Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 54
    • Show more authors
    • You may already have access via personal or institutional login
    • Select format
    • Publisher:
      Cambridge University Press
      Publication date:
      28 July 2009
      23 December 2002
      ISBN:
      9780511500107
      9780521804110
      9780521009133
      Dimensions:
      (228 x 152 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.592kg, 320 Pages
      Dimensions:
      (228 x 152 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.477kg, 320 Pages
    You may already have access via personal or institutional login
  • Selected: Digital
    Add to cart View cart Buy from Cambridge.org

    Book description

    Psychonarratology is an approach to the empirical study of literary response and the processing of narrative. It draws on the empirical methodology of cognitive psychology and discourse processing as well as the theoretical insights and conceptual analysis of literary studies, particularly narratology. The present work provides a conceptual and empirical basis for this interdisciplinary approach that is accessible to researchers from either disciplinary background. An integrative review is presented of the classic problems in narratology: the status of the narrator, events and plot, characters and characterization, speech and thought, and focalization. For each area, Bortolussi and Dixon critique the state of the art in narratology and literary studies, discuss relevant work in cognitive psychology, and provide a new analytical framework based on the insight that readers treat the narrator as a conversational participant. Empirical evidence is presented on each problem, much of it previously unpublished.

    Reviews

    "An important book....It is one thing to announce a new interdisciplinary paradigm, yet quite another thing to systematically implement it....In their book [Bortolussi and Dixon] systematically develop a program of research in psychonarratology....this provides a powerful framework for the investigation of narrative....Mandatory reading for my students." Newsletter of the International Society for the Empirical Study of Literature

    Refine List

    Actions for selected content:

    Select all | Deselect all
    • View selected items
    • Export citations
    • Download PDF (zip)
    • Save to Kindle
    • Save to Dropbox
    • Save to Google Drive

    Save Search

    You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

    Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
    ×

    Contents

    References
    References
    Adams, D. The hitchhikers guide to the galaxy. London: Pan Books; 1979
    Ajzen, I., and Fishbein, M. A.Bayesian analysis of attribution processes. Psychological Bulletin. 1975; 82:21–77
    Anderson, N. H. Foundations of information integration theory. New York: Academic Press; 1981
    Anderson, R. C. and Pichert, J.Recall of previously unrecallable information following a shift in perspective. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1978; 17:1–12
    Andringa, E.; Tan, E.; van Horssen, P.; and Jacobs, A. Effects of focalization in film narration. in: Totosy de Zepetnek, T. and Sywenky, I., editors. The systemic and empirical approach to literature and culture as theory and application. Edmonton: University of Alberta; 1997; pp. 203–15
    Argueta, R. One day of life, Vintage International Edition, 1991, translated from original, Un Día en la Vida, San Salvador: UCA Editores; 1980
    Aumonier, S. “Miss Bracegirdle does her duty.” in: Priestley, J. B., editor. Great British short stories. London: Reader's Digest Association; 1974; pp. 26–39
    Baddeley, A. Working memory. Oxford: Clarendon; 1986
    Bal, Mieke. The narrating and the focalizing: A theory of the agents in narrative. Style. 1983; 17(2):234–69
    Bal, Mieke. Narratology: Introduction to the theory of narrative. Boheemen, C. van, translator. Toronto: University of Toronto Press; 1985
    Bally, C.Le style indirect libre en français moderne. Germanisch-Romanisch Monatsschrift. 1912; 4(549–56):597–606
    Banfield, A.Narrative style and the grammar of direct and indirect speech. Foundations of Language. 1973; 10:1–39
    Banfield, A.Reflective and non-reflective consciousness in the language of fiction. Poetics Today. 1981; 2(2):61–76
    Banfield, A. Where epistemology, style, and grammar meet literary history. in: Lucy, J. A., editor. Reflexive language: Reported speech and metapragmatics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1993;(3):339–64
    Barthes, R.Introduction à l'analyse structurale des récets. Communications. 1966: 8:1–27
    Barthes, R. Introduction à l'analyse structurale des récits. Barthes, R.; Kayser, W.; Booth, W. C., and Hamon, P., editors. Poétique du récit. Paris: Edition du Seuil; 1977; pp. 7–57
    Bartlett, F. C. Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1932
    Bates, E. The emergence of symbols: Cognition and communication in infancy. New York: Academic Press; 1979
    Bauer, W., et al. Text und Rezeption: Wirkungsanalyse Zeitgenössischer Lyrik am Beispiel des Gedichtes “Fadensonne” von Paul Celan. Frankfurt: Athenäum; 1972
    Beach, R. A teacher's introduction to reader-response theories. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English; 1993
    Belli, G. The inhabited woman. March, K., translator. Willimantic, CT: Warner Books Edition; 1995
    Black, J. B. and Wilensky, R.An evaluation of story grammars. Cognitive Science. 1979; 3:213–30
    Black, J. B.; Turner, T. J. and Bower, G. H.Point of view in narrative comprehension, memory, and production. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1979; 18:187–98
    Bleich, D. Subjective criticism. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press; 1978
    Booth, W. The rhetoric of fiction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1961
    Bordwell, D. Narration in the fiction film. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press; 1985
    Borges, J. L. “Emma Zunz.” in: Borges, J. L. Labyrinths. New York: Modern Library; 1983; pp. 132–7
    Bortolussi, M. and Dixon, P.The effects of formal training on literary reception. Poetics Today. 1996; 23:471–89
    Bortolussi, M. Science and the study of literature. Rusch, G., editor. Spiel: Siegener Periodicum Zur Internationalen Empirischen Literaturwissenschaft. 1998; 16(1/2):67–70
    Bortolussi, M. A psychonarratological revision of the theory of focalization. Language and Style. in press
    Bower, G. H.Experiments on story understanding and recall. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 1976; 28:511–34
    Bower, G. H.; Black, J. B.; and Turner, T. J.Scripts in memory for text. Cognitive Psychology. 1979; 11:177–220
    Bremond, Claude. La logique des possibles narratifs. Communications. 1966; 8:60–75
    Bremond, Claude. Logique du récit. Paris: Seuil, 1973
    Bremond, ClaudeThe logic of narrative possibilities. New Literary History. 1980; 11:398–411
    Bremond, Claude. A critique of the motif. Todorov, T., editor. French literary theory today. Carter, R., translator. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1982; pp. 124–46
    Brodzki, B.She was unable not to think: Borges' “Emma Zunz” and the female subject. MLA. 1985; 100(2):330–47
    Bronzwaer, W.Mieke Bal's concept of focalization: A critical note. Poetics Today. 1981; 2(2):193–201
    Brown, N. R.Estimation strategies and the judgment of event frequency. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 1995; 21:1539–53
    Bruce, B.A social interaction model of reading. Discourse Processes. 1981; 4:273–311
    Bryant, D. J.; Tversky, B.; and Franklin, N.Internal and external spatial frameworks for representing described scenes. Journal of Memory and Language. 1992; 31:74–98
    Burch, N. To the distant observer. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 1979
    Card, O. S. Ender's game. New York: Tom Doherty Associates; 1977
    Carpenter, P. A. and Just, M. A., Integrative processes in comprehension. in: LaBerge, D. and Samuels, J., editors. Basic processes in reading: Perception and comprehension. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1977a
    Carpenter, P. A. and Just, M. A. Reading comprehension as eyes see it. in: Just, M. A. and Carpenter, P. A., editors. Cognitive processes in comprehension. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1977b
    Carr, E. Klee Wyck. Toronto: Irwin Publishing; 1941
    Carter, A. Nights at the circus. London: Vintage; 1994
    Carter, A. Black Venus. London: Vintage; 1996
    Cather, W. “Paul's Case.” in: Cather, Willa. Five stories. New York: Vintage Books; 1959; pp. 149–74
    Cela, J. C. The Family of Pascual Duarte. Kerrigan, A., translator. Boston: Little, Brown and Co.; 1964
    Chafe, W. L. Discourse structure and human knowledge. in: Freedle, W. O. and Carroll, J. B., editors. Language comprehension and the acquisition of knowledge. Washington, DC: Winston & Sons; 1972
    Chafe, W. L. Some things that narratives tell us about the mind. in: Britton, B. K. and Pellegrini, A. D., editors. Narrative thought and narrative language. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1990; pp. 79–98
    Chang, F.Active memory processes in visual sentence comprehension: Clause effects and pronomial reference. Memory and Cognition. 1980; 8:58–64
    Chatman, S.On the formalist–structuralist theory of character. Journal of Literary Semantics. 1972; 1:57–79
    Chatman, S. Story and discourse: Narrative structure in fiction and film. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press; 1978
    Chatman, S.Characters and narrators: Filter, center, slant, and interest-focus. Poetics Today. 1986; 7(2):189–204
    Chatman, S. Coming to terms. Ithaca: Cornell University Press; 1990
    Chatman, S.How loose can narrators get? (And how vulnerable can narratees be?). Narrative. 1995; 3(3):3
    Cherryh, C. J. Cyteen: The betrayal. New York: Popular Library; 1988
    Cherryh, C. J. Fortress of owls. New York: Harpe Prism; 1999
    Chomsky, N. Syntactic structures. The Hague: Mouton; 1957
    Chomsky, N.Review of Skinner's Verbal Behavior. Language. 1959; 35:26–58
    Chomsky, N. Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 1965
    Clark, H. H.The language-as-fixed-effect fallacy: A critique of language statistics in psychological research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1973; 12:335–59
    Clark, H. H. Using language. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1996
    Clark, H. H. and Carlson, T. B.Hearers and speech acts. Language. 1982; 58:332–73
    Clark, H. H. and Chase, W. G.On the process of comparing sentences against pictures. Cognitive Psychology. 1972; 3:472–517
    Clark, H. H. and Gerrig, R. J.On the pretense theory of irony. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 1984; 113:121–6
    Clark, H. H. and Gerrig, R. J.Quotations as demonstrations. Language. 1990; 66:764–805
    Clark, H. H. and Schaefer, E. F.Contributing to discourse. Cognitive Science. 1989; 13:259–94
    Clark, H. H.; Cohen, J.;Smith, J. E. K.; and Keppel, G.Discussion of Wike and Church's comments. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1976; 15:257–66
    Cohen, J.The Earth is round (p <.05). American Psychologist. 1994; 49:997–1003
    Cohn, D. Transparent minds: Narrative modes for presenting consciousness in fiction. 1978: Princeton: Princeton University Press
    Corcoran, M. G.Language, character, and gender in the direct discourse of Dubliners. Style. 1991; 25(3):439–53
    Coste, D. Narrative as communication. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota; 1989
    Coulmas, F. Direct and Indirect Speech. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyère; 1986
    Craig, C. “In the hills.” in: Mordecai, P. and Wilson, B., editors. Her true-true name: An anthology of women's writing from the Caribbean. Oxford: Heinemann; 1990; pp. 56–9
    Craik, F. I. M. and Lockhart, R. S.Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior. 1972; 11:671–84
    Craik, F. I. M. and Watkins, M. J.The role of rehearsal in short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1973; 12:599–607
    Culler, J. Defining narrative units. in: Fowler, R., editor. Style and structure in literature: Essays in the new stylistics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press; 1975a
    Culler, J. Structuralist poetics: Structuralism, linguistics, and the study of literature. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; 1975b
    Cupchik, G. C. Identification as a basic problem for aesthetic reception. in: Tötösy de Zepetnek, S. and Sywenky, I., editors. The systemic and empirical approach to literature and culture as theory and application. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press; 1997; pp. 11–22
    Cupchik, G. C.; Oatley, K.; and Vorderer, L.Emotional effects of reading excerpts from short stories by James Joyce. Poetics. 1998; 25:363–78
    Danov, D.Dialogic structures in Crime and Punishment. Russian, Croatian and Serbian, Czech and Slovak, Polish Literature. 1986; 19(3):291–314
    Deighton, L. Berlin game. London: Grafton Books; 1984
    de Man, P. Blindness and insight: Essays in the rhetoric of comparative criticism. Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press; 1983
    Dillon, G. Language processing and the reading of literature. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; 1978
    Dingwall, W. The species-specificity of speech. in: Dato, D. P., editor. Developmental psycholinguistics: Theory and applications. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press; 1975
    Dixon, P.Why scientists value p values. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 1998; 5:390–6
    Dixon, P. and Bortolussi, M.Literary communication: Effects of reader-narrator co-operation. Poetics. 1996a; 23(6):405–31
    Dixon, P. The narrator in the text and the narrator in the reader. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Society for the Empirical Study of Literature. 1996b; Nakoda Lodge, Alberta, Canada
    Dixon, P. I metodi della psiconarratologia. in: Nemesio, A., editor. L'esperienza del testo. Rome: Meltemi Editori; 1999c; pp. 126–43
    Dixon, P. Narratorial relevance and character goals. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Society for the Empirical Study of Literature. 2000; Toronto
    Dixon, P.Text is not communication: A challenge to a common assumption. Discourse Processes. 2001a; 31(1):1–25
    Dixon, P. Prolegomena for a science of psychonarratology. in: W. van Peer and S. Chatman, editors. New perspectives on narrative perspective. Albany, NY: State University of New York; 2001b; pp. 275–88
    Dixon, P. and O'Reilly, T.Scientific versus statistical inference. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology. 1999; 53:133–49
    Dixon, P.; Bortolussi, M.; Twilley, L. C.; and Leung, A.Literary processing and interpretation: Towards empirical foundations. Poetics. 1993; 22:5–33
    Doležel, L. Possible worlds and literary fictions. in: Allén, S., editor. Possible worlds in humanities, arts and sciences. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter; 1989; pp. 221–42
    Dorfman, M. H.Evaluating the interpretive community: Evidence from expert and novice readers. Poetics. 1996; 23:453–70
    Dressler, W. U.The cognitive perspective of ‘naturalist’ linguistic models. Cognitive Linguistics. 1990; 1:75–98
    Duchan, J. F.; Bruder, G. A.; and Hewitt, L. E. Deixis in Narrative. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1995
    Ebert, T. L. The romance of patriarchy: Ideology, subjectivity, and postmodern feminist cultural theory. Cultural Critique. 1988; 10
    Eco, U. The role of the reader: Explorations in the semiotics of texts. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; 1979
    Edmiston, W. F.Focalization and the first-person narrator: A revision of the theory. Poetics Today. 1989; 10(4):729–43
    Edwards, A. W. F. Likelihood. Baltimore: John Hopkins Univeristy; 1992
    Einstein, G. O.; McDaniel, M. A.; Owen, P. D.; and Coté, N. C.Encoding and recall of texts: The importance of material appropriate processing. Journal of Memory and Language. 1990; 29:566–582
    Ellison, R. Invisible man. New York: Random House; 1952
    Emberson, J.Reported speech in medieval German narrative. Paregon: Bulletin of the Australian and New Zealand Association for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. 1986; 4:103–16
    Emmott, C. Narrative comprehension: A discourse perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1997
    Ericsson, K. A. and Kintsch, W.Long term working memory. Psychological Review. 1995; 102:211–45
    Erlich, S. Point of view: A linguistic analysis of literary style. London & New York: Routledge; 1990
    Faulkner, W. Honor. Collected stories of William Faulkner. New York: Random House; 1950; pp. 551–64
    Faulkner, W. Honor. A rose for Emily. Selected short stories of William Faulkner. New York: The Modern Library; 1961; pp. 49–61
    Fetterley, J. The resisting reader: A feminist aproach to American fiction. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; 1977
    Findley, T. Not Wanted on the Voyage. Toronto: Penguin Books; 1984
    Fisch, H.Character as linguistic sign. New Literary History. 1990; 21:593–606
    Fish, S.Literature in the reader: Affective stylistics. New Literary History. 1970; 2:123–62
    Fish, S. Is there a text in this class: The authority of interpretive communities. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1980
    Fish, S.Being interdisciplinary is so very hard to do. Profession. 1989; 89:15–22
    Fishelov, D.Types of characters, characteristics of types. Style. 1990; 3:422–39
    Fishelov, D. Metaphors of genre: The role of analogies in genre theory. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University; 1993
    Fisher, R. A. Statistical methods for research workers. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd; 1925
    Fisher, R. A.Statistical methods and scientific induction. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B. 1955; 17:69–78
    Flaubert, G. Madame Bovary: A story of provincial life. Russell, A., translator. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books; 1950
    Fletcher, C. R.Strategies for the allocation of short-term memory during comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language. 1986; 25:43–58
    Fletcher, C. R. and Bloom, C. P.Causal reasoning in the comprehension of simple narrative texts. Journal of Memory and Language. 1988; 27:235–44
    Fludernik, M. The fictions of language and the languages of fiction: The linguistic representation of speech and consciousness. London: Routledge; 1993
    Fludernik, M. Towards a “natural” narratology. London: Routledge; 1996
    Forster, E. M. Aspects of the novel. London: Edward Arnold; 1974
    Fort, B. Manon's suppressed voice: The uses of reported speech. Romanic Review. 1985; 76(2):172–91
    Fowler, A. Kinds of literature: An introduction to the theory of genres and modes. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press; 1982
    Franklin, N. and Tversky, B.Searching imagined environments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 1990; 119:63–76
    Franklin, N.; Tversky, B.; and Coon, V.Switching points of view in spatial mental models. Memory & Cognition. 1992; 20:507–18
    Frazier, L. and Rayner, K.Making and correcting errors during sentence comprehension: Eye movements in the analysis of structurally ambiguous sentences. Cognitive Psychology. 1982; 14:178–210
    Frow, J.Spectacle binding: On character. Poetics Today. 1986; 7(2):227–50
    García, C. Dreaming in Cuban, New York: Ballantine Books; 1992
    Genette, G. Figures III. Paris: Editions du Seuil; 1973
    Genette, G. Narrative discourse. Oxford: Basil Blackwell; 1980
    Genette, G. Narrative discourse: An essay in method. McDowell, R. S. and Velie, A., translators. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press; 1983
    Gergen, K. J.Textual considerations in the scientific construction of human character. Style. 1990; 24(3):17–31
    Gerrig, R. J. Experiencing narrative worlds. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press; 1993
    Gerrig, R. J. and Allbritton, D. W.The construction of literary character: A view from cognitive psychology. Style. 1990; 24:380–91
    Gerrig, R. J.; Brennan, S. E.; and Ohaeri, J. O.What can we conclude from speakers behaving badly?Discourse Processes. 2000; 29:173–8
    Gerrig, R. J.; Ohaeri, J. O; and Brennan, S. E.Illusory transparency revisited. Discourse processes. 2000; 29:137–159
    Gibbs, R.Comprehending figurative referential descriptions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition. 1990; 16:56–66
    Gibbs, R. Intentions in the experience of meaning. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1999
    Gibson, W. All tomorrow's parties. New York: Ace Books; 1999
    Glanzer, M.; Fischer, B.; and Dorfman, D.Short-term storage in reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1984; 23:467–86
    Glenn, C. G.The rules of episodic structure and of story length in children's recall of simple stories. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1978; 17:229–47
    Glenberg, A. M.What memory is for. Behavioural and Brain Sciences. 1997; 20:1–55
    Glenberg, A. M. and Robertson, D. A.Indexical understanding of instructions. Discourse Processes. 1999; 28:1–26
    Glenberg, A. M.; Robertson, D. A.; and Members of the Honors Seminar in Cognitive Psychology. Symbol grounding and meaning: A comparison of high-dimensional and embodied theories of meaning. Journal of Memory and Language. 2000; 43:379–401
    Glenberg, A. M.; Meyer, M.; and Lindem, K.Mental models contribute to foregrounding during text comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language. 1987; 26:69–83
    Goodman, S. N. and Royall, R.Evidence and scientific research. American Journal of Public Health. 1988; 78:1568–74
    Graesser, A. C.; Bowers, C.; Olde, B.; and Pomeroy, V.Who said what? Source memory for narrator and character agents in literary short stories. Journal of Educational Psychology. 1999; 91:284–300
    Graesser, A. C.; Bowers, C. A.; Olde, B.; White, K.; and Person, N. K.Who knows what? Propagation of knowledge among agents in a literary storyworld. Poetics. 1999; 26:143–75
    Graesser, A. C.; Singer, M.; and Trabasso, T.Constructing inferences during narrative text comprehension. Psychological Review. 1994; 101:371–95
    Graves, B. and Frederiksen, C. H.Literary expertise in the description of a fictional narrative. Poetics. 1991; 20:1–26
    Greimas, A. J.Narrative grammars: Units and levels. MLN, 1971; 86:793-806
    Grice, H. P. Logic and conversation. in: Cole, P. and Morgan, J. L., editors. Syntax and semantics: Speech acts. New York: Academic Press; 1975; pp. 41–58
    Gross, J. B.A telling side of narration: Direct discourse and French women writers. The French Review. 1993; 66(3):401–11
    Gross, S.Cognitive readings; or, the disappearance of Literature in the Mind. Poetics Today. 1997; 18(2):271–97
    Hakala, C.Accessibility of spatial information in a situation model. Discourse Processes. 1999; 27:261–80
    Halliday, M. A. K. and Hasan, R. Cohesion in English. New York: Longman; 1976
    Hamon, P. Pour un statut sémiologique du personnage. Littérature, 1972; 6:86–110
    Hamon, P. Pour un statut sémiologique du personnage. in: Barthes, R.; Kayser, W.; Booth, W. C.; and Hamon, P., editors. Poétique du récit. Paris: Editions du Seuil; 1977; pp. 115–80
    Hartley, J.Invisible fictions: Television audiences, paedocracy, pleasure. Textual Practice. 1987; 1(2):121–138
    Harvey, W. J. Character and the novel. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press; 1965
    Hauptmeier, H.; Meutsch, D.; and Viehoff, P.Empirical research on understanding literature. Poetics Today. 1989; 10(3):563–604
    Haviland, S. E. and Clark, H. H.What's new? Acquiring new information in comprehension. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1974; 13:512–21
    Hayes, J. R. and Flower, L. S.Writing research and the writer. American Psychologist. 1986; 41:1106–13
    Hayes, J. R.; Schriver, K. A.; Spilka, R; and Blaustein, A. If it's clear to me it must be clear to them. Paper presented at the Conference on College Composition and Communication; New Orleans, LA; 1986
    Hemingway, E. The snows of Kilimanjaro. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons; 1927
    Hirsch, E. D. The aims of interpretation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1976
    Hochman, B. Character in literature. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press; 1985
    Holland, N. 5 readers reading. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press; 1975
    Holland, N. Recovering “The Purloined Letter”: Reading as a personal transaction. in: Saleiman, S. R. and Crossman, I., editors. The reader in the text: Essays on audience and interpretation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1980; pp. 350–70
    Holland, N. Fantasy and defense in Faulkner's “A rose for Emily.” in: Staton, S., editor. Literary theories in praxis. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press; 1987; pp. 294–307
    Holub, R. C. Reception theory: A critical introduction. London: Routledge; 1989
    Irving, W. “The adventure of the German student.” in: Litz, A. W., editor. Major American short stories, 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 1994; pp. 38–43
    Iser, W. The implied reader: Patterns of communication in prose fiction from Bunyan to Beckett. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; 1974
    Iser, W. The act of reading: A theory of aesthetic response. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; 1978
    Iser, W. Interaction between text and reader. in: Suleiman, S. R. and Crossman, I., editors. The reader in the text: Essays on audience and interpretation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1980; pp. 10–19
    Jahn, M.Frames, preferences, and the reading of third-person narratives: Towards a cognitive narratology. Poetics Today. 1997; 18(4):441–68
    Jauss, H. R.Literary history as a challenge to literary theory. New Literary History. 1970; 2(1):7–37
    Jauss, H. R.Levels of identification of hero and audience. New Literary History. 1974; 5(2):283–312
    Johnson-Laird, P. N. Mental models. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1983
    Johnson, N. S. and Mandler, J. M.A tale of two structures: Underlying and surface forms in stories. Poetics. 1980; 9:51–86
    Jones, E. E. and Davis, K. From acts to dispositions: The attribution process in person perception. in: Berkowitz, L., editor. Advances in experimental social psychology. New York: Academic Press; 1965; pp. 219–66
    Jost, F.Narration(s): En decà et au-delà. Communications. 1983; 38:192–212
    Joyce, J. Dubliners. New York: Penguin Books; 1991
    Just, M. A. and Carpenter, P. A. The psychology of reading and language comprehension. Boston: Allyn and Bacon; 1987
    Kamau, K. A. Flickering shadows. New York: Henry Holt and Company; 1996
    Kaschak, M. P. and Glenberg, A. M.Constructing meaning: The role of affordances and grammatical constructions in sentence comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language. 2000; 43:508–29
    Kelley, H. H.Attribution in social psychology: Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. 1967; 15:192–238
    Kenny, D. A.A general model of consensus and accuracy in interpersonal perception. Psychological Review. 1991; 98:155–63
    Keysar, B.The illusory transparency of intention: Linguistic perspective taking text. Cognitive Psychology. 1994; 26:165–208
    Kincaid, J. Marbles. in: Mordecai, P. and Wilson, B., editors. Her true-true name: An anthology of women's writing from the Caribbean. Oxford: Heinemann; 1990; pp. 112–16
    Kintsch, W. The representation of meaning in memory. Hillsdale: Erlbaum; 1974
    Kintsch, W. and Greene, E.The role of culture-specific schemata in the comprehension and recall of stories. Discourse Processes. 1978; 1:1–13
    Kintsch, W.;Kozminsky, E.; Streby, W. J.; McKoon, F.; and Keenan, J. M.Comprehension and recall of text as a function of content variables. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1975; 14:196–214
    Knapp, J. V.Family systems as psychotherapy, literary character, and literature: An introduction. Style. 1997; 31(2):223–54
    Knapp, J. V.Introduction: Self-preservation and self-transformation: Interdisciplinary approaches to literary character. Style. 1990; 24(3):349–64
    Krieger, M. Arts on the level: The fall of the elite object. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press; 1981
    Kushigian, J. La economía de las palabras: Disipador del miedo inefable en Borges y Silvina Bullrich. Inti: Revista de Literatura Hispánica. 1989 Spring–1989 Fall; 29–30:207–214
    Labov, W. Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania; 1972; pp. 354–96
    Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. Philosophy in the flesh: The embodied mind and its challenge to Western thought. New York: Basic Books; 1999
    Lamarque, P. Narrative and Invention: The Limits of Fictionality. in: Nash, C., editor. Narrative in culture: The uses of storytelling in the sciences, philosophy, and literature. London: University of Warwick Centre for Research in Philosophy and Literature; 1990; pp. 131–53
    Lanser, S. The narrative act: Point of view in fiction. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1981
    Lanser, S.Sexing the narrative: Propriety, desire, and the engendering of narratology. Narrative. 1995; 3(1):85–94
    Lardner, R. The love nest and other stories. New York: C. Scribner's Sons; 1926
    Larsen, S. F. and Seilman, U.Personal remindings while reading literature. Text. 1988; 8:411–29
    Larsen, S. F. and Viehoff, R. Introduction: “Empirical” – What does it mean in IGEL studies? in: Rusch, G., editor. Emprical approaches to literature: Procedings of the fourth conference of the International Society for the Empirical Study of Literature – IGEL; Budapest. Siegen: Lumis Publications; 1995:21–27
    Larsen, S. F.; László, J.; and Seilman, U. Across time and place: Cultural-historical knowledge and personal experience in appreciation of literature. in: Ibsch, E.; Schram, D.; and Steen, G., editors. Empirical studies of literature: Proceedings of the second IGEL Conference, Amsterdam, 1989. Amsterdam: Rodopi; 1991
    le Carré, J. The naive and sentimental lover. London: Pan Books; 1972
    le Carré, J. Smiley's people. London: Penguin Books; 1992
    le Carré, J. Our game. Toronto: Penguin Books; 1995
    le Carré, J. The tailor of Panama. Toronto: Penguin; 1997
    Le Guin, U. K. “The wife's story.” in: The Compass Rose. New York: Bantam Books; 1983
    Le Guin, U. K. Always coming home. Toronto: Bantam Books; 1985
    Le Guin, U. K. Tehanu: The last book of Earthsea. New York: Atheneum; 1990
    Lehnert, W. G. Plot units: A narrative summarization strategy. in: Lehnert, W. G. and Ringle, M. H., editors. Strategies for natural language processing. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1982; pp. 375–412
    Lenneberg, E. The biological foundations of language. New York: Wiley; 1967
    Levelt, W. J. M. Speaking: From intention to articulation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 1989
    Levelt, W. J. M. Perspective taking and ellipsis in spatial descriptions. in: Bloom, M. A.; Peterson, N. L.; and Garret, M. F. Language and space. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 1996; pp. 77–108
    Levine, W. H. and Klin, C. M.Tracking of spatial components of situation models. Memory & Cognition. 2001; 29:327–35
    Limon, J. The place of fiction in the time of science: A disciplinary history of American writing. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1990
    Linde, C. and Labov, W.Spatial netwoks as a site for the study of language and thought. Language. 1975; 51:924–39
    Loftus, G. R.A picture is worth a thousand p values: On the irrelevance of hypothesis testing in the microcomputer age. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers. 1993; 25:250–6
    Long, D. L. and Ley, L.Implicit causality and discourse focus: The interaction of text and reader characteristics in pronoun resolution. Journal of Memory and Language. 2000; 42:545–70
    López, I. H.And there is only my imagination where our history should be: An interview with Cristina García. Michigan Quarterly Review. 1994; 33:3
    Mackie, J. L. The cement of the universe: A study of causation. Oxford: Clarendon; 1980
    Magliano, J. P.; Dijkstra, K.; and Zwann, R. A.Generating predictive inferences while viewing a movie. Discourse Processes. 1996; 22:199-224
    Makaryk, I. R., editor and compiler. Encyclopedia of contemporary literary theory: Approaches, scholars, terms. Toronto: University of Toronto Press; 1993
    Mandler, J. M.A code in the node: The use of a story schema in retrieval. Discourse Processes. 1978; 1:14–35
    Mandler, J. M. Stories, scripts, and scenes: Aspects of schema theory. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1984
    Mandler, J. M. and Goodman, M. S.On the psychological reality of story structure. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1982; 21:507–23
    Margolin, U.Characterization in narrative: Some theoretical prolegomena. Neophilologus. 1983; 67:1–14
    Margolin, U.The doer and the deed: Action as basis for characterization in narrative. Poetics Today. 1986; 7(2):205–25
    Margolin, U.Structuralist approaches to character in narrative: The state of the art. Semiotica. 1989; 75(1/2):1–24
    Margolin, U.Individuals in narrative worlds: An ontological perspective. Poetics Today. 1990a; 11(4):843–71
    Margolin, U.The what, the when, and the how of being a character in literary narrative. Style. 1990b; 24(3):453–68
    Margolin, U. Fictional individuals and their counterparts. Andrew, J., editor. Studies in Slavic Literature and Poetics. 1992; 1743–56
    Margolin, U.Changing individuals in narrative: Science, philosophy, literature. Semiotica. 1995; 107(12):5–31
    Margolin, U.Characters in literary narrative: Representation and signification. Semiotica. 1998; 106(3/4):373–92
    McCutchen, D. and Perfetti, C. A.The visual tongue-twister effect: Phonological activation in silent reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1982; 2:672–87
    McDaniel, M. A.; Hines, R. J.; Waddil, P. J.; and Einstein, G. O.What makes folk tales unique: Content familiarity, causal structure, scripts, or superstructures?Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 1994; 20:169–84
    McHale, B.Free indirect discourse: A survey of recent accounts. PTL: A Journal for Descriptive Poetics and Theory of Literature. 1978; 3:249–87
    McHale, B.Unspeakable sentences, unnatural acts: Linguistics and poetics revisited. Poetics Today. 1983; 4(1):17–45
    McKoon, G. and Ratcliff, R.Inference during reading. Psychological Review. 1992; 99:440–66
    McRobbie, A. Feminism and youth culture. Cambridge, MA: Hyman; 1990
    Medin, D. L. and Schaffer, M. M.Context theory of classification learning. Psychological Review. 1978; 85:207–38
    Meyer, B. J. F. The organization of prose and its effect on memory. Amsterdam: North Holland; 1975
    Miall, D. S. and Kuiken, D.Aspects of literary response: A new questionnaire. Research in the Teaching of English. 1995; 29:37–58
    Moore, R. E. Performance form and the voices of characters in five versions of the Wasco Coyote cycle. in: Lucy, J. A., editor. Reflexive language: Reported speech and metapragmatics. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1993
    Morrison, T. Beloved. New York: Plume, Penguin Putnam; 1998
    Morrow, D. G.; Bower, G. H.; and Greenspan, S. L.Updating situation models during narrative comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language. 1989; 28:292–312
    Morrow, D. G.; Greenspan, S. L.; and Bower, G. H., Accessibility and situation models in narrative comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language. 1987(26):165–87
    Mukarovsky, J. Aesthetic function, norm and value as social facts. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press; 1970
    Munro, A. The office. in: Munro, A., editor. Collected short stories. New York: Random House; 1996; pp. 59–74
    Murillo, L. A. The Cyclical Night: Irony in James Joyce and Jorge Luis Borges. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1968
    Myers, J. L. and O'Brien, E. J.Accessing the discourse representation during reading. Discourse Processes. 1998; 26:131–58
    Nash, C. Narrative in culture. London: Routledge; 1994
    Nelles, W.Getting focalization into focus. Poetics Today. 1990; 11(2):365–82
    Newell, A. and Simon, H. A. Human problem solving. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall; 1972
    Neyman, J. and Pearson, E. S. On the use and interpretation of certain test criteria for purposes of statistical inference. Biometrika. 1928; 20A:263–94
    Nosofsky, R. M.Tests of an exemplar model for relating perceptual classification and recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 1991; 17:3–27
    Oatley, K.A taxonomy of the emotions of literary response and a theory of identification in fictional narrative. Poetics. 1994; 23:53–74
    O'Brien, E. J. and Albrecht, J. E.Comprehension strategies in the development of a mental model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 1992; 18:777–84
    O'Brien, E. J.; Lorch, R. F. Jr.; and Myers, J. L.Memory-based text processing. Discourse Processes. 1998; 26:2–3
    Olson, G. M.; Mack, R. L., and Duffy, S. A.Cognitive aspects of genre. Poetics. 1981; 10:283–315
    Oltean, S.Functions of free indirect discourse: The case of a novel. Revue Roumaine de Linguistique. 1986; 31:153–64
    Oltean, S.A survey of the pragmatic and referential functions of free indirect discourse. Poetics Today. 1993; 14(4):691–714
    Omanson, R. C.An analysis of narratives: Identifying central, supportive, and distracting content. Discourse Processing. 1982; 5:195–224
    O'Neill, P. Points of origin: On focalization in narrative. Canadian Review of Comparative Literature. 1992; Sept:331–50
    O'Neill, P. Fictions of discourse: Reading narrative theory. Toronto: University of Toronto Press; 1994
    Ortega, R. P.Intento de interpretación psicoanalítica de un cuento de Jorge Luis Borges. Eco. 1971; 23(138–139):587–99
    Pavel, T. G. Fictional worlds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1986
    Phelan, J. Reading people, reading plots: Character, progression, and the interpretation of narrative. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1989
    Pinker, S. The language instinct. New York: Morrow; 1994
    Piwowarczyk, M. A.The narratee and the situation of enunciation: A reconsideration of Prince's theory. Genre. 1976; 9:161–77
    Polanyi, L. Literary complexity in everyday storytelling. in: Tannen, D., editor. Spoken and written language: Exploring orality and literacy. Norwood, NJ: Ablex; 1982
    Pollard-Gott, L.Attribution theory and the novel. Poetics. 1993; 21:499–524
    Porter, K. A. Rope. in: Cahill, S., editor. Women and fiction: Short stories by and about women. New York: New American Library; 1975; pp. 78–84
    Postman, L. and Senders, V. L.Incidental learning and generality of set. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 1946; 36:153–65
    Potter, J. and Wetherell, M. Discourse and social psychology. London: Sage; 1987
    Prince, G. A grammar of stories. The Hague: Mouton; 1973
    Prince, G. Dictionary of narratology. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press; 1987
    Prince, G. Narratology: The form and functioning of narrative. Amsterdam: Mouton; 1982
    Prince, G. On narratology: Past, present, future. French Literary Studies. 1990; XVII
    Propp, V. Morphologie du conte. Derrida, M.; Todorov, T.; and Kahn, C., translators. Paris: Editions du Seuil; 1965
    Propp, V. Morphology of the folktale. Austin: University of Texas; 1968
    Raap, D. N.; Gerrig, R. J.; and Prentice, D. A.Readers' trait-based models of characters in narrative comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language. 2001;45:737–50
    Rabinowitz, P. J. Other reader-oriented theories. in: Selden, R., editor. The Cambridge history of literary criticism: From formalism to poststructuralism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995; 375–403
    Ramazani, V. The free indirect mode: Flaubert and the poetics of irony. Charlottesville: Univeristy Press of Virginia; 1988
    Reeder, G. D. and Brewer, M. B.A schematic model of dispositional attribution in interpersonal perception. Psychological Review. 1979; 86:61–79
    Richard, J.-P. Littérature et sensation. Paris: Aux Editions du Seuil; 1954
    Richards, E. and Singer, M.Representation of complex goal structures in narrative comprehension. Discourse Processes. 2001; 31:111–37
    Richardson, B.Beyond poststructuralism: Theory of character, the personae of modern drama, and the antinomies of critical theory. Modern Drama. 1997; 40:86–99
    Ricoeur, P. Temps et récit. Paris: Seuil; 1983
    Riffaterre, M.Describing poetic structures: Two approaches to Baudelaire's “Les Chats.”Yale French Studies. 1966; 36/37:200–42
    Rimmon-Kenan, S. Narrative fiction: Contemporary poetics. New York: Methuen; 1983
    Rosch, E. and Mervis, C. B.Family resemblances: Studies in the internal structure of categories. Cognitive Psychology. 1975; 7:573–605
    Ross, L. The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in the attribution process. in: Berkowitz, L., editor. Advances in experimental social psychology. New York: Academic Press; 1977; pp. 173–220
    Ross, L. D.; Amabile, T. M.; and Steinmetz, J. L.Social roles, social cognition, and biases in social-perception processes. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology. 1977; 35:485–94
    Rowling, J. K. Harry Potter and the goblet of fire. London: Raincoast Books; 2000
    Rumelhart, D. E. Notes on a schema for stories. in: Bobrow, D. G. and Collins, A., editors. Representation and understanding: Studies in cognitive science. New York: Academic Press; 1975; pp. 211–36
    Rusch, G. The notion of “empirical”: Knowing how. in: Rusch, G., editor. Empirical approaches to literature: Proceedings of the fourth biannual conference of the International Society for the Empirical Study of Literature – IGEL; Budapest. Siegen: Lumis Publications; 1995: pp. 103–8
    Sanders, J. and Redeker, G. Perspective and the representation of speech and thought. in: Fauconnier, G., editor. Worlds and grammar. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1996; pp. 290–317
    Sanford, A. J. and Garrod, S. Understanding written language: Explorations in comprehension beyond the sentence. Chichester: Wiley; 1981
    Sanford, A. J. and Garrod, S. C.The role of scenario mapping in text comprehension. Discourse Processes. 1998; 26:159–90
    Schank, R. C. and Abelson, R. P. Scripts, plans, goals and understanding. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1977
    Schegloff, E. A.; Jefferson, G.; and Sacks, H.The preference for self-correction in the organization of repair in conversation. Language. 1977; 53:361–82
    Schmidt, S. J.Receptional problems with contemporary narrative texts and some of their reasons. Poetics. 1980; 9:119–46
    Schmidt, S. J.Empirical studies in literature: Introductory remarks. Poetics. 1981; 10:317–36
    Schmidt, S. J.The empirical science of literature ESL: A new paradigm. Poetics. 1983; 12:19–34
    Schmidt, S. J. What can “empirical” mean in a constructivist context? 10 considerations. in: Rusch, G., editor. Empirical approaches to literature: Proceedings of the fourth biannual conference of the International Society for the Empirical Study of Literature – IGEL; Budapest. Siegen: Lumis Publications; 1995: 109–112
    Schober, M. F.Spatial perspective-taking in conversation. Cognition. 1993; 47:1–24
    Seidenberg, M. S. and McClelland, J. L.A distributed, developmental model of word recognition and naming. Psychological Review. 1989; 96:523–68
    Selden, R. The Cambridge history of literary criticism: From formalism to poststructuralism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1995
    Shapiro, M.How narrators report speech. Language and Style. 1984; 17(1):67–78
    Shaw, H. E.Thin description: A reply to Seymour Chatman. Narrative. 1995; 3(3):307–14
    Shepard, L. Life during wartime. New York: Bantam Books; 1987
    Shklovsky, V. Art as technique. in: Lemon, L. T. and Reis, M. J., editors. Russian formalist criticism: Four essays. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press; 1965; pp. 3–24
    Sidner, C.Focusing and discourse. Discourse Processes. 1983; 6:107–30
    Sinclair-de Zwart, H. Language acquisition and cognitive development. in: Moore, T., editor. Cognitive development and the acquisition of language. New York: Academic Press; 1973
    Singer, M. and Ferreira, F.Inferring consequences in story comprehension. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1983; 22:437–48
    Slatoff, W. With respect to readers: Dimensions of literary response. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press; 1970
    Sophocles. Oedipus the king and Antigone. Arnott, P. D., translator. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1969
    Spilich, G. J.; Vesonder, G. T.; Chiesi, H. L.; and Voss, J. F.Text processing of domain-related information for individuals with high and low domain knowledge. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1979; 18:275–90
    Spolsky, E. Gaps in nature: Literary interpretation and the modular mind. Albany: State University of New York Press; 1993
    Stampfl, B.Filtering Rimmon-Kenan, Chatman, Black, Freud, and James: Focalization and the divided self in “The beast in the jungle.”Style. 1992; 26(3):388–99
    Stanzel, F. K. Teller-characters and reflector-characters in narrative theory. Poetics Today. 1981; 2(2):4–15
    Stein, N. L. and Glenn, C. G. An analysis of story comprehension in elementary school children. in: Le Freed, R., editor. New directions in discourse processing (Vol. 2). Norwood, NJ: Ablex; 1979; pp. 53–120
    Suleiman, S. and Crosman, I. The reader in the text: Essays on audience and interpretation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1980
    Symonds, J. A., On the application of evolutionary principles to art and literature. in: Essays speculative and suggestive. New York: AMS Press; 1970; pp. 197–224
    Tan, E. S. H.Film-induced affect as a witness emotion. Poetics. 1994; 23:7–32
    Tannen, D.Oral and literate strategies in spoken and written narratives. Language. 1982; 58(1):1–21
    Tannen, D. Conversational style. Analyzing talk among friends. Norwood: Ablex; 1984
    Taylor, H. A. and Tversky, B.Perspective in spatial descriptions. Journal of Memory and Language. 1996; 35:371–91
    Thorndyke, P. W.Cognitive structure in comprehension and memory of narrative discourse. Cognitive Psychology. 1977; 9:51–86
    Thury, E. M. and Friedlander, A. The impact of expertise: The role of experience in reading literary texts. in: Rusch, G., editor. Empirical approaches to literature: Proceedings of the fourth biannual conference of the International Society for the Empirical Study of Literature – IGEL; Budapest. Siegen: Lumis Publications; 1995; p. 22
    Tolliver, J. Discourse analysis and the interpretation of literary narrative. Style. 1990; 24(2):266–83
    Tomachevsky, B. Thématique. in: Todorov, T., editor and translator. Théorie de la littérature. Paris: Aux Editions du Seuil; 1965
    Toolan, M. J. Narrative: A critical linguistic introduction. New York: Routledge; 1995
    Trabasso, R. and Sperry, L. L.Causal relatedness and importance of story events. Journal of Memory and Language. 1985; 24:595–611
    Trabasso, T. and Broek, P.Causal thinking and the representation of narrative events. Journal of Memory and Language. 1985; 24:612–30
    Trope, Y. and Burnstein, E.Processing the information contained in another's behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 1975; 11:439–58
    Turner, M. Reading minds: The study of English in the age of cognitive science. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1991
    Tversky, B. Spatial perspective in descriptions. in: Bloom, P.; Barret, M.; Hadel, L.; and Peterson, M., editors. Language and Space. Boston: MIT Press; 1996; pp. 463–91
    Uleman, J. S.; Hon, A.;Roman, R. J.; and Moskowitz, G. B.On-line evidence for spontaneous trait inferences at encoding. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 1996; 22:377–94
    van den Broek, P.; Risden, K.; Fletcher, C. R.; and Thurlow, R. A. “Landscape” view of reading: Fluctuating patterns of activation and the construction of a stable memory representation. in: Britton, B. K. and Graesser, A. C., editors. Models of understanding text. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1996; pp. 165–87
    Dijk, T. A.Philosophy of action and theory of narrative. Poetics. 1976; 5
    van Dijk, T. A. and Kintsch, W. Strategies of discourse comprehension. New York: Academic Press; 1983
    Vipond, D. and Hunt, R. A. Literary processing and response as transactions: Evidence for the contribution of readers, texts, and situation. in: Meutsch, D. and Viehoff, R., editors. Comprehension of literary discourse: Interdisciplinary approaches. Berlin: de Gruyter; 1989; pp. 155–74
    Vitoux, P.Le jeu de la focalisation. Poétique. 1982; 51:359–68
    Vitoux, P.Notes sur la focalisation dans le roman autobiographique. Etudes Littéraires. 1984; 17(2):261–72
    Walsh, R.Who is the narrator?Poetics Today. 1997a; 18(4):495–513
    Walsh, R.Why we wept for Little Nell: Character and emotional involvment. Narrative. 1997b; 5(3):306–21
    Warren, W. H.; Nicholas, D. W.; and Trabasso, T. Event chains and inferences in understanding narratives. in: Freedle, R. O., editor. Advances in discourse processes: New directions in discourse processing, Vol. 2. Norwood, NJ: Ablex; 1979
    Weinberg, H. H.Irony and “style indirect libre” in Madame Bovary. Canadian Review of Comparative Literature. 1981; 8(1):1–9
    Weitz, M.The role of theory in aesthetics. Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 1956; 15(1):27–35
    Weitz, M. The opening mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1977
    Wellek, R. The concept of evolution in literary history. in: Wellek, R., editor. Concepts of criticism. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press; 1973
    Werth, P. N. How to build a world (in a lot less than six days, and using only what's in your head). in: Green, K., editor. New essays in deixis: Discourse, narrative, literature. Amsterdam: Rodopi; 1995; pp. 49–80
    White, H. The value of narrativity in the representation of reality. in: Mitchell, W. J. T., editor. On narrative. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1981; pp. 1–24
    Whitehurst, G. Language development. in: Wolman, B., editor. Handbook of developmental psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1982
    Wiebe, J. M. Recognizing subjective sentences: A computational analysis of narrative text. Buffalo, NY: SUNY, Department of Computer Science; 1990
    Wieder, L. Telling the code. in: Turner, R., editor. Ethnomethodology. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin; 1974
    Wike, E. L. and Church, J. D.Comments on Clark's “The language-as-fixed-effect fallacy.” Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1976; 15:249–55
    Wilder, D.Perceiving persons as a group: Effects on attributions of causality and beliefs. Social Psychology. 1978; 1:13–23
    Wilson, S. G.; Rinck, M.; McNamara, T. P.; Bower, G. H.; and Morrow, D. G.Mental models and narrative comprehension: Some qualifications. Journal of Memory and Language. 1993; 32:141–54
    Winograd, T. A framework for understanding discourse. in: Just, M. A. and Carp, P. A. Cognitive processes in comprehension. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1977; pp. 63–88
    Wolff, E.Der intendierte Leser: Uberlegungen und Beispiele zur Einfuhrung eines literaturwissenschaftlichen Begriffes. Poetica. 1971; 4(2):141–66
    Zwann, R.Effect of genre expectations on text comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 1994; 20:920–33
    Zwann, R. A.; Langston, M. C.; and Graesser, A. C.The construction of situation models in narrative comprehension: An event-indexing model. Psychological Science. 1995; 6:292–7

    Metrics

    Altmetric attention score

    Full text views

    Total number of HTML views: 0
    Total number of PDF views: 0 *
    Loading metrics...

    Book summary page views

    Total views: 0 *
    Loading metrics...

    * Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

    Usage data cannot currently be displayed.

    Accessibility standard: Unknown

    Why this information is here

    This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

    Accessibility Information

    Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this book is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.