Index
Abadan, Iran, 421
Adams, Abigail, 157
Adams, Henry
Germanic influence on England,
Adams, John
accused of monarchist tendencies, 173
on Continental Congress reception of the Suffolk Resolves, 124
and the Declaration of Independence,
on making a new government, 86
perfection of the English Constitution, 133
praises the Boston Tea Party, 118
Adams, Willi Paul, 191
Æthelberht, King, 53
Æthelred, King, 42
Afghanistan, 492
Alsace, France, 238
Amar, Akhil, 188
Amnesty International, 425
Amuzegar, Jahangir, 428
Anderson, Perry, 5
Annapolis, Maryland, 154
Anne, Queen, 34
Aquinas, St. Thomas, 250
Arendt, Hannah, 5, 13
on the Declaration of the Rights of Man, 233
on the General Will and the French Revolution, 208
links between the French and Russian Revolutions, 328
on many French constitutions, 317
nationalism and the Declaration of the Rights of Man, 280
on Robespierre and Rousseau, 272
Robespierre and the Terror, 286
on Rousseau’s General Will, 215
Arrow’s paradox, 9
Aston, Nigel, 219
Avignon, France, 238
Ayer, A. J., 264
Bailyn, Bernard
American conception of the common law, 87
on the English Constitution and the American founding, 104
Bakhash, Shaul, 442
Bakhtiar, Shapour, 421
Bani-Sadr, Abo Hassan, 446
Bateman, David
on the Glorious Revolution, 73
on popular sovereignty in France, 318
suffrage in the colonies, 102
Beeman, Richard
on the Northwest Ordinance, 152
Beheshti, Ayatollah, 453
Belley, Jean-Baptiste, 241
Bentham, Jeremy, 237
Berlin, Germany, 377
Bernard, Francis, 104
Bessel, Richard, 403
Bilder, Mary Sarah
on election of Washington as convention chair, 164
on English and colonial law, 97
on Jefferson’s fear of Hamilton’s monarchism, 173
Blackstone, William, 40
first king of England, 36
hostility to the Catholic Church, 50
on the common law, 64
on the Magna Carta, 50
on the Norman Conquest, 65
on parliament’s supremacy in the colonies, 104
on trial by jury, 60
responsibilities of members of parliament, 72
Bolshevik Party
and the will of the people, 15
Borujerdi, Ayatollah,
Bosher, J. F., 206
Boston
Suffolk Resolves,
Boston Port Act of 1774, 118
Bourges, France, 222
Britain
denounces execution of Louis XVI, 263
England and the Celtic fringe, 77
misreads colonists,
parliament as constitutional convention, 74
ritual opening of parliament,
Tea Act of 1773, 117
Townshend Acts of 1767,
vote on European Union, 77
British West Indies, 126
Brittany, France, 222
Brown, Trevor, 17
Bukharin, Nikolai, 349
Burgoyne, General John, 146
Burke, Edmund, 20, 30, 65, 72, 484
on the American colonies, 97
on Archbishop Langton, 55
on the Church of England, 56
on the common law, 67
conception of a social contract, 60
England after the Romans, 28
on the English Constitution,
on the Glorious Revolution, 35
on impact of the Norman Conquest, 45
on imperial authority in the periphery, 103
on the Magna Carta, 51
on trial by jury, 60
on virtual representation in parliament, 108
Bushman, Richard, 92
Cabanis, Pierre-Jean, 288
Carr, Edward
on Bolshevik strategy, 350
on Lenin’s attitude toward constitutions, 358
on timing of Bolshevik takeover, 346
Carr, William, 400
Carrier, Jean-Baptiste, 293
Catherine, Queen, 56
Chamberlin, William
describes Socialist Revolutionaries, 343
on the Provisional Government, 335
summarizes the Russian Revolution, 336
Chapman, Pauline, 298
Chehabi, Houchang, 460
Chernov, Victor,
Cloots, Jean-Baptiste,
Cnut, King, 42
Coke, Edward, 45
Communist regimes, 323
Constitutional Law of the Greater German Reich, 419
Continental Congress, 18,
and the American Revolution,
attitude toward the king, 107
calls for Philadelphia Convention,
creation of, 119
interpretation of the English Constitution, 112
opening dilemma in, 119
petitions king, 120
Corday, Charlotte, 290
Couthon, Georges, 240
Dachau, Germany, 410
Dakin, D., 206
d’Angremont, Louis Collot, 288
Danton, Georges, 282,
Dauphine, France, 222
Davidson, Ian, 235
coups d’état in French Revolution, 319
execution of Robespierre, 201
on people of Paris and the revolution, 259
Davis, David Brion, 177
de Douai, Philippe-Antoine Merlin, 240
de Flesselles, Jacques, 228
de Gouges, Olympe, 240
de La Blache, Comte, 236
de Lamballe, Princesse, 312
de Lamoignon, Chrétien-Francois, 242
de Launay, Marquis, 228
de Sade, Marquis, 228
de Talleyrand, Charles Maurice, 248
d’Églantine, Fabre, 282
Dickens, Charles, 34
Dickinson, John, 171
Digges, Sir Dudley, 474
du Rivage, Justin, 94
Dusseldorf Industrial Club, 398
Earl of Halsbury,
Edling, Max, 156
Edward III, King, 56
Edward the Confessor, King, 46
Edward the Elder, King, 37
Egbert, King, 36
Elkins, Zachary, 4
Encyclopaedia Britannica
on the Glorious Revolution, 73
on the naming of England, 32
on the Reform Act of 1832, 74
England
Anglo-Saxon invasion of,
Bushell’s Case, 61
common law,
democratic tradition, 68
emergence of the English people, 33
on emergence of the state,
and the English language,
first king of,
Germanic influence on, , 64
Hengest, 29
Heptarchy, 36
legacy of the Roman Empire, 29
Norman Conquest of,
origin of the name,
origins of the English people,
Provisions of Oxford, 70
Reform Act of 1832, 74
and the Roman Catholic Church,
slavery in, 42
Sutton v. Jonstone, 58
transfer of sovereignty to parliament,
unification of,
and Wales, , 79,
English Constitution, 5, 19, 23
and the common law,
historical origins of, , 82
and trial by jury,
and the will of the people, 197
as the will of the people, 20
writ of habeas corpus, 61
Evans, Richard
conservatives confident of control of Hitler, 408
on the Enabling Act, 415
on Nazi consolidation of power, 418
on SDP mistakes, 377
on the Social Democratic Party, 377
on the Zentrum, 372
Eyck, Erich, 387
Fairfield, Connecticut, 146
Fallaci, Oriana
interviews Khomeini, 451
Fawkes, Guy, 80
Federalist Papers, 196
Findley, William, 180
Fitzpatrick, Sheila, 357
Forster, Georg, 295
founding dilemma
in the American Constitutional Convention,
in democratic and non-democratic foundings,
in non-democratic states, 473
opening dilemma, , , 16
in the United States,
foundings,
and the emergence of England,
generation of legitimacy in, 195
interdependency between,
and the Islamic Republic of Iran,
and legislative assemblies, 18
melding during, 3
myths, fictions, and abstractions,
revision of founding constitutions,
and the proletariat, 8
and revolutions, 13
will of the people, 1
Fouquier-Tinville, Antoine, 290
France
and the American founding,
attitude toward new American state, 180
audience for the Declaration of Independence, 145
Catholic Church and the Enlightenment, 207
convening of the Estates-General, 220
the crown and the possibility of reform, 206
crown authority in, 204
Declaration of the Rights of Women, 240
description of before the revolution,
and the Enlightenment, 204,
Île-de-France, 209
importance of food supply in Paris, 227
influence of Rousseau on,
monarchy before 1789, 199,
opening of the Estates-General, 299
phases of the revolution, 201
popular participation in the French Revolution, 118
possibility of reform under the crown, 208
possible sources of legitimacy in, 204
symbolism in the revolution, 12
Frank, Jason
on founding dilemma in the United States, 480
popular participation in the American Revolution, 118
Franklin, Benjamin, 194
at the Constitutional Convention, 164
and the Declaration of Independence, 138
discussion with Lord Granville, 141
on parliament’s sovereignty, 114
on the United States Constitution, 167
French and Indian War
expenditures for, 105
French Revolution
arrest of the Girondins,
censorship during, 277
Club of 1789, 250
Commission of Twelve, 265
“congress of the entire world”, 237
constitutions created during, 220
Cordeliers Club, 258,
Council of 500, 299
deaths caused by, 289
and definition of citizenship, 237
deputies imagine the General Will,
Estates-General turned into National Assembly, 223
execution of the king,
execution of the queen, 292
fall of the Bastille, , 300
Festival of Reason, 302
Festival of the Supreme Being, 304
Festival of the Unity and Indivisibility of the Republic, 219
festivals held during, , 304
Feuillant Club, 309
Feuillants, 248
France not a city-state, 215
and freedom of religion, 234
General Will and revolutionary culture,
Girondin and Jacobin disagreement on execution of the king,
Girondins back wars of liberation, 238
and Haiti, 241
hostility to conception of class, 256
internment of men in the Pantheon, 211,
Invalides military hospital, 227
invasion of Versailles,
Jacobins and Girondins in,
Jean-Paul Marat, 265
Law of Suspects, 284
Montagnards and the people of Paris, 269
Muscadins, 305
National Assembly renounces wars of conquest, 237
national unification and the General Will, 214
philosophical divisions within, ,
popular invasions of the National Assembly, , 298,
possibility of a constitutional monarchy,
revolutionaries killed during,
Saint Lazare Convent, 227
similar to foundings in Russia, Germany, and Iran, 270
Society of Thirty, 248
Tennis Court Oath, 224
the Terror, ,
transfixing moments in the National Assembly,
violence in Paris,
violence in the provinces, 225
violence in the Vendee, 289
Fritzsche, Peter, 398
Gadsden, Christopher, 121
Gellately, Robert, 409
George I, King, 73
George III, King, 123, 136
affirms parliament’s sovereignty over the colonies, 129
colonial experience with the constitution, 173
condemns Declaration of Independence, 141
rejects Olive Branch Petition, 131
on rights of the American colonies, 107
Ginsburg, Tom, 4
Golpayegani, Ayatollah, 432
Goodwin, A.
rights of Englishmen and the American founding, 187
taxation of the American colonies, 105
Green, John Richard
on the origins of the English people, 27
Greene, Jack
on the American Revolution, 103
on colonial governors, 101
colonial political strategy, 108
on the Glorious Revolution, 132
inevitability of the American Revolution, 88
on the shaping of a colonial consensus, 112
tradition and custom in the colonies, 103
on virtual representation in parliament, 109
Groton, Connecticut, 146
Guillotin, Dr. Joseph-Ignace, 288
Ha’eri, Ayatollah, 432
Haider, Najam
on Khomeini’s Islamic thought, 436
Haiti
and the French Revolution, 241
Hamilton, Alexander
disappointed in American founding, 488
favors English monarchy as model, 172
House of Lords as model for the Senate, 171
on the importance of Washington, 194
national debt encourages nationalism, 196
offered membership in the French National Assembly, 237
Hancock, John, 145
Harkins, James
governance and the General Will, 215
Harold, King, 47
Henry I, King, 49
Henson, Don, 77
Hiro, Dilip, 424
Hitler, Adolf
and conception of the Leader, 362
as revolutionary leader, 468
rhetoric in speeches, 405
speech on Enabling Act, 414
Horn, Jeff, 322
Howell, David, 148
Huber, Ernst, 419
Iran
Grand Ayatollahs, 426
Shah appoints Bakhtiar prime minister, 421
Shah’s modernization program, 424,
Shi’a Islam, ,
ulama,
will of the people and founding of the Islamic Republic, 193, ,
Iran, Islamic Republic of, 7,
Christians, 454
Cinema Rex, 421
consolidation of the Islamic regime,
creation of the Islamic Constitution,
democratic left misjudges Khomeini, 438
Democratic National Front, 443
Fedai Khalq, 443
founding of, 422,
Freedom Movement, 445
Jews, 454
Khomeini’s revolutionary strategy,
Liberation Movement,
life and thought of Khomeini,
revolution in,
revolutionary coalition, 428
revolutionary violence in, 421,
takeover of the US embassy, 456
Tudeh,
Zorastrians, 454
Iraq, 492
Islamic Government, 434
Isnard, Maximilien, 313
Israel, Jonathan, 21
Catholic Church in the French Revolution, 256
on the French Constitution of 1793, 219
French Constitution of 1795, 219
has critical view of Robespierre, 282
Jacobin ideology and Rousseau, 274
on Marat’s ideology, 267
public performances of the General Will, 296
Robespierre and the General Will, 233
Robespierre’s ideology, 277
Izvestiya, 351
Jackson, Andrew, 488
Jacobson, Gary, 486
Japan, 325
Jay, John, 138
Jefferson, Thomas
on constitutions, 157
criticizes King George, 131
and the Declaration of Independence,
Declaration of the Rights of Man, 229
favors term limit for presidents, 165
fears Hamilton’s monarchism, 173
frightened by Andrew Jackson, 488
hopes for reconciliation with Britain, 128
on the nature of constitutions, 193
Jensen, Merrill, 130
Jillson, Calvin, 134
Jones, M. A., 146
Jordan, David, 279
Judges, A. V., 288
Kaas, Ludwig, 413
Kamenev, Lev, 356
Kant, Immanuel, 21
Kashf al-Asrar (The Discovery of Secrets), 435
Kater, Michael, 381
Kay, Richard
on the Glorious Revolution, 35
Keddie, Nikki
on Ayatollah Taleqani, 432
Kentucky, 153
Kerensky, Alexander, 308
Khomeini, Ayatollah
accused by government, 420
on democracy in Iran, 443
on Islamic conception of law, 462
on Islamic executions, 458
life and thought,
publication of lecture notes, 434
publishes Kashf al-Asrar, 435
returns to Iran,
as revolutionary leader,
on revolutions, 460
warns intelligentsia, 445
will of the people in founding, 461
writes Secrets Exposed, 433
Khorasani, Ayatollah, 432
Klarman, Michael
executive power of appointment, 171
founder contempt for democracy, 158
on the importance of Washington, 195
on popular sovereignty, 197
state representation in the Senate, 176
US Constitution as conservative counter-revolution, 156
Kropotkin, Prince Petr, 322
Lameth, Charles, 258
Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury, 55
le Chapelier, Isaac René, 216
Lee, Richard Henry,
Lefebvre, Georges, 7
Catholic Church and the French Revolution, 302
crown and possibility of reform, 207
on the Declaration of the Rights of Man, 236
defends Robespierre as statesman, 267
on Rousseau and reason, 212
Lenin, Vladimir, 346
announces new government, 347
approves Robespierre and the Terror, 283
as Bolshevik Party leader, 465
on the Constituent Assembly, 350
borrows Robespierre’s techniques, 478
doctrinal principles and Bolshevik Party, 349
French Revolution as precursor to Leninism, 321
on Gracchus Babeuf, 322
as heir to the French Revolution, 202
his “April Theses”, 345
his charismatic appeal, 485
praises Robespierre, 322
on timing of the Russian Revolution, 341
Lepeletier, Louis-Michel, 290
Levy, Leonard, 186
Liebknecht, Karl, 377
Loughlin, Martin
transfer of sovereignty to parliament,
Louis XIV, King, 421
Louis XV, King, 204
Louis XVI, King, 13, 200, 207, , 239, 244, 272
attempts to flee France,
convenes the Estates-General, 221
execution of,
as platform for revolutionary symbols, 297
withdraws army from Paris, 228
Louvet, Jean-Baptiste, 273
Luther, Martin, 56
Luxemburg, Rosa, 377
Lyons, France, 294
Madison, James, 19, 138, 161
and the Bill of Rights, 190
conception of treason at the convention, 183
on construction of the Senate, 168
on the deification of founders, 195
on federalism, 174
French Revolution not a model, 173
on impeachment of presidents, 173
on monarchy as a model, 167
offered membership in the French National Assembly, 237
persuades Washington to go to Philadelphia, 155
on popular opinion, 170
on popular sovereignty, 197
proposes national veto of state laws, 170
proposes process for ratification, 158
proposes reform of the Articles of Confederation, 153
on voting in the Constitutional Convention, 165
Maier, Pauline
attitude of the Continental Congress, 125
British attitude toward Americans, 132
on declarations of independence, 139
on the Declaration of Independence, 142
Declaration of Independence as treason, 144
English tradition and the American founding, 91
on support for the constitution, 196
transition to American independence, 129
Mainz, Germany, 295
Maitland, Frederic William
clerical influence on English law, 54
Germanic influence on England, 31
on the king and state, 39
on the legacy of the Romans, 29
on the Magna Carta, 51
on the Norman Conquest, 45
slavery in England, 42
on serfdom in England, 41
on trial by jury, 61
on Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, 75
Marshall, John, 170
Martin, Luther, 174
Marx, Karl
on Gracchus Babeuf, 322
Mason, Laura, 202
Massachusetts, 134
attitude toward independence, 125
colonial government, 96
condemned by King George III, 129
constitutional convention in, 160
and the Continental Congress, 123
and the English Constitution, 104
General Assembly and natural rights, 92
opposes Navigation Acts, 100
ratification convention in,
suspension of the colonial government, 118
Massachusetts Gazette, 196
Matilda, Queen, 49
Mattern, Johannes
on the Weimar Constitution, 365
McDonald, Joan, 208
comparison of Marx and Rousseau, 328
crown reform and the General Will, 208
cult of Rousseau, 211
necessity of a city-state for Rousseau, 210
Rousseau and education,
Rousseau’s view of society, 294
McPhee, Peter
on Jacobin ideology, 252
on political transparency and Rousseau, 270
Robespierre and Rousseau, 268
Sparta as a model for Robespierre, 274
Melton, James, 4
Miller, James, 19
Robespierre and Rousseau, 268
Robespierre as Lawgiver, 271
Rousseau and authoritarianism, 255
Mirabeau, Count, 248
asserts autonomy of National Assembly, 224
describes Estates-General, 223
interred in the Pantheon, 301
Moin, Baqer, 423
Momoro, Antoine-François, 290
Morgan, Edmund, 5
on Bill of Rights, 186
on the Declaration of Independence, 140
on English Declaration of Rights, 187
on the Glorious Revolution, 34
on representation and the General Will, 217
on the transformation of colonial governments, 103
Morris, Robert
proposes Washington as convention chair, 163
superintendent of finance for the Confederation, 150
Munich, Germany, 377
Myth of the Twentieth Century, The, 396
Najaf, Iraq, 434
Nantes, France, 293
Nelson, Eric, 104
New London, Connecticut, 146
New York, 133, 163
and the Declaration of Independence, 138
negotiates treaty with the Iroquois, 151
sends delegates to Annapolis, 154
suspension of the General Assembly, 116
Newfoundland, Canada, 323
Newport Herald, 185
Newport, Rhode Island, 185
Niemoller, Martin, 471
Norfolk, Virginia, 146
North, Lord Frederick, , 146
Northwest Ordinance, 152
Offa, King, 36
Ohio River, 175
Ordeshook, Peter, 490
Orlow, Dietrich, 363,
Otis, James, 98
Ozouf, Mona, 300
Palmer, R. R., 197
Patrick, Alison, 211
Pelteret, David, 42
Pennsylvania, 130, 146, 163
delegation at the Constitutional Convention, 165
ratification convention in,
rights of colonists, 96
sends delegates to Annapolis, 154
supports the Declaration of Independence, 138
Pinckney, Charles, 184
Pincus, Steve
on the Glorious Revolution, 73
Pipes, Richard
on Bolshevik participation in the Russian Revolution, 342
capitalist stage and Russian Revolution, 341
on Lenin, 467
on the French Revolution, 485
Lenin and Robespierre, 283
Pitt, William, 73
Plato’s Republic, 450
Plucknett, Theodore, 63
Pole, J. R.
elite view of the people in the American Revolution, 118
John Adams and the English Constitution, 133
on John Locke, 190
public gallery in Massachusetts House, 97
Pollock, Frederick
clerical influence on English law, 54
Germanic influence on England, 31
on the king and state, 39
on the legacy of the Romans, 29
on the Magna Carta, 51
on the Norman Conquest, 45
on serfdom in England, 41
slavery in England, 42
on trial by jury, 61
on Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, 75
Pope Innocent, 55
popular sovereignty, principles of,
Pravda, 350
Priestley, Joseph, 237
Prohibitory Act, 130
Proudhon, Jean-Baptiste-Victor, 215
Providence, Rhode Island, 185
Quebec, 126
Rafsanjani, Hashemi, 446
Randolph, Edmund, 172
conception of treason at the convention, 183
on the state of nature in America, 180
Randolph, Peyton, 119
Rannie, Davide, 60
on England and the Catholic Church, 56
on the development of parliament, 71
on the Irish, 76
on the origins of the English people, 27
on the writ of habeas corpus, 61
Reid, John Phillip
“whigs” in the colonies, 119
American conception of the rights of Englishmen, 100
colonial attitude toward the king, 107
colonial trade and the English Constitution, 112
distinction between illegal and unconstitutional, 105
on John Locke, 190
interpretations of the American Revolution, 89
interprets the Declaration of Independence, 141
on surprising cohesion of the colonies, 88
Revere, Paul, 123
Révolutions de Paris, 307
Rhode Island, 146
elections in, 147
ratification of the constitution in,
refuses to participate in the Constitutional Convention, 155
seeks reconciliation with Britain, 144
Richard II, King, 56
rituals, 18
Robertson, David
English monarchy and the Constitutional Convention, 171
on Madison and the constitution, 162
Robespierre, Maximilien
accuses Cloots, 237
belief in God,
charismatic appeal compared to Lenin, 485
on constitutional monarchy, 244
on democracy, 283
distinguishes patriots from traitors, 256
execution of, 201
on execution of Louis XVI, 264
on the fall of the Bastille, 228
on food shortages, 227
governance and the General Will, 215
on government ministers, 251
his virtue and pragmatism,
natural virtue of the people, 212
opposes execution of the queen, 287
paraphrases Rousseau, 210
on the people of Paris, 250
and the people of Paris, 308
on persecution of Rousseau, 249
representation and the General Will, 233
Rousseau’s influence on,
self-identification as a martyr, 320
on slavery, 241
and the Terror,
on war, 279
warns Catholic Church, 302
Roland, Madame, 292
Rosenberg, Alfred, 396
Rosenberg, William, 340
Ross, Betsy, 490
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 74, 192
and the act of voting, 255
and the Declaration of the Rights of Man,
on dissent and society, 294
on the General Will and the Enlightenment, 208
hostility to political parties, 247
hostility to representation, 176
influence on France, , 326
interpretation of religion, 303
interred in the Pantheon, 301
Napoleon summarizes, 322
on the rights of property, 232
on women, 240
Rufus, King, 154
Ruhr, Germany, 377
Rush, Benjamin
on popular democracy, 158
Russian Revolution
alternative foundings in, 336,
Bolshevik conception of the proletariat, 357
Bolsheviks erect statue of Robespierre, 322
Bolsheviks seize power,
Bolsheviks suppress Constituent Assembly,
Bolsheviks and the will of the people, 15
class basis of the parties, 343
Constituent Assembly, 336, ,
Declaration of Rights of the Toiling and Exploited People, 350
description of the Bolshevik Party, 346
description of the Kadets,
description of the Left Socialist Revolutionaries, 344
description of the Mensheviks,
description of the Socialist Revolutionaries, 344
Duma,
food shortages and, 336
founding of the state, 2, ,
Grand Duke, 336
Kadets (Constitutional Democrats), 337
Kadets suppressed by Bolsheviks, 351
Kadets warn of Bolshevik takeover, 346
Kerensky reviews troops, 308
Lenin’s “April Theses”, 345
Mensheviks, 337
most important events in, 336
role of Soviets in, 337
soldiers sing the Marseillaise, 299
Soviets,
Tauride Palace, 352
Tsar Nicholas II, , 348
Russian Social Democratic Party, 341
Rutledge, Edward, 137
Saratoga, New York, 146
Saville, Sir George, 115
Savoy, France, 238
Schama, Simon
fascism and communism and the French Revolution, 321
Law of Suspects and the Terror, 284
nobles and the Enlightenment, 207
on reform under Louis XVI, 203
on Tennis Court Oath, 224
on trial of Marat, 265
violence in the French Revolution, 316
Schirazi, Asghar, 465
Schley, William, 189
Schmitt, Carl, 13, 15
on development of the British parliament,
on the French Revolution, 21
on the Leader, 386
on passage of the Enabling Act, 415
lack of meaning in elections, 486
on the Weimar Constitution, 365
Secrets Exposed, 433
Shariatmadari, Ayatollah, 437, 443, 445, 456
opposes Islamic Constitution, 446
stripped of status, 457
Sidney, Algernon, 98
Smith, Melancton, 185
Soboul, Albert
class interpretation of democracy, 275
on the General Will and the sans-culottes, 270
Rousseau and the masses, 306
Soviet Union,
Spain
navigation of the Mississippi,
Speer, Albert, 321
Spiridonova, Marie, 351
St. Augustine, 53
Stalin, Joseph
reads Mein Kampf, 378
Stenton, F. M.
on Anglo-Saxon invasion,
English democratic tradition, 68
on King Alfred, 33
on the Norman Conquest, 47
Stresemann, Gustav, 379
Stubbs, William
on the common law, 64
on emergence of the English state, 38
on impact of the Norman Conquest, 45
on the Magna Carta,
on the origin of parliament, 70
religious conversion of the English, 53
Sugar Act of 1764, 105
Sverdlov, Yakov, 351
Taylor, Charles, 13, 21, 59
on bringing the French Revolution to an end, 213
on the French Revolution, 199
on the General Will, 268
on the guillotine, 288
on representative democracy and the General Will, 317
Rousseau and the Terror, 294
Tehran University, 421
Tennessee, 153
Third Reich
Aryan race, 361
Austria, 381
Catholic Church signs Concordat with Nazis, 416
Communist uprisings during the Weimar Republic, 377
conception of the Leader, , 385, ,
Freikorps, 377
German Democratic Party,
German Nationalist People’s Party, , 409
German People’s Party, 379
Hitler becomes chancellor, 409
Iron Front, 376
Lutheran Church, 380
Munich putsch, 395
Nazi appeal to the working class,
Nazi electoral strategy, 367,
Nazi ritual, 404
Nazi symbolism, 404
Nazis and the German Nationalist People’s Party,
passage of the Enabling Act, , 418
Poland, 381
proportional representation,
Reichsbanner, 376
Reichstag burns, 409
Reichstag election in 1933,
suppression of the Communist Party, 413
suppression of the Social Democratic Party, 416
Weimar Constitution,
Weimar party system,
Weimar Republic abandons democratic forms, 327
Tocqueville, Alexis de
on the impending revolution, 209
Tomlins, Christopher, 178
transcendent social purpose, xiv,
in the American founding, 193
in democratic and non-democratic foundings,
in the French founding, 326
in non-democratic foundings, ,
symbolic representation of,
of the Third Reich, 402
Trotsky, Leon
chairs War Revolutionary Committee, 346
condemned after the revolution, 357
describes the new socialist man, 355
on Lenin as party leader, 465
Tsereteli, Irakli, 343
Turkey, 434
United States
Articles of Confederation,
Boston Tea Party,
British loyalists in, 133
colonial interpretation of the English Constitution,
colonists misread the British,
comparison of the American and French Revolutions, 105
Concord, Massachusetts, 120
Continental Army as nationalist symbol, 148
Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress, 140
Declaration of Independence, , , 324
election law and the will of the people, 330
elections and the will of the people, 486
Fort Ticonderoga, 125
Fourth of July, 157
McCarthy era in, 327
mists of colonial history, 95
Navigation Acts, 100
Olive Branch Petition, 131
political identity in the American Revolution,
popular opinion during the American Revolution, , 120
possibility of colonial representation in parliament,
Suffolk Resolves,
transcendent social purpose of, 160
United States Constitution, , 324
characteristics of the convention delegates, 162
deliberations in,
English Constitution as a model,
as melding of will, purpose, and founding, 158
monarchist sympathy in deliberations on, 183
pragmatism in deliberations on, 173
primary purposes of, 159
secret sessions in the convention, 166
and slavery,
Vadier, Marc Guillaume, 292
Vahdat, Farzin, 462
Valazé, Charles, 292
Valmy, France, 238
Van Caenegem, R. C., 57,
Van Cleve, George
Continental Army as nationalist symbol, 148
flaws in the Articles of Confederation, 148
on the Northwest Ordinance, 152
reasons for the United States Constitution, 156
slavery and the United States Constitution, 178
Vendée, France, 289
Versailles, France, , 312
Vieux-Cordelier, 291
Virginia, 130, 133, 139, 146, 153, 163
Bill of Rights in, 140
colonial charter, 96
and the Continental Congress, 122
delegation at the Constitutional Convention, 165
gives up land claims, 147
issues call for the Continental Congress, 119
ratification convention in, 170
royal governor frees slaves who enlist, 130
sends delegates to Annapolis, 154
settlement of the colony, 95
Volkischer Beobachter, 363
Voltaire,
interred in the Pantheon, 301
Volwarts, 376
von Bismarck, Otto, 385
von Goethe, Johann Wolfgang, 238
von Papen, Franz, 408
von Schleicher, General Kurt, 408
Waldstreicher, David, 178
Wandelaincourt, Antoine-Hubert, 302
Warner, Michael, 194
Washington, George
agrees to attend Constitutional Convention, 155
appointed commander-in-chief, 125
on the constitution, 196
denounces Rhode Island, 185
disappointed in American founding, 487
discouraged at the Constitutional Convention, 174
elected president of the Constitutional Convention,
essential role in the American founding,
offered membership in the French National Assembly, 237
on lack of respect for the Continental Congress, 149
as symbol, 485
Wels, Otto, 414
Wilentz, Sean, 178
Wilkes, John, 142
will of the people, 10
Bolshevik understanding of,
in democratic foundings,
and the founding of the Third Reich, ,
and the Islamic Republic of Iran, , 439,
and the Russian founding, 357
and nationalism,
in non-democratic foundings, , ,
and political identity, 327
Wilson, James
Constitution as voluntary compact, 183
denounces Rhode Island, 184
on federalism, 174
monarchy as model for the presidency, 172
Wilson, Rick, 134
Wirls, Daniel, 196
Wise, Charles, 17
Wood, Gordon
American conception of the rights of Englishmen, 84
on British loyalists and American patriots, 122
on the French Revolution, 309
on the importance of Washington, 194
monarchists in the Constitutional Convention, 172
natural rights, 187
on popular culture during the American Revolution, 121
praises Rhode Island, 186
Wormald, Patrick, 44
