In the past 2 years, the COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on the lives of most of us and our children. To contain the virus and protect the health of citizens, many countries adopted lockdown measures varying in stringency. Adolescents were particularly affected by social distancing measures such as school closures and suspension of leisure activities. Although such changes may have had beneficial effects for some and stressors such as bullying and school pressure may have been reduced, feelings of loneliness due to social isolation, anxiety about the future and tensions at home could be observed as negative consequences.Reference Panchal, Salazar de Pablo, Franco, Moreno, Parellada and Arango1 These phenomena are well-known stressors and risk factors for youth mental health problems, and self-harm in particular. Self-harm is widely considered as a transdiagnostic marker for psychopathologyReference Ghinea, Edinger, Parzer, Koenig, Resch and Kaess2 and can reflect a manifestation of severe emotion dysregulation. Even before the pandemic, psychiatric emergency presentations among children and adolescents have increased noticeably over recent decades,Reference McManus, Gunnell, Cooper, Bebbington, Howard and Brugha3 with a rise also in self-harm referral rates.Reference Burstein, Agostino and Greenfield4 At the same time, help-seeking behaviour among adolescents who self-harm is generally low.Reference Rowe, French, Henderson, Ougrin, Slade and Moran5 Barriers for seeking help can include fear of stigmatisation, insufficient psychoeducation and lack of adequate treatment offers. During a pandemic, the fear of contagion, particularly in a hospital environment, may hinder professional help-seeking even further.
The influence of COVID-19 on child and adolescent mental health seems to be complex. Regardless of negative effects the pandemic may have had, the number of psychiatric emergency admissions was shown to deviate from the long-standing upwards trajectory. In a large retrospective cohort study, presentations were found to have decreased significantly in March and April 2020 compared with the same period in 2019, during which no lockdown measures were in place.Reference Ougrin, Wong, Vaezinejad, Plener, Mehdi and Romaniuk6 Among all admissions, rates of self-harm increased, though. Based on these data, Wong and colleagues conducted further analyses on the effect of lockdown stringency, which varied between sites, on paediatric self-harm presentations during COVID-19,Reference Wong, Vaezinejad, Plener, Mehdi, Romaniuk and Barrett7 which are discussed in the present editorial.
Wong et al's paper: outline and results
Fourteen sites were aggregated from 23 emergency departments in 10 countries according to geographical and sociodemographic characteristics. A total of n = 2073 presentations were analysed. The 10 countries were: Austria, England, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Oman, Scotland, Serbia, Turkey and United Arab Emirates. Variables of interest included socioeconomic deprivation and lockdown stringency at site level and for each presentation, self-harm (yes/no) and psychiatric diagnoses. If the reason for admission was self-harm, the behaviour was further characterised according to severity, method, intent and self-harm history, and up to three precipitants to the incident could be defined. The aim of the study was to further disentangle the mechanisms involved in psychiatric emergency presentations for self-harm during early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, with a particular focus on the effects of lockdown measure stringency on temporal change in admission numbers and self-harm characteristics. Specifically, the authors analysed whether the stringency of lockdown measures was a mediator of year on (a) number of presentations in general, (b) self-harm presentations and (c) ratio of self-harm presentation to all presentations.
The mediation effect was confirmed: higher lockdown stringency was linked to lower numbers of both psychiatric emergency and self-harm presentations, and when controlling for stringency the previously detected reduction in general and self-harm admissions from 2019 to 2020 was no longer significant. The lower number of emergency psychiatric presentations in 2020 compared with 2019 seems to be a result of lockdown stringency and not an indicator of actual improvement of mental health problems among adolescents. According to these data, the upward trajectory of admissions observed in previous years would have most likely continued, had there been no restricting measures in place. Furthermore, the more stringent the lockdown measures were, the higher the ratio of self-harm presentations to all emergency psychiatric presentations was. Among self-harm presentations, additional analyses revealed further effects of stringency on self-harm. Stringency did not have an influence on any self-harm characteristics, such as severity, suicidal intent or numbers of psychiatric diagnoses. Three-quarters of patients with self-harm were female, but the ratio of male and looked after adolescents presenting with self-harm was significantly increased in areas with a higher stringency index compared with less strict regions and the commonly observed gap between gendersReference McManus, Gunnell, Cooper, Bebbington, Howard and Brugha3 was reduced. As could be expected, school pressure and problems with friends as precipitants of self-harm were less likely in areas with more stringent lockdown measures, whereas self-harm due to social isolation was more frequently reported.
Discussion
In this paper, many important questions about self-harm, help-seeking behaviour and effects of lockdown measures on children and adolescents were addressed. Even though consequences of social distancing on people's mental health have been the focus of many research groups worldwide since pandemic-related measures were first implemented, comprehensive and meaningful data are still limited. One big strength of the current study was the inclusion of data from high- and low-income countries with diverse mental health systems and a variety of political reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic. By dismantling the measures implemented over different sites and including a stringency index, the impact of various levels of lockdown could be investigated in an international retrospective cohort.
The stringency of measures had a strong influence on the reduction in psychiatric and self-harm presentations, and the stricter the area, the higher the proportion of self-harm presentations. This impressively demonstrates that fewer presentations at psychiatric emergency units are not necessarily representative of actual reductions in self-harm behaviour and psychological distress in general and raises the question of whether admissions to psychiatric emergency units are valid markers for public mental health. Barriers to seeking help were potentially increased even more due to the pandemic and crises may have simply not been detected. Increases in psychological stress during the pandemic have been confirmed among children and adolescentsReference Panchal, Salazar de Pablo, Franco, Moreno, Parellada and Arango1,Reference Racine, McArthur, Cooke, Eirich, Zhu and Madigan8 and the gap between mental health problems and help-seeking behaviour may have widened even further, at least during times of lockdown. It should be noted that presentation numbers among males and children and adolescents who were looked after by a local authority increased with stringency. It remains unclear whether they were particularly affected by lockdown measures during this trying time or whether mental health problems were more frequently detected because of time spent with family and other caregivers. Help-seeking behaviour is particularly low in these populations and efforts to increase mental health support need to target such vulnerable groups.
Owing to the limited time frame examined in the paper, no statements can be made regarding admission numbers at other stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. It will be interesting to see future analyses on general psychiatric presentation and self-harm patterns over longer periods of the pandemic, particularly after many strict lockdown measures were lifted. Indeed, it is possible that lower help-seeking opportunities during lockdown may have affected presentations to both emergency units and the overall mental healthcare system after periods of strict lockdown, which would fit the overall picture of increased service use in many mental healthcare systems worldwide during the pandemic and would be expected, given the emerging evidence for a deterioration in youth mental health.Reference Racine, McArthur, Cooke, Eirich, Zhu and Madigan8 Such data will contribute important knowledge regarding long-term self-harm trajectories and mental health trends during a global crisis. The urgent need for low-threshold support has been discussed in detail in the field and such sophisticated analyses provide a meaningful foundation for further research and critical policy implications.
Data availability
Data availability is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analysed in this study.
Author contributions
F.R. wrote the initial manuscript draft. Both authors reviewed drafts and approved the final submission.
Funding
This research received no specific grant from any funding agency, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Declaration of interest
None.
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