolactone (ENL) concentrations in healthy volunteers. Eighteen men aged 43 (SEM 2·0) YEARS AND TWENTY-ONE WOMEN AGED 43 (sem 1·6) years consumed wholemeal rye bread and white wheat bread in random order for 4 weeks. The bread periods were separated by a 4 week wash-out period. The breads provided at least 20 % of the daily energy intake. The mean intakes of rye bread were 219 (sem 14·6) and 162 (sem 5·3) g/d and those of wheat bread were 200 (sem 9·6) and 153 (sem 5·8) g/d for men and women respectively. Blood samples were collected from all subjects and three 24 h urine samples were collected from ten men and twelve women at the end of both bread periods for the determination of serum concentration and urinary excretion of ENL. The mean serum ENL concentrations in both men and women at the beginning of baseline period and at the end of the rye-bread period remained constant and were significantly higher than those at the end of the wheat-bread period. Correspondingly, daily urinary ENL excretion increased significantly during the rye-bread period compared with the wheat-bread period and was 5- and 10-fold higher in men and women respectively in comparison with the amount of plant lignan precursors measured in the rye bread. These data indicate the presence of other precursors for ENL in rye which are not detected by the current method of measuring plant lignans in food. The possible role of fibre in enhancement of the formation of mammalian lignans from their plant precursors in the gut also remains to be determined.

Keywords

EnterolactoneLignansRye breadWheat breadPhyto-oestrogens

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 84 , Issue 6 , December 2000 , pp. 839 - 846
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2000

References

Adlercreutz, CHT, Goldin, BR, Gorbach, SL, Höckerstedt, KAV, Watanabe, S, Hämäläinen, EK, Markkanen, MH, Mäkelä, TH, Wähälä, KT, Hase, TA & Fotsis, T (1995) Soybean phytoestrogen intake and cancer risk. Journal of Nutrition 125, Suppl. 3, 757S–770S.Google ScholarPubMed
Adlercreutz, H (1990) Western diet and Western diseases: some hormonal and biochemical mechanisms and associations. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 50, Suppl. 201, 3–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adlercreutz, H, Fotsis, T, Bannwart, C, Mäkelä, T, Wähälä, K, Brunow, G, Hase, T (1986a) Assay of lignans and phytoestrogens in urine of women and in cow milk by GC/MS (SIM). In Advances in Mass Spectrometry-85. Proceedings of the 10th International Mass Spectrometry Conference, pp. 661–662. [Todd, JFJ, editor]. Chichester, West Sussex: John WileyGoogle Scholar
Adlercreutz, H, Fotsis, T, Bannwart, C, Wähälä, K, Brunow, G & Hase, T (1991a) Isotope dilution gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for the determination of lignans and isoflavonoids in human urine, including identification of genistein. Clinica Chimica Acta 199, 263–278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adlercreutz, H, Fotsis, T, Bannwart, C, Wähälä, K, Mäkelä, T, Brunow, G & Hase, T (1986) Determination of urinary lignans and phytoestrogen metabolites, potential antiestrogens and anticarcinogens, in urine of women on various habitual diets. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 25, 791–797.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adlercreutz, H, Fotsis, T, Heikkinen, R, Dwyer, JT, Goldin, BR, Gorbach, SL, Lawson, AM & Setchell, KDR (1981) Diet and urinary excretion of lignans in female subjects. Medical Biology 59, 259–261.Google ScholarPubMed
Adlercreutz, H, Fotsis, T, Heikkinen, R, Dwyer, JT, Woods, M, Goldin, BR & Gorbach, SL (1982) Excretion of the lignans enterolactone and enterodiol and of equol in omnivorous and vegetarian postmenopausal women and in women with breast cancer. Lancet ii, 1295–1299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adlercreutz, H, Fotsis, T, Kurzer, MS, Wähälä, K, Mäkelä, T & Hase, T (1995) Isotope dilution gas chromatographic mass spectrometric method for the determination of unconjugated lignans and isoflavonoids in human feces, with preliminary results in omnivorous and vegetarian women. Analytical Biochemistry 225, 101–108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adlercreutz, H, Fotsis, T, Lampe, J, Wähälä, K, Mäkelä, T, Brunow, G & Hase, T (1993) Quantitative determination of lignans and isoflavonoids in plasma of omnivorous and vegetarian women by isotope dilution gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 53, 5–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adlercreutz, H, Fotsis, T, Watanabe, S, Lampe, J, Wähälä, K, Mäkelä, T & Hase, T (1994) Determination of lignans and isoflavonoids in plasma by isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Cancer Detection and Prevention 18, 259–271.Google ScholarPubMed
Adlercreutz, H, Höckerstedt, K, Bannwart, C, Hämäläinen, E, Fotsis, T, & Bloigu, S, (1988) Association between dietary fiber, urinary excretion of lignans and isoflavonic phytoestrogens, and plasma non-protein bound sex hormones in relation to breast cancer. In Progress in Cancer Research and Therapy vol. 35, Hormones and Cancer 3, pp. 409–412 [Bresciani, F, King, RJB, Lippman, ME and Raynaud, J-P, editors]. New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Adlercreutz, H, Honjo, H, Higashi, A, Fotsis, T, Hämäläinen, E, Hasegawa, T & Okada, H (1991) Urinary excretion of lignans and isoflavonoid phytoestrogens in Japanese men and women consuming traditional Japanese diet. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54, 1093–1100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adlercreutz, H & Mazur, W (1997) Phyto-oestrogens and Western diseases. Annals of Medicine 29, 95–120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adlercreutz, H, Wang, G-J, Lapcik, O, Hampl, R, Wähälä, K, Mäkelä, T, Lusa, K, Talme, M & Mikola, H (1998a) Time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay for plasma enterolactone. Analytical Biochemistry 265, 208–215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adlercreutz, H, Wang, G-J, Uehara, M, Lapcik, O, Al-Maharik, N, Mäkelä, T, Mikola, H, Hampl, R, & Wähälä, K, (1998b) Immunoassays of phytoestrogens in human plasma. In Proceedings of the Cost 916 Workshop on Phytoestrogens: Exposure, Bioavailability, Health Benefits and Safety Concerns, pp. 23–29 [Bausch-Goldbohm, S, Kardinaal, A and Serra, F, editors]. Brussels: European Communities.Google Scholar
Bingham, SA, Atkinson, C, Liggins, J, Bluck, L & Coward, A (1998) Phyto-oestrogens: where are we now?. British Journal of Nutrition 79, 393–406.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borriello, SP, Setchell, KDR, Axelson, M & Lawson, AM (1985) Production and metabolism of lignans by the human faecal flora. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 58, 37–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brzezinski, A, Adlercreutz, H, Shaoul, R, Rosler, A, Shmueli, A, Tanos, V & Schenker, JG (1997) Short-term effects of phytoestrogen-rich diet on postmenopausal women. Menopause 4, 89–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, MJ, Bowey, EA, Adlercreutz, H, Rowland, IR & Rumsby, PC (1999) Effects of soy or rye supplementation of high-fat diets on colon tumor development in azoxymethane treated rats. Carcinogenesis 20, 927–931.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doll, R & Peto, R (1981) The causes of cancer: quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 66, 1191–1308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobs, E, Kulling, SE & Metzler, M (1999) Novel metabolites of the mammalian lignans enterolactone and enterodiol in human urine. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 68, 211–218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobs, E & Metzler, M (1999) Oxidative metabolism of the mammalian lignans enterolactone and enterodiol by rat, pig, and human liver microsomes. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 47, 1071–1077.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Korpela, R (1995) Role of rye fiber and Lactobacillus GG in colonic metabolismPhD Thesis. Kuopio University, Finland.Google Scholar
Kurzer, MS & Hu, X (1997) Dietary phytoestrogens. Annual Review of Nutrition 17, 353–381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lampe, JW, Martini, MC, Kurzer, MS, Adlercreutz, H & Slavin, JL (1994) Urinary excretion and isoflavonoid excretion in premenopausal women consuming flaxseed powder. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 60, 122–128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Landström, M, Zhang, J-X, Hallmans, G, Åman, P, Bergh, A, Damber, JE, Mazur, W, Wähälä, K & Adlercreutz, H (1998) Inhibitory effects of soy and rye diets on the development of Dunning R3327 prostate adenocarcinoma in rats. Prostate 36, 151–161.3.0.CO;2-K>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leinonen, K, Poutanen, K & Mykkänen, H (2000) Rye bread decreases serum total and LDL cholesterol in men with moderately elevated serum cholesterol. Journal of Nutrition 130, 164–170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lusa, K, Uehara, M & Adlercreutz, H (2000) A modification of a time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay for plasma enterolactone Analytical Biochemistry. (In the Press)Google Scholar
Mazur, W (2000) Phytoestrogens: occurrence in foods, and metabolism of lignans in man and pigsPhD Thesis. University of Helskinki.Google Scholar
Mazur, W & Adlercreutz, H (1998) Natural and anthropogenic environmental oestrogens: the scientific basis of risk assessment. Natural occurring oestrogens in food. Pure and Applied Chemistry 70, 1759–1776.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazur, W, Fotsis, T, Wähälä, K, Ojala, S, Salakka, A & Adlercreutz, H (1996) Isotope dilution gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for the determination of isoflavonoids, coumestrol, and lignans in food samples. Analytical Biochemistry 233, 169–180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morton, MS, Chan, PS, Cheng, C, Blacklock, N, Matos-Ferreira, A, Abranches-Monteiro, L, Correia, R, Lloyd, S & Griffiths, K (1997) Lignans and isoflavonoids in plasma and prostatic fluid in men: samples from Portugal, Hong Kong, and the United Kingdom. Prostate 32, 122–128.3.0.CO;2-O>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morton, MS, Wilcox, G, Wahlqvist, ML & Griffiths, K (1994) Determination of lignans and isoflavonoids in human female plasma following dietary supplementation. Journal of Endocrinology 142, 251–259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Public Health Institute (1998) The 1997 Dietary Survey of Finnish Adults. Publications of the National Public Health Institute B 8/1998. Helsinki: Hakapaino Oy.Google Scholar
Nilsson, M, Åman, P, Härkönen, H, Bach Knudsen, KE, Mazur, W & Adlercreutz, H (1997a) Content of nutrients and lignans in roller milled fractions of rye. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 73, 143–148.3.0.CO;2-H>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nilsson, M, Åman, P, Härkönen, H, Hallmans, G, Knudsen, KEE, Mazur, W & Adlercreutz, H (1997b) Nutrient and lignan content, dough properties and baking performance of rye samples used in Scandinavia. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica 47, 26–34.Google Scholar
Rastas, M, Seppänen, R, Knuts, L-R, Karvetti, R-L; Varo, P (editors); (1993) Nutrient Composition of Foods, 4th ed. Publications of the Social Insurance Institution Vammala, Finland: Vammalan Kirjapaino Oy.Google Scholar
Shultz, TD, Bonorden, WR & Seaman, WR (1991) Effect of short-term flaxseed consumption on lignan and sex hormone metabolism in men. Nutrition Research 11, 1089–1100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steinmetz, KA & Potter, JD (1991) Vegetables, fruit, and cancer. I Epidemiology. Cancer Causes and Control 2, 325–357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinmetz, KA & Potter, JD (1991) Vegetables, fruit, and cancer. II Mechanisms. Cancer Causes and Control 2, 427–442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trowell, HC; Burkitt, DP (editors); (1981) Western Diseases: Their Emergence and Prevention. London: Edward Arnold Ltd.Google Scholar
Uehara, M, Lapcik, O, Hampl, R, Al-Maharik, N, Mäkelä, T, Wähälä, K, Mikola, H & Adlercreutz, H (2000) Rapid analysis of phytoestrogens in human urine by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 72, 273–282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Rsearch (1997) Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective. Washington, DC: American Institute for Cancer Research.Google Scholar
Zhang, JX, Hallmans, G, Landstrom, M, Bergh, A, Damber, JE, Aman, P & Adlercreutz, H (1997) Soy and rye diets inhibit the development of Dunning R3327 prostatic adenocarcinoma in rats. Cancer Letters 114, 313–314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed