Recently, it has been suggested that, along with that of cholesterol, carotenoid absorption is a facilitated process⁽Reference During, Dawson and Harrison¹⁾. The objective of the present study was to examine interactions that occur between β-carotene (BC) and lutein (LUT) during absorption and to examine the effect of ezetimibe (EZ) on carotenoid transport using the Caco-2 intestinal model system. EZ is a potent inhibitor of cholesterol absorption and is thought to interfere with the Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) transport protein on the apical membrane of enterocytes⁽Reference Garcia-Calvo, Lisnock and Bull²⁾. Caco-2 cells were adjusted to a density of 5×10⁴ cells/cm² on trans-well plates (0.4 μm pore size membrane) and grown for 21–25 d until an intact differentiated monolayer was obtained. Carotenoid concentrations were determined spectrophotometrically and delivered to cell monolayers in a Tween 40 micelle as previously described⁽Reference O'Sullivan, Ryan and O'Brien³⁾. Total transport (carotenoids recovered from cells and basolateral media) was examined for 1 μm-BC alone (control), a carotenoid mix (1 μm-BC and 0.25 μm-LUT) and 1 μm-BC with increasing concentrations of EZ. Media were supplemented with chylomicron-stimulating compounds and incubated for 16 h. BC was extracted from cell and basolateral media samples and was quantified by HPLC as previously described⁽Reference O'Sullivan, Ryan and O'Brien³⁾.

Fig. 1.

Percentage BC transport in Caco-2 cells treated with BC, carotenoid mix or BC with increasing concentrations of EZ. Values are means with their standard errors represented by vertical bars. Values were significantly different from those for the control (Dunnet's test): *P<0.05, **P<0.01.

BC transport from the mixed sample was significantly lower when compared with the control sample containing ΒC alone. These data clearly illustrate that ΒC and LUT interact during absorption in intestinal cells. This finding is in line with the results of a human study that has reported that LUT negatively affects BC absorption⁽Reference van den Berg and van Vliet⁴⁾. EZ at all concentrations significantly impaired BC transport. These data imply the possible involvement of a transporter protein such as NPC1L1 in BC transport. Data also suggest that BC and LUT may share a common transporter. The study adds to the growing body of evidence that absorption of carotenoids is a facilitated process and that carotenoids interact at the cellular level for absorption.