The brain tumors and the other nervous system cancers represent the 10th leading cause of death for both genders ¹ ; and of these tumors, the high-grade glioma (HGG) having very poor prognosis represents a fatal outcome. ^{Reference Mirimanoff2,Reference MacDonald, Aguilera and Kramm3} In the current study, we endeavor to explore the restructuring/remodeling which is induced in the structure of corpus callosum (CC), the evaluation being done by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) methodology. This study has recruited unilateral HGG subjects having normal appearing white matter (WM) of CC, both in the T₁-weighted, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) structural image and in the fractional anisotropy (FA) map of the diffusion image. In this exploratory study, eight glioma patients (age range: 27-34 years) and eight healthy individuals (HIs) age-matched controls (age range: 27-32 years) were scanned for T₁-weighted, FLAIR and DTI acquisitions, using 3 Tesla magnetic resonance scanner (Philips Achieva 3.0 Tesla scanner at National Neuroimaging Facility, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, India). No significant difference in the mean ages was observed between the two groups (p = 0.07, unpaired t test). Table 1 shows the demographic characteristics of the subjects.

Table 1:

Demographic particulars and site-specific details about the glioma site of the subjects

*NA = Not applicable.

For scanning, we use turbo field echo (TFE SENSE) sequence, FLAIR TSE sequence, and single-shot spin echo – echo planar imaging sequence with 32 gradient directions (with a gradient strength of 1000 s/mm²) enabling T₁-weighted, FLAIR and diffusion-weighted acquisitions, respectively. FDT (FMRIB’s Diffusion Analytics platform from FMRIB Software Library [FSL]) was used for the analysis of diffusion-weighted images. ^{Reference Smith, Jenkinson and Woolrich4} Among the eight unilateral HGG subjects, one of the subjects had frontal lesion at the right hemisphere, while the other seven subjects had left hemisphere-specific gliomatic lesions. Of the seven left hemisphere-specific HGG subjects, two subjects had frontotemporal lesion, one had an occipital lesion, one had a temporal lesion, one had shown lesion spread over caudate and putamen, one with parietal lobe-associated lesion, and one with the parietotemporal lesion. Figure 1(i) shows the image analysis pipeline and Figure 1(ii) delineates the methodology that we developed for this study. For statistical analysis, unpaired t test was performed using Graph Pad Prism 7 version.

Figure 1:

Image analysis pipeline and Methodology of the Imaging Analysis procedure. (i) Image analysis pipeline: (a) Preprocessing DTI images, and (b) Post-Processing of Preprocessed DTI images for Diffusivity Indices estimation, Corpus Callosum Volume estimation, and performing Probabilistic tractography. (ii) Methodology of the Imaging Analysis procedure: (a) Diffusion-Weighted Image of the brain showing the tumour; (b) For the glioma lesion, the Tumour Mask (red) is constructed from the FA map; (c) Fiber tractography is formulated and visualized for the Corpus Callosum (blue); (d) Creation of the Corpus Callosum’s region of interest (red) for the waypoint mask (mid-sagittal view). The volume (in ml) derived from this mask is shown as the numerical value.

In the CC (Table 2), we noticed that because of glioma proliferation, a decrease was observed in both the WM fiber count and the callosal volume. ^{Reference Roberts, Liu, Kassner, Mori and Guha5,Reference Pareek, Paul, Rallabandi and Roy6} We found 54.18% decline in the fiber count of CC in glioma subjects, compared to HI controls, the mean values for fiber count being 6.74 million and 10.39 million, respectively, and the level of significance, p value = 2.49 × 10^-7. The resultant effect of fiber loss is further noted as CC volume loss, where we found 51.82% loss of CC volume in glioma subjects compared to HI control, the mean values for CC volume being 10.99 and 16.62 cc, respectively, while the level of significance, p value = 4.88 × 10^-5. The quotient of the two parameters (fiber count and CC volume) gives the fiber density, and we noticed no differences in fiber density (p value > 0.05) between the glioma and normal HI subjects. Thus, the fiber density remains similar and does not alter between healthy and glioma subjects (Table 3).

Table 2.

Corpus callosum (CC) volume and fiber count for healthy individuals and glioma subjects

Table 3:

Statistical differences and p values for fiber density, diffusivity indices, and anisotropic measurements (radial diffusivity, mean diffusivity, and fractional Anisotropy)

(ns = not significant; * indicates p < 0.05).

When the glioma cell infiltrates in CC, there is axonal loss because of the malignant glioma-induced neuronal cell death of which a major cause is a glutamate excitotoxicity. We elucidate that the increased cellular count of the glioma lesion may induce the CC to undergo adaptive compensatory remodeling, ^{Reference Ye and Sontheimer7,Reference Eyüpoglu, Hahnen and Heckel8} whereby the fiber density does not change, even though the CC undergoes dystrophy. Consistent with the aforesaid results, we observed a significant increase (p = 0.03) in the mean diffusivity (MD) value of CC (Table 3 and Figure 2a) which indicates the increase in hydrous diffusion due to the rising aqueous content caused by edema and inflammation in the vicinity of glioma-infiltrative lesion in the CC. ^{Reference Hetherington, Bandak, Ling and Bandak9}

Figure 2:

Comparison of Corpus Callosum parameters in glioma subjects and healthy individuals: Diffusivity indices and Anisotropy measurements: (A) Mean Diffusivity (MD), (B) Radial Diffusivity(RD), and (C) Fractional Anisotropy (FA) (p-value summary, ns: >0.05, *: <0.05).

In our study, we also found that the radial diffusivity (RD) does not differ, i.e., the RD parameters do not show any significant differences (p = 0.06) in the glioma CC compared to the CC of HI. Since no differences were observed in RD indices between healthy subjects and glioma patients, we can elucidate that myelin structure is intact in the CC of glioma individuals (Table 3 and Figure 2(b)). This integrity of the myelin sheath in glioma subjects is further corroborated by the fact that the myelin sheath is essential for glioma infiltration, indeed the infiltrating glioma cells need myelin for attachment and hence for using WM as scaffolds for invasion and penetration. ^{Reference Winklewski, Sabisz, Naumczyk, Jodzio, Szurowska and Szarmach10,Reference Giese, Kluwe, Laube, Meissner, Berens and Westphal11}

With the glioma cell infiltration in the CC, some WM tracts may lyze because of the perforins secreted by the glioma cells. Here the increased proliferating cellular population of glioma cells may induce the CC to undergo remodeling, whereby the callosal fiber density does not change, even though the CC hypotrophies or contracts due to the lessening of the number of WM tracts as a result of the glioma-induced glutamate excitotoxicity. Plausibly, to maintain the callosal transmission efficiency for the physiological functioning of the brain in glioma patients, the optimum architectural density of the WM fibers remains unchanged to adapt to the invasive glioma condition. This adaptation is enabled by the isotonic restructuration of the CC, and the restructuration being the compensatory behavior of the CC for maintaining its optimal functional efficiency in spite of malignant glioma cell infiltration.

Collateral investigations, using MRI and histological/cytological autopsy studies, indicate that in the CC (whether in a healthy condition or with neuroinflammatory disease) one observes that the FA characterizes the WM fiber density, instead of myelination deficit or axonal damage. That is, in the CC, higher the WM density, more the FA. ^{Reference Wahl, Lauterbach-Soon and Hattingen12,Reference Hofer and Frahm13} The above observation is also corroborated in glioblastoma; for instance, the fiber density index strongly correlates with the values of FA in the normal-appearing WM and in the perilesional WM. ^{Reference Roberts, Liu, Kassner, Mori and Guha14} In our glioma case, we have detected that the callosal fiber density does not change when compared to the HIs. Hence, we can infer from the earlier statements that callosal FA in glioma subjects should not differ from HIs. This prediction is indeed well corroborated by our study showing no differences in the FA evaluations (p = 0.43) (Table 3 and Figure 2(c)).

Furthermore, an important aspect is the quantitative significance and implication of the decrease in callosal fiber count in glioma. The fiber count in the CC decreases on an average from 10.39 million (normal controls) to 6.74 million (in glioma) (Table 2), indicating a 35% decrease in the tract number. One knows histopathologically that glioma cells gradually destroy and replace neuronal cells. ^{Reference Scherer15} It is known that the percentage decrease in DTI fiber count directly and linearly correlates with the intensity of malignant aggressivity of a glioma tumor (r = 0.83), the tumor aggressivity being estimated by the Mindbomb E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (MIB-1) index of a tumor. ^{Reference Campanella, Ius, Skrap and Fadiga16} The MIB-1 staining technique is an antibody-based assay that acts on the glioma cell’s Ki-67 antigen, which is expressed in mitotic and nonresting phases of the cell and is an indicator of cell division and proliferation intensity. Hence, regarding the glioma patients, we can posit that the amount of decrease in fiber count (with respect to the average fiber count of HIs) may be taken as an indicator of the aggressivity and prognosis of glioma.

In conclusion, our MRI-DTI-based investigation of glioma patients furnishes an unique insight on the nature of isotonic restructuration of CC in gliomatic invasion, leading to loss in fiber count numbers but maintaining the fiber density of CC in glioma subjects (so as to be at the same level as fiber density of normal subjects). Further, we elucidate that the FA may be taken to be a potential imaging biomarker representing the fiber density for glioma patients. The increase in MD in glioma CC reflects the effect of inflammation, which is associated with edema induced by extracellular matrix degrading metalloproteinases ^{Reference Ham, Jeon and Jin17,Reference Nakada, Okada and Yamashita18} which is enhanced by the mutation of tumor suppressor protein (related to p53 gene).

Additionally, we have observed that in CC, the RD does not significantly change between glioma subjects and normal controls. From conjoint MRI and histology studies of CC of preclinical investigations,^{10,Reference Song, Yoshino and Le19} it is well-known that alteration of RD well correlates with the level of myelin damage. These studies indicate that if RD does not change, then myelin damage may not have occurred. Hence, our observation that RD does not alter in glioma implies that myelin damage in CC may not be significant in glioma (even though there is edema, as mentioned before).

One of the limitations of our investigation is the constrained sample size of HGG subjects. In the future studies, it may be worthwhile to enhance the sample size and recruit the glioma subjects comprising significant numbers for each subset based on the lesion site (e.g., gliomas in the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, etc.). The microscopic examinations of the CC is needed to be performed postoperatively in future investigations, for validating and further extending the observations made in the current study.