Pedicularis humilis Bonati, a perennial herb species of the family Orobanchaceae, is endemic to the Hengduan Mountains in south-west China. It was categorized as Extinct on the China Species Red List in 2013. This species had only been collected once, in 1913, by George Forrest and was described by Gustave Henri Bonati in 1921 (G.H. Bonati, 1921, Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 13, 106–107). According to the single type collection (George Forrest 11969) stored at the herbaria of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (E, holotype) and the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (PE, isotype), this species is only known from the Shweli–Salween divide, in the southern Hengduan Mountains, an area of c. 400,000 ha in western Yunnan. Neither the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau Expedition of 1982 nor the Gaoligongshan Biodiversity Survey of 1998–2007, which surveyed close to the type location and adjacent areas, located additional specimens.

With the joint support of the Chinese Union of Botanical Gardens (Grant No. KFJ-1W-NO1-12), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31370243, 31570212), the Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan (Grant No. 2014FB169) and the Talent Project of Yunnan (Grant No. 2015HB092), the Kunming Botanical Garden surveyed for any remnant P. humilis in the southern Hengduan Mountain range during July–August in 2015. Fortunately, c. 300 individuals in flower were discovered in three separate sites in alpine meadows at an altitude of 3,200 m. The total area of occupancy of the species is c. 100 m². This suggests that it should be categorized as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List on the basis of criterion B2ab(i,ii,iii,v). Also, because of its very limited distribution, small population size and habitat degradation, it should be included in the list of PSESP (Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations) in China (Ma et al., 2013, Biodiversity and Conservation, 22, 803–809). Our survey and information obtained from interviews with local people indicated that the main threats to this species are its small population size, the high frequency of destruction by people, and road construction (and hence habitat loss). Urgent and effective measures need to be taken to protect this species.

The Kunming Botanical Garden is now carrying out further studies on the genetic diversity of P. humilis and its genetic relationships to other Pedicularis species of the eastern Himalayas, to obtain a better understanding of microevolution in this species. With the collaboration of the staff of nature reserves we are also planning to collect seeds of P. humilis for propagation and future restoration of the species in the wild. The southern Hengduan Mountains are currently managed as a nature reserve by the local government. However, the alpine meadows in this region merit additional attention because this is the only known natural habitat of the remnant P. humilis.