Hostname: page-component-89b8bd64d-nlwjb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-05-07T16:56:14.085Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Export-Import Theory and the Racialization of Anti-Semitism: Turkish- and Arab-Only Prevention Programs in Germany

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2016

Esra Özyürek
Esra Özyürek*
Affiliation:
European Institute, London School of Economics
*
E.G.Ozyurek@lse.ac.uk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Since the year 2000, remembering the Holocaust and fighting anti-Semitism have come to be accepted as cornerstones of European identity. The flip side of this development has been racialization of Muslims by singling them out as the main contemporary anti-Semites. After discussing the emergence of the concept “Muslim anti-Semitism,” I scrutinize government-issued reports and anti-Semitism-prevention programs in Germany. I show how the recent wave of struggle against anti-Semitism depicts Muslims as outsiders who bring unwanted ideologies, evaluates their anti-Semitism as more dangerous than that of right-wing German nationals, and attributes to Muslims culturally transmitted psychopathologies that make Muslim nations prone to anti-Semitism. Experts locate the root of Turkish anti-Semitism in their “myth of tolerance toward Jews,” and of Arab anti-Semitism in their sense of a “false victimhood” and “desire for power and pride.” Educators focus on each nationality separately to distinguish these alleged group-specific myths and feelings. Efforts and money that go into producing nation-specific Muslim anti-Semitisms depict a new Germany that has fully liberated itself from any anti-democratic tendencies surviving from its Nazi past. It also obscures connections between anti-Semitism and anti-Muslim racism, both of which are active forces in mainstream German society.

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
Comparative Studies in Society and History , Volume 58 , Issue 1 , January 2016 , pp. 40 - 65
Copyright
Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

REFERENCES

Amira—Anti-Semitismus im Kontext von Migration und Rassismus. 2009. Anti-Semitismus in der Türkei: Hintergrunde-Informationen-Materialien. Berlin. At: http://amira-berlin.de/Material/Publikationen/65.html (accessed 24 Sept. 2015).Google Scholar
Anti-Defamation League. 2004. Contemporary Manifestations of Anti-Semitism in the OSCE Region. Excerpts from an address by the Anti-Defamation League to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe's Conference on Anti-Semitism, 29 Apr. 2004, Berlin. At: http://archive.adl.org/durban/durban_ngo.html (accessed 24 Sept. 2015).Google Scholar
Anti-Defamation League. 2014. The ADL Global 100: An Index of Anti-Semitism. At: http://global100.adl.org/ (accessed 24 Sept. 2015).Google Scholar
Assmann, Aleida. 2007. Europe: A Community of Memory? German Historical Institute Bulletin 40: 11–25.Google Scholar
Baer, Marc. 2013a. An Enemy Old and New: The Donme, Anti-Semitism, and Conspiracy Theories in the Ottoman Empire and Turkish Republic. Jewish Quarterly Review 103, 4 (2013): 523–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baer, Marc. 2013b. Turk and Jew in Berlin: The First Turkish Migration to Germany and the Holocaust. Comparative Studies in Society and History 55, 2 (2013): 330–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bali, Rɩfat. 1999. Cumhuriyet Yɩllarɩnda Türkiye Yahudileri: Bir Türkleştirme Seruveni (1923–1945). Istanbul: İletişim.Google Scholar
Barkey, Karen. 2008. Empire of Difference: Ottomans in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benz, Wofgang. 2012. Hetzer mit Parallelen. Suddeutsche Zeitung, 12 Mar. At: http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/anti-Semiten-und-islamfeinde-hetzer-mit-parallelen-1.59486 (accessed 24 Sept. 2015).Google Scholar
Declaration, Berlin. 2004. Bulgarian Chairmanship, the Chairman-in-Office. At: www.osce.org/cio/31432?download=true (accessed 24 Sept. 2015).Google Scholar
Bodemann, Michal and Yurdakul, Gökçe. 2006. “We don't want to be the Jews of tomorrow”: Jews and Turks in Germany after 9/11. German Politics and Society 24, 2: 44–67.Google Scholar
Brink-Danan, Marcy. 2012. Jewish Life in Twenty-First Century Turkey: The other Side of Tolerance. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Broder, Von Henryk M. 2010. Islamkritik ist nicht vergleichbar mit Judenhass. Die Welt, 12 Jan. At: http://www.welt.de/debatte/henryk-m-broder/article5823155/Islamkritik-ist-nicht-vergleichbar-mit-Judenhass.html (accessed 24 Sept. 2015).Google Scholar
Bundesamtes für Migration und Flüchtlinge. 2012. Migrationsberichtdes Bundesamtes für Migration und Flüchtlinge im Auftrag der Bundesregierung. At: http://www.bamf.de/SharedDocs/Anlagen/DE/Publikationen/Migrationsberichte/migrationsbericht-2012.pdf?_blob=publicationFile (accessed 24 Sept. 2015).Google Scholar
Bundesprogramm. 2007. Vielfalt Tut Gut. At: http://www.toleranz-foerdern-kompetenz-staerken.de/das-bundesprogramm/vorgaengerprogramme/vielfalt-tut-gut/ (accessed 24 Oct. 2015).Google Scholar
Bunzl, Matti. 2005. Between Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia: Some Thoughts on the New Europe. American Ethnologist 32, 4: 499–508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Mark. 2008. Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dantschke, Claudia. 2009. Feinbild Juden—zur Funktionalitat der anti-Semitischen Gemeinschaftsideologie in muslimisch gepragten Milieus. In Dantschke, Claudia, ed., “Die Juden sind Schuld” Anti-Semitismus in der Einwanderungsgesellschaft am Beispiel muslimisch sozialisierter Milieus. Beispiele, Erfahrungen, und Handlungsoptionen aus der pädagogischen und kommunalen Arbeit. Berlin: Amadeu Antonio Stiftung, 10–14.Google Scholar
Dantschke, Claudia. 2010. Feinbild Juden: Zur Funktionalität der anti-Semitischen Gemeinschaftsideologie in muslimisch geprägten Milieus. In Stender, Wolfram, Follert, Guido, and Ozdogan, Mihri, eds., Konstellationen des Anti-Semitismus: Anti-Semitismus Forschung und sozialpädagogische Praxis. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 139–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
von dpa, . 2012. Umfrage: Jeder Funfte unter 30 Kennt Auschwitz nicht. Zeit Online, 25 Jan. At: http://www.zeit.de/gesellschaft/2012-01/umfrage-auschwitz (accessed 12 Oct. 2015).Google Scholar
El-Tayeb, Fatima. 2008. The Birth of a European Public: Migration, Postnationality, and Race in the Uniting of Europe. American Quarterly 60, 3: 649–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ewing, Katherine. 2008. Stolen Honor: Stigmatizing Muslim Men in Berlin. Stanford: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Germany, Bundesministerium des Innern. 2011. Anti-Semitismus in Deutschland: Ercheininungsformen, Bedingungen, Präventionsätze. Bericht des unabhängigen Expertenkreises Anti-Semitismus. Berlin: Bundesministerium des Innern.Google Scholar
Goldberg, Theo. 2006. Racial Europeanization. Ethnic and Racial Studies 29, 2: 331–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greuel, Frank. 2012. Pädagogische Prävention von Ethnozentrismus und Anti-Semitismus bei Jugendlichen mit Migrationshintergrund. In Greuel, Frank and Glaser, Michaela, eds., Ethnozentrismus und Anti-Semitismus bei Jugendlichen mit Migrationshintergrund. Erscheinungsformen und padagogische Praxis in der Einwanderungsgesellschaft. Halle: Deutsches Jugendinstitute, Deutsches Jugendinstitut, 90–143.Google Scholar
Guttstadt, Corry. 2013. Turkey, the Jews, and the Holocaust. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Heni, Clemens. 2010. Ein Nazi und sein Schuler: Karl Bosl und Wolfgang Benz. Die Achse des Guten, 15 Jan. At: http://www.achgut.com/dadgdx/index.php/dadgd/article/ein_nazi_und_sein_schueler_karl_bosl_und_wolfgang_benz/ (accessed 24 Sept. 2015).Google Scholar
Holz, Klaus and Kiefer, Michael. 2010. Islamistischer Anti-Semitismus Phänomen und Forschungsstand. In Stender, Wolfram, Follert, Guido, and Özdoğan, Mihri, eds., Konstellationen des Anti-Semitismus: Anti-Semitismusforschung und sozialpädagogische Praxis. Wiesbaden: Vs. Verlag für Sozialwissenschaft, 109–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Israili, Raphael. 2009. Muslim Anti-Semitism in Christian Europe: Elemental and Residual Anti-Semitism. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar
Jikeli, Gunther. 2007. Introduction. In Jikeli, Günther, Stoller, Robin, and Thoma, Hanne, eds., Proceedings: Strategies and Effective Practices for Fighting Anti-Semitism among People with a Muslim or Arab Background in Europe. Berlin: International Institute for Education and Research on Anti-Semitism, 1–10.Google Scholar
Klose, Bianca and Verein für Demokratische Kultur in Berlin, eds. 2008. “Du Opfer!”—“Du Jude!” Anti-Semitismus und Jugendarbeit in Kreuzberg: Dokumentation der amira-Tagung am 16.09.2008 im Stadtteilzentrum Alte Feuerwache, Berlin-Kreuzberg. Berlin: Zentral- und Landesbibliothek Berlin ZLB. Senatsbibliothek, 16 Sept. At: www.amira-berlin.de/Material/Dokumentation/54.html (accessed 21 Sept. 2015).Google Scholar
Klug, Brian. 2004. The Myth of the New Anti-Semitism. The Nation, 2 Feb. At: http://www.thenation.com/article/myth-new-anti-semitism/ (accessed 21 Sept. 2015).Google Scholar
Krauth, Stefan. 2008. Antiislamosemitophobismus. Jungle World, 18 Dec. At: http://jungle-world.com/artikel/2008/51/32312.html (accessed 24 Sept. 2015).Google Scholar
Kreuzberger Initiative gegen Anti-Semitismus [KIgA]. 2006. Pädagogische Konzepte gegen Anti-Semitismus in der Einwanderungsgesselchaft. Berlin: KIgA.Google Scholar
Kreuzberger Initiative gegen Anti-Semitismus [KIgA]. 2013. Widerspruchstoleranz—Ein Theorie-Praxis-Handbuch zu Anti-Semitismuskritik und Bildungsarbeit (Sept.). Berlin: KIgA. At: www.kiga-berlin.org/uploads/KIgA_Widerspruchstoleranz_2013.pdf (accessed 21 Sept. 2015).Google Scholar
Künzel, Matthias. 2007. Jihad and Jew Hatred: Islamism, Nazism, and the Roots of 9/11. Candor, N.Y.: Telos Press Publishing.Google Scholar
Mandel, Ruth. 2008. Cosmopolitan Anxieties: Turkish Challenges to Citizenship and Belonging in Germany. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Maran, Rita. 2002. A Report from the UN World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia, and Related Intolerance, Durban, South Africa. Social Injustice 29, 1/2: 177–85.Google Scholar
Margalit, Gilad. 2009. On Being Other in Post-Holocaust Germany: German Turkish Intellectuals and the German Past. In Brunner, Jose and Lavi, Shai, eds., Juden und Muslime in Deutschland: Recht, Religion, Identitat. Tel Aviv: Wallstein Verlag.Google Scholar
Margalit, Gilad. 2010. Guilt, Suffering and Memory: Germany Remembers Its Dead of World War II. Haim Watzman, trans. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Markovits, Andrei S. 2006. A New (or Perhaps Revived) “Uninhibitedness” toward Jews in Germany. Jewish Political Studies Review 18: 1–2.Google Scholar
Mohr, Reinhard. 2010. Debatte uber Islamophobie: Peinliche Aufklärungsunterricht. Spiegelonline. At: http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/debatte-ueber-islamophobie-peinlicher-aufklaerungsunterricht-a-672117.html (accessed 24 Sept. 2015).Google Scholar
Müller, Jochen. 2007. Islamism, Pan-Arabism, and Anti-Semitism. In Jikeli, Günther, Stoller, Robin, and Thoma, Hanne, eds., Proceedings: Strategies and Effective Practices for Fighting Anti-Semitism among People with a Muslim or Arab Background in Europe. Berlin: International Institute for Education and Research on Anti-Semitism, 35–37.Google Scholar
Müller, Jochen. 2009. Islamophobie und Anti-Semitismus—Kritische Annerkenungen zu einem fragwurdigen Vergleich. In Dantschke, Claudia, ed., “Die Juden sind Schuld”: Anti-Semitismus in der Einwanderungsgesellschaft am Beispiel muslimisch sozialisierter Milieus. Beispiele, Erfahrungen, und Handlungsoptionen aus der pädagogischen und kommunalen Arbeit. Berlin: Amadeu Antonio Stiftung, 24–29.Google Scholar
Partridge, Damani. 2010. Holocaust Mahnmal (Memorial): Monumental Memory amidst Contemporary Race. Comparative Studies in Society and History 52, 4: 820–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peck, Jeffrey M. 2006. Being Jewish in the New Germany. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Puar, Jasbir. 2008. Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Rensmann, Lars and Schoeps, Julius H.. 2011. Politics and Resentment: Examining Anti-Semitism and Counter Cosmopolitanism in the European Union and Beyond. In Rensmann, Lars and Schoeps, Julius H., eds., Politics and Resentment: Counter-Cosmopolitanism and Anti-Semitism in the European Union. Leiden: Brill, 3–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothberg, Michael and Yildiz, Yasemin. 2011. Memory Citizenship: Migrant Archives of Holocaust Remembrance in Contemporary Germany. Parallax 17, 4: 32–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Şen, Faruk. 2008. Die Türken sind die neuen Juden. Frankfurter Allgemeine, 21 Oct. At: http://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/ausland/faruk-sen-die-tuerken-sind-die-neuen-juden-1545658.html (accessed 20 Oct. 2015).Google Scholar
Silverstein, Paul. 2008. The Context of Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia in France. Patterns of Prejudice 42, 1: 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taguieff, Pierre-André. 2004. Rising from the Muck: The New-Anti-Semitism in Europe. Camiller, Patrick, trans. from French. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee.Google Scholar
Tietze, Nikola. 2006. Gemeinschaftsnarrationen in der Einwanderungsgesellschaft: Eine Fallstudie uber Palastinenser in Berlin. In Fehler, Bernd, Fritz Bauer Institute, and Jugenbegegnungsstӓtte Anne Frank, eds., Neue Judenfeindschaft? Perspektiven fur den padagogischen Umgang mit dem globalisierten Anti-Semitismus: Jahrbuch zur Geschichte und Wirking des Holocaust. Frankfurt a.M: Campus, 80–102.Google Scholar
Whine, Michael. 2004. International Organizations Combating Anti-Semitism in Europe. Jewish Political Studies Review 16: 3–4.Google Scholar
Yurdakul, Gökçe and Bodemann, Michal. 2010. Staatsbürgerschaft, Migration und Minderheiten: Inklusion und Ausgrenzungstrategien im Vergleich. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag Sozialwissenschaften.CrossRefGoogle Scholar