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Criminal Law and Criminological Aspects of Combatting Fraud
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 13 November 2025
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the legislative and criminological aspects of combatting fraud at the international and national levels. For an effective study of the topic, it was vital to use terminological, hermeneutical, comparative and historical methods. The study covered the essence of fraud as a criminal offence, and identified and analysed the most widespread types of fraud. The study identified the key elements of the crime of fraud: deception, intent of the offender, transfer of property as a result of misrepresentation, mercenary motive and establishment of factual damage. The study found that the key feature that classifies fraud as a criminal offence is the existence of an intentional act. As a result of the study, the international regulatory framework was analysed, as well as the legislation of Kazakhstan and Singapore on combatting fraud. Furthermore, the criminal law and criminological aspects of combatting the crime of fraud were studied through the practices of Kazakhstan and Singapore. The study paid special attention to the need to ensure an effective and complete legal framework in the field of fraud prevention and the development of strong international cooperation on this matter. The study also emphasized the significance of raising public awareness of the fraud situation and conducting educational activities to inform the public about the potential risks.
Abstracto
El propósito de este estudio fue examinar los aspectos legislativos y criminológicos de la lucha contra el fraude a nivel internacional y nacional. Para un estudio eficaz del tema, fue fundamental utilizar métodos terminológicos, hermenéuticos, comparativos e históricos. El estudio abordó la esencia del fraude como delito penal e identificó y analizó los tipos de fraude más extendidos. El estudio identificó los elementos clave del delito de fraude: engaño, intención del infractor, transferencia de bienes como resultado de una declaración falsa, motivación mercenaria y determinación de daños fácticos. El estudio concluyó que la característica clave que clasifica el fraude como delito penal es la existencia de un acto intencional. Como resultado del estudio, se analizó el marco regulatorio internacional, así como la legislación de Kazajistán y Singapur en materia de lucha contra el fraude. Además, se estudiaron los aspectos penales y criminológicos de la lucha contra el delito de fraude a través de las prácticas de Kazajistán y Singapur. El estudio prestó especial atención a la necesidad de garantizar un marco jurídico eficaz y completo en materia de prevención del fraude y al desarrollo de una sólida cooperación internacional en este ámbito. Asimismo, destacó la importancia de sensibilizar a la población sobre la situación del fraude y de realizar actividades educativas para informar a la población sobre los riesgos potenciales.
Abstrait
L’objectif de cette étude était d’examiner les aspects législatifs et criminologiques de la lutte contre la fraude aux niveaux international et national. Pour une étude efficace du sujet, il était essentiel d’utiliser des méthodes terminologiques, herméneutiques, comparatives et historiques. L’étude a abordé la nature de la fraude en tant qu’infraction pénale et a identifié et analysé les types de fraude les plus répandus. L’étude a identifié les éléments clés de l’infraction de fraude : tromperie, intention de l’auteur, transfert de propriété résultant d’une fausse déclaration, mobile mercenaire et constatation d’un préjudice matériel. L’étude a révélé que le critère principal pour qualifier la fraude d’infraction pénale est l’existence d’un acte intentionnel. À la suite de cette étude, le cadre réglementaire international a été analysé, ainsi que la législation du Kazakhstan et de Singapour en matière de lutte contre la fraude. En outre, les aspects pénaux et criminologiques de la lutte contre la fraude ont été étudiés à travers les pratiques du Kazakhstan et de Singapour. L’étude a accordé une attention particulière à la nécessité de garantir un cadre juridique efficace et complet en matière de prévention de la fraude et de développer une coopération internationale solide en la matière. Elle a également souligné l’importance de sensibiliser le public à la fraude et de mener des actions éducatives pour l’informer des risques potentiels.
摘要
本研究旨在考察国际和国内层面打击欺诈的立法和犯罪学层面。为了有效地研究该主题，运用术语学、诠释学、比较学和历史学方法至关重要。本研究涵盖了欺诈作为刑事犯罪的本质，并识别和分析了最常见的欺诈类型（具体而言，包括网络钓鱼、信用卡欺诈和证券欺诈。本研究确定了欺诈罪的关键要素：欺骗、犯罪者故意、因虚假陈述而转移财产、唯利是图的动机以及事实损害的确定。本研究发现，将欺诈归类为刑事犯罪的关键特征是存在故意行为。研究结果分析了国际监管框架以及哈萨克斯坦和新加坡关于打击欺诈的立法。此外，本研究还结合哈萨克斯坦和新加坡的实践，研究了打击欺诈罪的刑法和犯罪学层面。该研究特别关注确保在预防欺诈领域建立有效且完善的法律框架，以及在此领域开展强有力的国际合作的必要性。研究还强调了提高公众对欺诈形势的认识以及开展教育活动以告知公众潜在风险的重要性。
ملخص
هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى دراسة الجوانب التشريعية والجنائية لمكافحة الاحتيال على المستويين الدولي والوطني. ولإجراء دراسة فعّالة للموضوع، كان من الضروري استخدام مناهج مصطلحية وتأويلية ومقارنة وتاريخية. غطت الدراسة جوهر الاحتيال كجريمة جنائية، وحددت وحللت أكثر أنواع الاحتيال شيوعًا (وتحديدًا التصيد الاحتيالي، وبطاقات الائتمان، والاحتيال على الأوراق المالية). وحددت الدراسة العناصر الرئيسية لجريمة الاحتيال: الخداع، ونية الجاني، ونقل الملكية نتيجةً للتحريف، والدافع النفعي، وإثبات الضرر الواقعي. وخلصت الدراسة إلى أن السمة الرئيسية التي تُصنّف الاحتيال كجريمة جنائية هي وجود فعل متعمد. ونتيجةً للدراسة، تم تحليل الإطار التنظيمي الدولي، بالإضافة إلى تشريعات كازاخستان وسنغافورة بشأن مكافحة الاحتيال. علاوةً على ذلك، تمت دراسة القانون الجنائي والجوانب الجنائية لمكافحة جريمة الاحتيال من خلال ممارسات كازاخستان وسنغافورة. أولت الدراسة اهتمامًا خاصًا لضرورة ضمان إطار قانوني فعال وشامل في مجال منع الاحتيال، وتطوير تعاون دولي قوي في هذا المجال. كما أكدت على أهمية رفع مستوى الوعي العام بظاهرة الاحتيال، وتنظيم أنشطة تثقيفية لتعريف الجمهور بالمخاطر المحتملة.
Keywords
crimeregulationlucrative motivescombatting illegal activities“fraud triangle”delitoregulaciónánimo de lucrolucha contra las actividades ilegales“triángulo del fraude”criminalitéréglementationmotivations lucrativeslutte contre les activités illégales“triangle de la fraude”犯罪监管利益动机打击非法活动“欺诈三角”الجريمة، التنظيم، الدافع الربحي، مكافحة الأنشطة غير القانونية، “مثلث الاحتيال”
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- © International Society of Criminology, 2025
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