Background
Crisis resolution and home treatment (CRHT) teams have been recommended in mental health for many years,Reference Johnson1 with intensive 24 h home treatment being seen as an alternative to hospital admission. A randomised control trial reported by Johnson et al Reference Johnson1 showed a reduction in the number of hospital admissions as well as a decrease in the cost to the serviceReference McCrone, Johnson, Nolan, Pilling, Sandor and Hoult2 with CRHT. There have been positive experiences for patients or consumers of CRHT,Reference Barker, Taylor, Kader, Stewart and Le Fevre3 although reports have also highlighted some dissatisfaction, namely that too many staff members are involved and the contacts are short-lived.Reference Hopkins and Niemiec4
The Edinburgh CRHT is called the Intensive Home Treatment Team (IHTT)Reference Barker, Taylor, Kader, Stewart and Le Fevre3 and has two main points of entry into treatment – referral from the community (either from primary or secondary care) and from in-patient units to facilitate early discharge from hospital (but no self-referral). Edinburgh has well developed community mental health teams but no specific first episode or early intervention programme for adult psychosis; therefore, as far as is known, all acutely relapsing patients with schizophrenia and psychosis are referred to the IHTT.
Coping with schizophrenia and related psychoses remains a challenge, and globallyReference Whiteford, Degenhardt and Rehm5 schizophrenia contributes 7.4% of all lost years of life to all disabilities. Relapse of schizophrenia, sadly, is common, with only about 20% of patients having only one episode of psychosis.Reference Zipursky, Menezes and Streiner6, Reference Ascher-Svanum, Zhu and Faries7 Predictors of relapse include medication non-adherence and comorbid substance misuse,Reference Zipursky, Menezes and Streiner6, Reference Ascher-Svanum, Zhu and Faries7 and relapse is considered a time of increased risk of suicide in schizophrenia.Reference Hor and Taylor8
Aims
Although there have been reports of patient satisfaction with CRHTs, very few studies have examined how a CRHT affects patients’ clinical outcomes. In this observational study, we examine whether intensive home treatment was of benefit to people experiencing a relapse of schizophrenia in terms of routine clinical outcome measures, and identify the demographic and clinical characteristics of those who have responded (or not) to this intervention.
Method
Data were collected retrospectively from medical records of patients assessed and cared for by the IHTT between 2011 and 2015. Those with an ICD-10 code diagnosis of schizophrenia (F20) and related disorders (F22 – delusional disorder, F23 – acute transient psychosis, F25 – schizoaffective disorder, F28 – other psychotic disorder not due to substance or known physiological condition, and F29 – unspecified psychosis not due to a substance or known physiological condition) were included. The validity of the diagnosis was established by consultant psychiatrist review. Using unique identifying codes, the electronic records of these patients were retrieved and reviewed using a priori criteria. Ethical approval for the study was provided by the University of Edinburgh, UK.
IHTT records the severity of the presenting mental disorder using the Clinical Global Impression ScaleReference Guy9 (CGI) at the time of referral to IHTT. The CGI objectively assesses the global severity of illness and change in clinical condition over time.Reference Guy9 CGI-S is rated on the following seven-point scale: 1, normal/not at all ill; 2, borderline mentally ill; 3, mildly ill; 4, moderately ill; 5, markedly ill; 6, severely ill; 7, among the most extremely ill patients. CGI-I is similarly rated on a seven-point scale: ‘compared with the patient's condition at admission, this patient's condition is’ 1, very much improved: 2, much improved; 3, minimally improved; 4, no change; 5, minimally worse; 6, much worse; 7, very much worse. IHTT clinicians noted the improvement or lack thereof in the presenting condition via the CGI-Improvement (CGI-I) score at the point of discharge from IHTT. This was routinely rated for every patient during his or her care with the team by an adequately trained clinician, although the pattern of staff shift working meant that the CGI and CGI-I for an individual patient were not always rated by the same clinician.
Other data collected for each patient included demographic details and relevant clinical details (see Supplementary Appendix 1 available at https://doi.org/10.1192/bjb.2018.56 for full list), as well as data about each patient's regular medication(s) (see Supplementary Appendix 2 for a list of categories).
Statistical analysis
Unpaired t-tests were used (with the assumption of normality in CGI distribution being satisfied) to test whether there was a statistically significant change in CGI for patients who were discharged to the community, compared with those who required hospital admission, as well as to determine whether there was a statistically significant reduction in CGI for all referrals treated by IHTT.
Pearson's χ2-test was used to test the hypothesis that people who were not prescribed medication or were non-adherent with their medication were more likely to be admitted to hospital than patients who were taking prescribed medication.
Mixed model regression analysis was used to control for any confounders that could be significantly associated with CGI difference. Variables included as potential confounders were age, gender, treatment duration, number of psychotropic medications prescribed, and drug and alcohol status. Pearson's correlation was also conducted to see whether there was a correlation between CGI and age or gender.
Results
Demographics of patient population
Over the 5-year period, there were 309 referrals to IHTT that met the inclusion criteria, comprising 245 separate individuals with the majority (82%) being new to IHTT and mental health services. Thirty-six individuals were referred more than once, with 16 people being referred to IHTT at least three times. One person was referred on five separate occasions, and another individual was referred seven different times. The patients referred had a mean age of 41 years, and 162 (52%) were men (Table 1).
Demographics of individual referrals
Referrals and outcomes
The majority of the 309 referrals to IHTT over the 5-year period (56%, n = 173) were from the community. The remaining 44% of referrals were from in-patient units, in order to facilitate early discharge from hospital.
In terms of outcomes at discharge from IHTT, a total of 221 referrals (76%) were discharged to the community, and 70 referrals (24%) required transfer into hospital owing to their risk status or severity of illness. Twenty-seven per cent of repeat referrals were discharged to hospital, compared with 23% of ‘one-off’ referrals (P-value = 0.6).
There were five deaths (2%) within the 5-year period, including one suicide, from the total group of 255 people. None of those who died were under the care of IHTT at the time of death. Two of the deceased had a history of extensive alcohol and drug misuse. All five of those who died had a history of repeated hospital admissions. The suicide occurred in December 2013, after an urgent referral to hospital, but the person was not deemed unwell enough for admission at that time.
Fifty-two per cent (14 referrals) of the 27 referrals who were on no regular medications, or who were non-adherent with their medications, went on to require hospital admission, in comparison with 20% of patients who were taking at least one medication, and 24% of all referrals.
Eighteen referral outcomes were missing from records throughout the 5-year period.
CGI
The mean value of CGI of all patients at admission to IHTT was 4.1. The mean value of CGI of all patients at discharge was 3.05, an improvement of 1.05 (Table 2), which was a significant change (P < 0.05). Patients who were later admitted to hospital from IHTT had a higher mean value of CGI at 4.2 on admission to IHTT compared with the mean value of CGI of all patients. The mean value of CGI on discharge to hospital in this population was 4.6, i.e. they were more unwell, according to CGI.
Severity of illness and any subsequent improvement or not with IHTT, as measured by CGI
Patients whose clinical outcome was discharge back to their usual carers had a mean value of CGI of 4.04 on admission to IHTT and a mean value of CGI on discharge from IHTT of 2.57.This was a decrease of mean CGI (i.e. improvement in health) of 1.47.
The difference in average CGI between the mean discharge CGI of all referrals and the mean discharge value of patients admitted to hospital was non-significant (1.55, P < 0.15). The difference in average CGI, on discharge, between referrals admitted to hospital and referrals discharged to the community was 2.03, a statistically significant change (P < 0.05).
The average CGI of all repeat referrals at the beginning of treatment with IHTT was 3.94, 0.11 lower than the average CGI of all referrals. The CGI on discharge for repeat referrals was 3.22, an average decrease in CGI of 0.72. These differences were not significant.
Age, gender, number of medications prescribed and drug/alcohol status were found not to be significant confounders in the regression analysis (see Supplementary Appendix 3). Only treatment duration was found to be a significant confounder, with patients having a longer treatment duration demonstrating a greater difference in CGI.
Medication
Table 3 illustrates the different medications and number of patients taking them: 2.8% of patients were on no medications, 31% were prescribed one medication, 27% were prescribed two medications, 18% were prescribed three medications and 21% were prescribed four or more medications. The mean number of any medications, including non-psychotropic medications, taken by an average patient across the 5 years was 2.1. A total of 27 referrals (9%) refused medication, did not require medication or were judged as non-adherent.
Medications prescribed
FGA, first-generation antipsychotic; SGA, second generation antipsychotic.
Pearson's χ2-test showed that patients who were taking no medications, or were non-concordant with their medication, were more likely to be admitted to hospital from IHTT compared with patients who were taking at least one medication (χ2 = 43.3)
Drug and alcohol use
In total, 122 (39.5%) referrals were misusing either alcohol or drugs (Table 4) as rated by the IHTT clinician. The drug use was varied and often involved poly-substance misuse. Cannabis had the highest frequency of use, followed by amphetamines.
Comorbid drug and alcohol misuse
Number and percentages of referrals with a history of use of illegal drugs or legal highs declared within records, and number of referrals with significant alcohol-related history, e.g. consistently over weekly recommended allowance, often by a considerable margin.
Discussion
Crisis resolution and home treatment teams, such as IHTT, are designed to manage acute mental health problems in the individual's home environment, minimising the risk of hospital admission while promoting autonomy and self-efficacy. It is incumbent on health services to demonstrate the effectiveness of their interventions, and IHTT from inception chose the CGI as an observer-rated measure of illness severity and subsequent improvement (or deterioration).
Our results show that 76% of people were discharged back to their usual care after IHTT involvement following an acute episode of psychotic illness, supporting the conclusion that IHTT can help people manage an acute psychotic episode, and avoid hospital admission. This belies a negative therapeutic outlook for schizophrenia, with the majority of people with schizophrenia in crisis or relapse avoiding the need for hospital care.
The total CGI score diminished by 1.05 for the whole sample, and a one-point shift in CGI is usually regarded as a clinically significant change.Reference Guy9 Since CGI has been shownReference Leucht, Kane, Etschel, Kissling, Hamann and Engel10 to be an effective method of mapping illness severity, with reliability equivalent to that of more complex scales such as Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS), we can conclude from our results that the Edinburgh IHTT service, on average, can help reduce the severity of schizophrenia and related disorders. The CGI score of those people discharged home from IHTT improved by 2.03 compared with those being transferred to hospital from IHTT, implying an association between hospital admission and a worsening CGI score, and adding to the face validity of this measure. A study from TaiwanReference Chang11 also showed that patients with schizophrenia treated with community home care case management had a significant reduction in the frequency of hospital admission, and a systematic reviewReference Gomis12 from 2017 showed that home-based intervention improves patients’ quality of life and autonomy.
Twenty-four per cent of patients were admitted to hospital from IHTT, and the average CGI score at entry to IHTT of those who were eventually admitted to hospital was 0.16 higher than those who were eventually discharged home. This implies that those with a more severe psychotic relapse were more likely to require hospital admission, although non-illness-related factors such as accommodation were not taken into account in this study.
Of note, the gender ratio of the patient population in our study was almost 1:1, whereas usually one would expect a ratio of 1.4:1 in a population of patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia.Reference Whiteford, Degenhardt and Rehm5 This may have been due to our inclusion criteria being not just schizophrenia but also its related disorders. Additionally, amongst the five deaths in our patient population over the 5-year period there was only one suicide, which is theoretically lower than expected for this city-wide population.Reference Hor and Taylor8 Beyond this, however, we have no reason to regard our study population as unrepresentative, given the lack of local alternative acute care pathways.
The mean number of medications a patient was taking was 2.1, with 21% of patients prescribed four or more medications. This replicates work elsewhere in the UK,Reference Patel, Bishara and Jayakumar13 indicating that polypharmacy in this complex disorder is often the ‘real world’ norm, despite a paucity of supportive evidence on added efficacy.Reference Langan and Shajahan14, Reference Fleischhacker and Uchida15 Polypharmacy is also generally associated with an increased burden of adverse side-effects.Reference Young, Taylor and Lawrie16 Our results show that people who were taking no medication, or were non-adherent with their medications, were more likely to be admitted to hospital than those taking medication. Interestingly, patients taking four or more medications demonstrated the most improvement, as measured by CGI-I.
Our results showed that 9% of the patient population in this study were taking no medication or were non-adherent with medication according to recorded clinician ratings, although medication non-adherence rates in wider community samples are closer to 50%.Reference Lacro, Dunn, Dolder, Leckband and Jeste17 This discrepancy may have been due to many factors, including simple forgetfulness, a reluctance of the patient to acknowledge non-adherence, and a failure to enquire about it in a consistent manner.
Drug and alcohol misuse are common in people with schizophrenia,Reference Hartz, Pato, Medeiros, Cavazos-Rehg and Sobell18 and our results show a higher proportion of people with schizophrenia misusing drugs than alcohol (Table 4), suggesting a correlation between drug use, rather than alcohol misuse, and schizophrenia. Menezes et al Reference Menezes, Johnson and Thornicroft19 analysed drug and alcohol problems among 171 individuals with severe mental illness in South London, finding that 36% had a 1-year prevalence rate for any substance problem, compared with alcohol at 32% and drugs at 16%, contrary to our findings. This comorbidity has been shown previously to contribute to the premature mortality of those with schizophrenia.Reference Ajetunmobi, Taylor, Stockton and Wood20
Limitations
There were various limitations to this study. First, the patient population was from one IHTT only; therefore, the results may not be applicable to all IHTTs or CRHTs. Furthermore, this was an observational study, so comparative conclusions should not be made. Although CGI has been shown to be a good measure of observer rated clinical outcomes,Reference Leucht, Kane, Etschel, Kissling, Hamann and Engel10 it remains open to potential bias. Finally, data collection errors may possibly have occurred without our knowledge.
Summary
Intensive multi-disciplinary home treatment (here via IHTT) can be an effective intervention for most people suffering an acute episode of psychotic illness, with the majority being successfully managed at home and not requiring hospital admission. The minority that do go on to need hospital admission tend to have higher initial severity of illness, as measured by CGI, as well as being on no medication or being non-adherent with medication according to their treating clinicians.
Polypharmacy appears to be standard medical practice for people with schizophrenia, despite a lack of supportive evidence of added efficacy. Drug and alcohol misuse are common in people with psychotic illness, with higher rates than in the general population, arguably contributing to the significant morbidity and mortality seen with this condition.Reference Menezes, Johnson and Thornicroft19
About the authors
Hannah Chu Han Huang is a core trainee at the South London and Maudsley Trust, UK; Mark Taylor is an honorary senior lecturer at the University of Edinburgh, UK, University of Queensland, and an associate professor and consultant psychiatrist at Metro South Health, Brisbane, Australia; Alasdair Carmichael was a medical student at the University of Edinburgh, UK.
Supplementary material
Supplementary material is available online at https://doi.org/10.1192/bjb.2018.56.
Acknowledgements
We thank Dr Kader, Julie, Trish and all other IHTT staff, as well as Nicoletta Adamo.
Open access
eLetters
No eLetters have been published for this article.