ANO3 encodes anoctamin 3, a Ca²⁺-gated chloride channel highly expressed in the striatum. ^{Reference Charlesworth, Plagnol and Holmstrom1} Although controversial ANO3 variants have been considered a possible rare cause of primary craniocervical dystonia (DYT-ANO3 or DYT24). The phenotype for this specific mutation ranges from isolated craniocervical dystonia to laryngeal involvement, tremor, and myoclonus. We describe the clinical and electrophysiological features of a patient with ANO3 mutation manifesting generalized dystonia, tremor, and myoclonus as well as his response to globus pallidus pars interna (GPi) deep brain stimulation (DBS). A 46-year-old right-handed man presented to our clinic for evaluation of abnormal neck posture. His initial symptoms started at the age of 7 years when his family noticed "bilateral inverted feet." This symptom remained stable until the age of 15 years, when he developed abnormal neck posture associated with postural and kinetic tremors of the upper limbs, progressively worsening over the years prior to his presentation to us. There was no diurnal fluctuation or response to alcohol. Levodopa up to 300 milligrams daily (mg/d) provided minimal subjective gait improvement.

He had no other important comorbidities or surgeries, as well as no alcohol, drug, or smoking history. His family history was remarkable for a brother with childhood-onset mild transient symptoms of “inverted foot” that resolved spontaneously at the age of 5 years. Maternal grandfather had Parkinson’s disease.

On examination, the patient had craniocervical dystonia and multidirectional head movements, laryngeal tremor, jerky kinetic tremor of both hands, and bilateral foot dystonia, not improved when walking backward or running (Video).

Neurophysiological studies demonstrated an intermittent postural/action tremor with a mean frequency of 3.5 Hz, and myoclonus (possibly of cortical origin) in the lower limbs (Fig. 1a). A magnetic resonance imaging brain revealed white matter hyperintensities involving the superior cerebellar peduncles (Fig. 1c). Genetic dystonia panel was remarkable for a heterozygous variant in the ANO3 gene, c.887A > G (Tyr296Cys) (not previously reported in GnomAD. In silico parameters: PolyPhen – probably damaging; Align_gVGD – CO; SIFT – deleterious; MutationTaster – disease causing; Conservation - nt moderate, aa moderate; Conclusion: uncertain significance) and a heterozygous pathogenic variant in the Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) gene, c.1375C > T p.(Gln459). Other family members did not undergo genetic testing.

Figure 1:

Multichannel surface electromyography (EMG) and accelerometer recording. ( a ) Spontaneous brief contractions, suggestive of myoclonus recorded while performing knee flexion/extension movements with the foot dorsiflexed. ( b ) Postural tremor recorded from the right arm with arms in the wing position. There were rhythmic, alternating EMG bursts with mean frequency of 3.5 Hz involving mainly the biceps and triceps muscles. ( c ) Brain MRI demonstrating high signal abnormalities in the superior cerebellar peduncles and dorsal pons.

Considering his TH mutation and atypical symptoms, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurotransmitters were examined and revealed a slightly reduced homovanillic acid (HVA) (135 nmol/L, reference: 145–324), normal 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (70 nmol/L, reference: 67–140), and normal 3-O-methyldopa (27 nmol/L, reference < 100). He was subsequently retried on levodopa 600 mg/d with no benefit. At the age of 48 years, he underwent bilateral GPi DBS, with a moderate objective and subjective improvement of dystonia, especially of his head, neck, and upper limbs (Video).

ANO3 variants are a recently recognized cause of primary dystonia, largely manifesting a spectrum of movements combining craniocervical dystonia with laryngeal involvement and limb tremor. ^{Reference Olschewski, Jesus and Kim2,Reference Li, Wang, Yang, Ma and Wan3} Interestingly, superimposed myoclonus, as demonstrated in our patient, has also been described. ^{Reference Stamelou, Charlesworth and Cordivari4} Most patients develop symptoms during adulthood, however, young-onset has been reported. ^{Reference Li, Wang, Yang, Ma and Wan3} Our patient presented with bilateral foot dystonia as a child with the later development of craniocervical dystonia, tremor, and myoclonus. To our knowledge, this caudo-rostral progression has not been previously documented with ANO3 mutations. The phenotypic variability, including varying ages of onset, in this and other genetic dystonias remains largely unexplained. The relationship between ANO3 variants and dystonia has been a longstanding question in the literature, especially due to the rare occurrence of mutations in this gene and the lack of definitive functional studies. Nevertheless, the most recent MDS Task Force paper on nomenclatuure of genetic movement disorders has accepted ANO3 as a confirmed cause of dystonia (OMIM 615034). ^{Reference Lange, Gonzalez-Latapi and Rajalingam5} Our report suggests a potential association with this variant, with a phenotype largely compatible with previously reported cases.

Biallelic mutations in TH, encoding for tyrosine hydroxylase, represent a rare cause of dopa-responsive dystonia. ^{Reference Wijemanne and Jankovic6} Affected individuals typically have an early age of onset. The presence of lower limb dystonia with gradual progression to generalized dystonia is a commonly reported clinical presentation. There is often diurnal fluctuation and a remarkable response to levodopa. Additional findings such as low CSF HVA levels can support the diagnosis. Interestingly, white matter hyperintensities involving the superior cerebellar peduncles, among other areas, were described in a severely affected biallelic tyrosine hydroxylase mutation carrier, but to our knowledge, these have not been seen in association with ANO3 mutations. Although a severe phenotype is typical of biallelic mutations and heterozygous mutations are generally thought to be asymptomatic, our group has recently reported a patient with an extremely mild phenotype of levodopa-responsive lower extremity dystonia associated with a heterozygous TH mutation. ^{Reference Bally, Breen and Schaake7}

Treatment of DYT-ANO3 remains symptomatic with oral medications and botulinum toxin injections when appropriate. Globus pallidus pars interna deep brain stimulation has been described in at least five other cases, with partial benefit (including gait), although in one, status dystonicus was not improved. ^{Reference Tisch and Kumar8} Our patient has undergone a GPi DBS with a considerable improvement of the upper body symptoms. However, dystonia in his feet took longer to improve, in keeping with the notion that phasic dystonic movements of the upper body tend to respond earlier and better to GPi DBS.

This report further highlights an unusual case of craniocervical dystonia combined with tremor and myoclonus, with a potential association with a poorly recognized ANO3 variant. Perhaps, as more cases are described, childhood-onset generalized dystonia will be recognized as part of the spectrum of this disorder. We also add to the limited literature on the response of DYT-ANO3 to GPi DBS.