The value and cost-effectiveness of an adequately funded and organised mental health liaison team (MHLT) have been demonstrated and promoted in national policy documents and economic analyses over the past 5 years.Reference Aitken, Robens and Emmens1–Reference Tadros, Salama, Kingston, Mustafa, Johnson and Pannell4 Although the economic benefits of a MHLT have been established, there is a lack of evidence relating to clinical (and other) outcomes.Reference Fossey and Parsonage5 Measurement of clinical outcomes is essential for clinical teams to evaluate their work and enable ongoing service development. A Centre for Mental Health (CMH) report highlighted the challenges associated with measurement of outcome across MHLTs, which are operating in a number of different settings and carrying out a wide range of clinical activities in support of patients with many different types of clinical problems.Reference Fossey and Parsonage5 A systematic review on the effectiveness of liaison psychiatry found that many studies had disparate results and were methodologically flawed.Reference Wood and Wand6 The CMH report proposed the use of a framework for measurements based on a logic model approach which took into account structure (inputs), process (activities) and outcomes (outputs) and suggested using a combination from each, ‘the so-called Scorecard approach’.Reference Fossey and Parsonage5
Development of the FROM-LP
In response to these recommendations, in 2015 the Faculty of Liaison Psychiatry of the Royal College of Psychiatrists produced the Framework for Routine Outcome Measurements in Liaison Psychiatry (FROM-LP).Reference Trigwell, Kustow, Santhouse, Gopinath, Aitken and Reid7 The authors, after further describing its development, proposed that it was adopted across all MHLT's in the National Health service (NHS).Reference Trigwell and Kustow8 Their aim was to enable consistency of data collection and effective reporting of outcomes such that patients, referrers, the NHS Trust providing the service and commissioners could all understand and have confidence in the beneficial effects of their MHLT. The authors acknowledged that rolling out this tool quickly across MHLT's nationwide meant that it was potentially an imperfect tool; however, they recognised that it could be refined over time.Reference Trigwell, Kustow, Santhouse, Gopinath, Aitken and Reid7
Implementation of the FROM-LP
Until recently, our MHLT had been measuring a number of outcomes; however, these were not based on national guidelines and therefore could not be directly compared with other MHLTs across the NHS. In addition, our in-patient team were assessing patients and finding that the reason for referral documented on the e-referral form was not always accurate. In April 2017, we adapted our routine data collection to include the FROM-LP outcome measurements. As shown in Table 1, there are three broad outcome categories. For the purposes of this evaluation, we focused on the Process section, which includes the ‘Identify and Rate the Aim of the Contact’ (IRAC) scale, comprising ten aims of contact (Table 1). We replaced the four referral options on the e-referral form with the ten IRAC categories (Table 2) and then evaluated whether this:
(a) improved the accuracy of reason for referral to our service
(b) in turn, improved our ability to fully achieve those reasons for referral, i.e. with this analysis could we determine the construct validity and thus the clinical utility of this component of the FROM-LP?
Framework for Routine Outcome Measurement in Liaison Psychiatry (FROM-LP) content. Adapted from Trigwell & Kustow.Reference Trigwell, Kustow, Santhouse, Gopinath, Aitken and Reid7
CGI, Clinical Global Impression – Improvement scale; CORE-10, Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation (10-item version); IRAC, Identify and Rate the Aim of the Contact.
Adaption of the e-referral form incorporating the ten IRAC categories
It would also provide more detailed data about the type of activities our team were routinely carrying out.
Method
Our MHLT is adult ageless and is based in a large 800-bed teaching hospital in Bristol. It is composed of doctors, nurses and social workers, and is split into an emergency department team and an in-patient team. This paper focuses on the in-patient, which received an average of 106 referrals per month during the period October 2016 to September 2017, often involving a series of patient contacts. The referrer has to complete an e-referral form which consists of a drop-down menu and free-text boxes. Once the referral form has been accepted and opened by administrative staff, it is then triaged by the shift coordinator. The clinical information provided by the referrer enables the shift coordinator to determine the urgency of the referral, and can also help facilitate decisions such as which member of staff might be most appropriate to see the patient.
The e-referral form includes a ‘reason for referral’ section, which has a drop-down menu from which the referrer can select more than one option. Table 2 shows the original e-referral form, which had four categories (left column), and the e-referral form adapted for our team by the Trust IT department, which has ten categories based on the IRAC scale. All the other information on the e-referral form remained unchanged.
Following the launch of the modified e-referral form, when a clinical member of our team closed a case, they were asked to record the reason for referral (categories 1–10, Table 2) and whether the reason for referral was fully achieved (2), partially achieved (1) or not achieved (0) in accordance with FROM-LP guidance. As the in-patient team did not collect these data prior to modification of the e-referral, our researcher (S.C.) rated whether the team had met the reason(s) for referral before and after the intervention so that a more direct comparison could be made.
Data collection
Our researcher (S.C.) retrospectively reviewed the electronic healthcare records of patients referred to the in-patient team before and after the intervention. The initial group consisted of all appropriate referrals to our team from 3 to 16 Oct and 24 Oct to 6 Nov 2016. The comparison group consisted of all appropriate referrals to our service from 24 Apr to 7 May and 15 May to 28 May (2017). The electronic records were scrutinised for each patient referred to determine whether the reason for referral on the e-referral form was accurate (i.e. by probing the content of the assessments). If the reason for referral stated on the e-referral form was established as accurate, the researcher then further reviewed the electronic records to determine whether the in-patient MHLT had fully achieved, partially achieved or not achieved the reason(s) for referral. If the reason for referral on the e-referral form was not accurate, it was recorded as ‘did not achieve the reason(s) for referral’ (because it would not have been possible to meet the reason for referral if we had been given inaccurate referral information from the outset).
Statistical analysis
The following outcomes before and after modification of the e-referral form were compared using Fisher's exact test:
(a) accuracy of the reason for referral
(b) referral outcome – did the in-patient MHLS fully achieve, partially achieve or not achieve the referral request?
The effect estimates are reported as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals, and all the P-values reported are two-tailed.
Results
A total of 124 cases were analysed; 61 were referred prior to the modification of the e-referral form and 63 were referred after. Comparison of the accuracy of the reason for referral before and after modification of the e-referral form (Table 3) demonstrated a statistically significant difference. Referrals were assessed as accurate in 73.8% of cases when using the previous referral system, compared with 93.7% when using the new referral system (P = 0.0030).
Referral accuracy
Comparison of whether the reason(s) for referral were met before and after modification of the e-referral (Table 4) also demonstrated a statistically significant difference. The referral request was assessed as fully achieved for 57.4% of referrals when using the previous referral system, and for 77.8% of referrals when using the new referral system (P = 0.0210). There were no significant differences identified between the two referral systems when the referral request was assessed as partially achieved (16.4 v. 15.9%, P = 1.0000). The percentage of referral requests assessed as not achieved decreased significantly when using the new system, from 26.2 to 6.4% (P = 0.0030).
Referral outcomes
Discussion
The adapted e-referral form went live in March 2017. A retrospective analysis of the electronic healthcare records demonstrated that, following this intervention the reason, for referral was five times more likely to be accurate and the team was 2.6 times more likely to fully achieve the reasons for referral. The results suggest that improving the accuracy of the referrals improved the team's ability to achieve the reasons for referral.
Following the intervention, 6.4% of the referrals (compared with 26.2% before the intervention) were inaccurate. Periodic review of inaccurate referrals may help to determine why they were inaccurate. One possible explanation might be that the referrals to our team are generally made by the most junior doctor on the team, and the reason for referral may not have been made clear to them by the senior doctor asking for the referral. Another possibility is that none of the ten referral options adequately covered the reason for referral.
Following our intervention, the referral request was achieved (fully or partially) in 93.7% of referrals. In liaison work, it is not unexpected to partially achieve a referral request. Many patients might only be seen briefly prior to discharge from hospital, requiring handover to community teams or health professionals to complete the work. Despite this, further in-depth exploration as to the reasons would be useful.
An accurate referral to the MHLT is important because it enhances triage, so that patients can be prioritised accordingly and assigned to an appropriate member of staff (i.e. doctor or nurse, consultant or trainee doctor). It also potentially enables a more focused assessment based on the referrer's expectation; this could improve time efficiency, which in itself is important for a variety of reasons, such as when the patient is very unwell, or to facilitate financial savings and flow through the acute hospital. In addition, by outlining very specifically the referral categories to the referrers, it highlights exactly what type of work the MHLT can do and encourages referrers to consider the objectives of their referral, which in turn improves general efficiency.
We are aware that our evaluation, by embedding the IRAC scale into the referral form and asking the referrer to select the aim of contact, is in contrast to many other MHLT around the country, who tend to complete both the aim of the contact and achievement of the contact themselves. However, there were several reasons behind this process variance: (a) it was in alignment with the way many other specialties designed and operated their e-referral pathways in our trust, and so was not too dissimilar when making a referral to, e.g. respiratory or cardiology; (b) based on our experience, we felt that referrers often have a reasonably good idea of what they want assistance with in managing their patient, and it is then for us to be able to achieve that as providers of the service; and (c) it made data collection and measuring a much more reliable, more consistent and simpler process.
A number of limitations with this evaluation are worth commenting on. The number of patients involved in the retrospective analysis was small, and the confidence intervals were relatively wide as a consequence. A single researcher examined the electronic healthcare records for each referral, determining the accuracy of a referral based on the available clinical information and whether the reason for referral had been fully achieved, partially achieved or not achieved. This introduces the possibility of observer bias. If the researcher found the reason for referral to be inaccurate, then it was recorded as ‘not meeting the reason for referral’; this may have introduced exclusion bias.
In this evaluation, we did not measure or comment on referrer satisfaction, but we can predict that if there was an improvement in the team's ability to fully meet the reasons for referral, there would also be an associated improvement in referrer satisfaction. Using all the FROM-LP outcome measurements, our MHLT will be able to capture this information in the future. Our MHLT now routinely measures the IRACs for all referrals made to our service. Our results show that the main reasons for referral were:
(a) assessment & diagnosis (37.5%)
(b) medication management (11.8%)
(c) assessment and management of risk (12.5%)
(d) providing guidance and advice (16.5%).
This type of information can be used (alongside the structure and outcomes measurements in FROM-LP) to gain a clearer understanding of the work that the in-patient team are routinely carrying out, as described in the paper by Guthrie et al.Reference Guthrie, McMeekin, Thomasson, Khan, Makin and Shaw9 This can then guide service development; for example, do our staff have all the necessary skills to manage the referrals, or do they require training in specific areas?
In the future, our team plan to incorporate the structure, process and outcomes data into a mental health dashboard on the Trust IT system, which will provide live up-to-date performance data, allowing our MHLT to anticipate trends quickly and respond in a timely fashion. This information will also be made available to our various ‘customers’ (commissioners, patients, carers, and referring staff).
Conclusion
Since the launch of FROM-LP, there has been encouraging feedback based on opinion and observation, and numerous MHLT's have already implemented it.Reference Trigwell and Kustow8 However, the developers acknowledged that rolling out this tool quickly across MHLTs nationwide meant that it was potentially imperfect.Reference Trigwell, Kustow, Santhouse, Gopinath, Aitken and Reid7 Tadros's commentaryReference Tadros10 further encouraged MHLTs to develop a positive approach integrating the collection of outcome measures into everyday clinical practice, and found the FROM-LP a very useful tool to measure service quality and clinical effectiveness. To date, however, there has not been an actual appraisal of the tool or any part of it.
Through our evaluation of the IRAC scale of the FROM-LP, we have demonstrated an improvement in the accuracy of the referrals to our service. In turn, this has helped our team's ability to achieve the referral request and we have therefore been able to establish the instrument's construct validity. We conclude that the IRAC composition of FROM-LP does indeed measure what it was intended for, and we thus have demonstrated the clinical utility of the IRAC scale, which hopefully has reinforced its recommended incorporation into MHLTs across the NHS.
About the authors
Dr Caroline Guest is a specialty doctor in Liaison Psychiatry in the North Bristol NHS Trust Mental Health Liaison Team, Bristol, UK; Dr Stephen Crockett and Dr Patrick Little are both Foundation Year 2 doctors in Liaison Psychiatry in the North Bristol NHS Trust Mental Health Liaison Team, Bristol, UK; and Dr Anish Patel is a Consultant Liaison Psychiatrist in the North Bristol NHS Trust Mental Health Liaison Team, Bristol, UK, and part of Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust, Chippenham, UK.
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