Hostname: page-component-76d6cb85b7-rxvq6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-07-10T04:36:00.776Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Severe underreporting of energy intake in normal weight subjects: use of an appropriate standard and relation to restrained eating

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 December 2006

I Asbeck ,
M Mast ,
A Bierwag ,
J Westenhöfer ,
KJ Acheson  and
MJ Müller
I Asbeck
Affiliation:
Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde der Universität Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 17-19, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
M Mast
Affiliation:
Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde der Universität Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 17-19, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
A Bierwag
Affiliation:
Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde der Universität Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 17-19, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
J Westenhöfer
Affiliation:
Fachhochschule Hamburg, Lohbrügger Kirchstrasse 65, D-21033 Hamburg, Germany
KJ Acheson
Affiliation:
Nestlé Research Center, PO Box 44, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
MJ Müller*
Affiliation:
Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde der Universität Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 17-19, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
*
*Corresponding author: Email mmueller@nutrfoodsc.uni-kiel.de
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the 'Save PDF' action button.
Objective:

To assess the influence of different standards and restrained eating on underreporting in healthy, non-obese, weight-stable young subjects.

Design and subjects:

Eighty-three young adults (20–38 years, 55 women, 28 men) were assessed under weight-stable conditions with a 7-day dietary record and the three-factor eating questionnaire by Stunkard and Messick. Resting energy expenditure (REE; indirect calorimetry) plus data derived from physical activity records (PA) (Standard 1) or REE times an activity factor (AF) (Standard 2) was used as standard for total energy expenditure (TEE). For comparison, doubly labelled water (DLW) was used to measure TEE in a subgroup of subjects.

Results:

There was an association between self-reported energy intake and Standard 2 (r = 0.72) but not with Standard 1. When compared with DLW both calculated standards were inaccurate, but Standard 2 avoided high levels of overreporting. Using Standard 2 to identify ‘severe’ underreporting (SU; as defined by a deviation of energy intake (EI) and TEE of >20%), SU was seen in 37% of all subjects. It was more frequently found in women than in men (49% of women, 14.3% of men, P < 0.05). Underreporting subjects had a reduced EI (P < 0.01) but there were no significant differences in nutritional status (body weight and height, body mass index, fat mass and fat-free mass), energy expenditure and the proportion of energy from macronutrients between normal and underreporting subjects. However, high restraint was associated with a higher degree of underreporting in the total group, whereas disinhibition had an influence only in men.

Conclusions:

A high prevalence of SU is seen in non-obese subjects. Characteristics of eating behaviour (restraint and disinhibition) were associated with underreporting but seemed to have a different influence in men and women.

Keywords

Macronutrient intakeDietary intakeEnergy intakeEnergy expenditureUnderreportingOverreportingRestraint eatingDisinhibition

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
Public Health Nutrition , Volume 5 , Issue 5 , December 2002 , pp. 683 - 690
Copyright
Copyright © CABI Publishing 2002

References

1Körtzinger, I, Bierwag, A, Mast, M, Müller, MJ. Dietary underreporting: validity of dietary measurements of energy intake using a 7-day dietary record and a diet history in non-obese subjects. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 1997; 41: 37–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2Heitmann, BL. The influence of fatness, weight change, slimming history and other lifestyle variables on diet reporting in Danish men and women aged 35–65 years. Int. J. Obes. 1993; 17: 329–36.Google ScholarPubMed
3Lichtman, SW, Pisarska, K, Berman, ER, Pestone, M, Dowling, H, Offenbacher, E, Weisel, H, Heshka, S, Matthews, DE, Heymsfield, SB. Discrepancy between self-reported and actual caloric intake and exercise in obese subjects. N.Engl. J. Med. 1992; 327: 1893–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4Livingstone, BE, Prentice, AM, Coward, WA, Ceesay, SM, Strain, JJ, McKenna, PG, Nevin, GB, Barker, ME, Hicker, RJ. Simultaneous measurement of free-living energy expenditure by doubly labelled water method and heart-rate monitoring. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1990; 52: 59–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5Hulten, B, Bengtsson, C, Isaksson, B. Some errors inherent in a longitudinal dietary survey revealed by the urine nitrogen test. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 1990; 44: 169–74.Google Scholar
6Prentice, AM, Black, AE, Coward, WA, Davies, HL, Goldberg, GR, Murgatroyd, PR, Ashford, J, Sawyer, M, Whitehead, RG. High levels of energy expenditure in obese women. Br. Med. J. 1986; 292: 983–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7Schoeller, DA. How accurate is self-reported dietary intake? Nutr. Rev. 1990; 48: 373–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8Singh, J, Prentice, AM, Diaz, E, Coward, WA, Ashford, J, Sawyer, M, Whitehead, RG. Energy expenditure of Gambian women during peak agricultural activity measured by the doubly-labelled water method. Br. J. Nutr. 1989; 62: 315–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9Mertz, W, Tsui, JC, Judd, JT, Reiser, S, Hallfrisch, J, Morris, ER, Steele, PD, Lashley, E. What are people really eating? The relation between energy intake derived from estimated diet records and intake determined to maintain body weight. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1991; 54: 291–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10Westerterp, KR, Saris, WHM, van Es, M, ten Hoor, F. Use of doubly labeled water technique in humans during heavy sustained exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 1986; 61: 2162–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11Haggarty, P, McGaw, BA, Maughan, RJ, Fenn, C. Energy expenditure of elite female athletes measured by the doubly-labelled water method. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 1988; 47: 35A.Google Scholar
12Poppitt, SD, Swann, D, Black, AE, Prentice, AM. Assessment of selective under-reporting of food intake by both obese and non-obese women in a metabolic facility. Int. J. Obes. 1998; 22: 303–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13Riumallo, JA, Schoeller, DA, Barrera, G, Gattas, V, Uauy, R. Energy expenditure in underweight free-living adults: impact of energy supplementation as determined by doubly-labeled water and indirect calorimetry. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1989; 49: 239–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14Bandini, LG, Schoeller, DA, Dietz, WH. Energy expenditure in obese and nonobese adolescents. Pediatr. Res. 1990; 27: 198–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15Prentice, AM, Coward, WA, Davies, HL, Murgatroyd, PR, Black, AE, Goldberg, GR, Ashford, J, Sawyer, M, Whitehead, RG. Unexpectedly low levels of energy expenditure in healthy women. Lancet 1985; 22: 1419–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16Livingstone, MBE, Prentice, AM, Strain, JJ, Coward, WA, Black, AE, Barker, ME, McKenna, PG, Whitehead, RG. Accuracy of weighed dietary records in studies of diet and health. Br. Med. J. 1990; 300: 708–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17de Castro, JM. The relationship of cognitive restraint to the spontaneous food and fluid intake of free-living humans. Physiol. Behav. 1985; 57: 287–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18Bingham, SA, Cassidy, A, Cole, TJ, Welch, A, Runswick, SA, Black, AE, Thurnham, D, Bates, C, Khaw, KT, Key, T, Day, NE. Validation of weighed records and other methods of dietary assessment using the 24h urine nitrogen technique and other biological markers. Br. J. Nutr. 1995; 73: 531–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19Black, AE, Jebb, SA, Bingham, SA, Runswick, SA, Poppitt, SD. The validation of energy and protein intakes by doubly labelled water and 24-h urinary nitrogen excretion in post-obese subjects. J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 1995; 8: 51–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20Price, GM, Paul, AA, Cole, TJ, Wadsworth, MEJ. Characteristics of the low energy reporters in a longitudinal national dietary survey. Br. J. Nutr. 1997; 77: 833–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21Cameron, ME, van Staveren, WA, eds. Manual on Methodology for Food Consumption Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.Google Scholar
22Müller, MJ, vz Mühlen, A, Lautz, HU, Schmidt, FW, Daiber, M, Hürter, P. Energy expenditure in children with type I diabetes: evidence for increased thermogenesis. Br. Med. J. 1989; 299: 487–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23Schofield, EC, Dallosso, HM, James, WPT. Energy cost of physical activity classified in alphabetical order. In: James, WPT, Schofield, EC, eds. Human Energy Requirements. A Manual for Planners and Nutritionists. Oxford: University Press, 1990;133–5.Google Scholar
24FAO/WHO/UNU. Energy and Protein Requirements. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Consultation. WHO Technical Report Series 724. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO), 1985.Google Scholar
25Schoeller, D, Coward, A. Isotope fractionation corrections. In: Prentice, A, ed. The Doubly-Labelled Water Method for Measuring Energy Expenditure. A Consensus Report by the IDECG Working Group, 1990; 90–110.Google Scholar
26Jiang, ZQ, Yan, Q, Su, YX, Acheson, KJ, Thelin, A, Piguet-Welsch, C, Ritz, P, Ho, ZC. Energy expenditure of Chinese infants in Guangdong province, south China, determined with use of doubly labelled water method. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1998; 67: 1256–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27Elia, M. Converting carbon dioxide production to energy expenditure. In: Prentice, A, ed. The Doubly-Labelled Water Method for Measuring Energy Expenditure. A Consensus Report by the IDECG Working Group, 1990;193–211.Google Scholar
28Pudel, V, Westenhöfer, J. Fragebogen zum Eβverhalten: Handanweisung. Göttingen: Hogrefe, 1989.Google Scholar
29Stunkard, AJ, Messick, S. The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger. J. Psychosomatic Res. 1985; 29: 71–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30Murgatroyd, PR, Shetty, PS, Prentice, AM. Techniques for the measurement of human energy expenditure. Int. J. Obes. 1993; 17: 549–68.Google ScholarPubMed