A Lifespan Perspective of Emotion in Voice Perception

doi:10.1017/9781009342919.015

Chapter 11 - A Lifespan Perspective of Emotion in Voice Perception

from Section III - Emotion Perception and Elicitation

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 16 September 2025

Ana P. Pinheiro and

Sonja A. Kotz

Edited by

Jorge Armony and

Patrik Vuilleumier

Show author details

Jorge Armony: Affiliation:
McGill University, Montréal
Patrik Vuilleumier: Affiliation:
University of Geneva

Book contents

Get access

Summary

The ability to express and perceive vocal emotions plays an important role in social interactions. Notably, the encoding and decoding of emotions often occur in social interactions of persons of different ages, where speaker and listener characteristics dynamically shape the perception of emotion expressed in the voice. However, existing models of (emotional) voice processing have primarily focused on stimulus quality while accounting sparsely for person characteristics, such as speaker and listener age. Consequently, systematic research on the expression and perception of emotion in the voice across the lifespan is needed. Here, we provide a synopsis of how the perception and specifically the recognition of vocal emotions is modulated by the age of both speakers and listeners. First, we summarize what we currently know about human vocal tract development and age-related variations in voice acoustics. We then synthesize evidence on age-related changes in the expression and perception of vocal emotions. We conclude that the perception of emotion expressed in the voice is not only a matter of how one speaks but also of who speaks and who listens. A broader perspective on how the voice communicates emotions should be reflected in existing models and guide future research.

Keywords

Expression reception prosody age development lifespan familiarity

Information

Type: Chapter
Information: The Cambridge Handbook of Human Affective Neuroscience , pp. 219 - 247

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009342919.015 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Abrams, D. A., Chen, T., Odriozola, P., Cheng, K. M., Baker, A. E., Padmanabhan, A., … Menon, V. (2016). Neural circuits underlying mother’s voice perception predict social communication abilities in children. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113, 6295–6300.Google Scholar PubMed

Addington, J., Piskulic, D., Perkins, D., Woods, S. W., Liu, L., & Penn, D. L. (2012). Affect recognition in people at clinical high risk of psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 140, 87–92.10.1016/j.schres.2012.06.012CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Aguert, M., Laval, V., Lacroix, A., Gil, S., & Le Bigot, L. (2013). Inferring emotions from speech prosody: Not so easy at age five. PloS ONE, 8, e83657–e83657.10.1371/journal.pone.0083657CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Allen, R., & Brosgole, L. (1993). Facial and auditory affect recognition in senile geriatrics, the normal elderly and young adults. International Journal of Neuroscience, 68, 33–42.10.3109/00207459308994257CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Allgood, R., & Heaton, P. (2015). Developmental change and cross-domain links in vocal and musical emotion recognition performance in childhood. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 33, 398–403.10.1111/bjdp.12097CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Amminger, G. P., Schäfer, M. R., Papageorgiou, K., Klier, C. M., Schlögelhofer, M., Mossaheb, N., … McGorry, P. D. (2012). Emotion recognition in individuals at clinical high-risk for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38, 1030–1039.10.1093/schbul/sbr015CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Amorim, M., Anikin, A., Mendes, A. J., Lima, C. F., Kotz, S. A., & Pinheiro, A. P. (2021). Changes in vocal emotion recognition across the life span. Emotion, 21, 315–325.10.1037/emo0000692CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Amorim, M., Roberto, M. S., Kotz, S. A., & Pinheiro, A. P. (2021). The perceived salience of vocal emotions is dampened in non-clinical auditory verbal hallucinations. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 27, 169–182.Google Scholar PubMed

Anikin, A., & Persson, T. (2017). Nonlinguistic vocalizations from online amateur videos for emotion research: A validated corpus. Behavior Research Methods, 49, 758–771.10.3758/s13428-016-0736-yCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Arnal, L. H., Flinker, A., Kleinschmidt, A., Giraud, A. L., & Poeppel, D. (2015). Human screams occupy a privileged niche in the communication soundscape. Current Biology, 25, 2051–2056.10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.043CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Aslin, R. N. (1987). Visual and auditory development in infancy. In Osofsky, J. D. (Ed.), Handbook of infant development, 2nd ed. (pp. 5–97). John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar

Banse, R., & Scherer, K. R. (1996). Acoustic profiles in vocal emotion expression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 614–636.10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.614CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Belin, P., Fecteau, S., & Bédard, C. (2004). Thinking the voice: Neural correlates of voice perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8, 129–135.10.1016/j.tics.2004.01.008CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Belin, P., Fillion-Bilodeau, S., & Gosselin, F. (2008). The Montreal Affective Voices: A validated set of nonverbal affect bursts for research on auditory affective processing. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 531–539.10.3758/BRM.40.2.531CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Belin, P., Zatorre, R., Lafaille, P., Ahad, P., & Pike, B. (2000). Voice-selective areas in human auditory cortex. Nature, 403, 309–312.10.1038/35002078CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Bellis, T. J., Nicol, T., & Kraus, N. (2000). Aging affects hemispheric asymmetry in the neural representation of speech sounds. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 20, 791–797.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-02-00791.2000CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Bestelmeyer, P. E. G., Maurage, P., Rouger, J., Latinus, M., & Belin, P. (2014). Adaptation to vocal expressions reveals multistep perception of auditory emotion. Journal of Neuroscience, 34, 8098–8105.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4820-13.2014CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Blakemore, S. J. (2008). The social brain in adolescence. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9, 267–277.10.1038/nrn2353CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Blasi, A., Lloyd-Fox, S., Sethna, V., Brammer, M. J., Mercure, E., Murray, L., … Johnson, M. H. (2015). Atypical processing of voice sounds in infants at risk for autism spectrum disorder. Cortex, 71, 122–133.10.1016/j.cortex.2015.06.015CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Blasi, A., Mercure, E., Lloyd-Fox, S., Thomson, A., Brammer, M., Sauter, D., … Murphy, D. G. M. (2011). Early specialization for voice and emotion processing in the infant brain. Current Biology, 21, 1220–1224.10.1016/j.cub.2011.06.009CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2007). Emotion and motivation. In Cacioppo, J. T., Tassinary, L. G., & Berntston, G. G. (Eds.), Handbook of psychophysiology, 3rd ed. (pp. 581–607). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Brix, N., Ernst, A., Lauridsen, L. L. B., Parner, E., Støvring, H., Olsen, J., … Ramlau-Hansen, C. H. (2019). Timing of puberty in boys and girls: A population-based study. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 33, 70–78.10.1111/ppe.12507CrossRef Google Scholar

Brosch, T., Grandjean, D., Sander, D., & Scherer, K. R. (2009). Cross-modal emotional attention: Emotional voices modulate early stages of visual processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 21, 1670–1679.10.1162/jocn.2009.21110CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Buchanan, T. W., Lutz, K., Mirzazade, S., Specht, K., Shah, N. J., Zilles, K., & Jäncke, L. (2000). Recognition of emotional prosody and verbal components of spoken language: An fMRI study. Cognitive Brain Research, 9, 227–238.10.1016/S0926-6410(99)00060-9CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Caballero, J. A., Mauchand, M., Jiang, X., & Pell, M. D. (2021). Cortical processing of speaker politeness: Tracking the dynamic effects of voice tone and politeness markers. Social Neuroscience, 16, 423–438.10.1080/17470919.2021.1938667CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Carstensen, L. L. (1995). Evidence for a life-span theory of socioemotional selectivity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4, 151–156.10.1111/1467-8721.ep11512261CrossRef Google Scholar

Castiajo, P., & Pinheiro, A. P. (2019). Decoding emotions from nonverbal vocalizations: How much voice signal is enough? Motivation and Emotion, 43, 803–813.10.1007/s11031-019-09783-9CrossRef Google Scholar

Castiajo, P., & Pinheiro, A. P. (2021a). Acoustic salience in emotional voice perception and its relationship with hallucination proneness. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 21, 412–425.10.3758/s13415-021-00864-2CrossRef Google Scholar

Castiajo, P., & Pinheiro, A. P. (2021b). Attention to voices is increased in non-clinical auditory verbal hallucinations irrespective of salience. Neuropsychologia, 162, 108030.10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108030CrossRef Google Scholar

Cheng, Y., Lee, S.-Y., Chen, H.-Y., Wang, P.-Y., & Decety, J. (2012). Voice and emotion processing in the human neonatal brain. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 24, 1411–1419.10.1162/jocn_a_00214CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Chieh, K., Sera, M. D., & Yang, Z. (2022). Emotional speech processing in 3- to 12-month-old infants: Influences of emotion categories and acoustic parameters. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 65, 487–500.Google Scholar

Chronaki, G., Benikos, N., Fairchild, G., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2015). Atypical neural responses to vocal anger in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56, 477–487.10.1111/jcpp.12312CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Chronaki, G., Garner, M., Hadwin, J. A., Thompson, M. J. J., Chin, C. Y., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2015). Emotion-recognition abilities and behavior problem dimensions in preschoolers: Evidence for a specific role for childhood hyperactivity. Child Neuropsychology, 21, 25–40.10.1080/09297049.2013.863273CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Chronaki, G., Hadwin, J. A., Garner, M., Maurage, P., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2015). The development of emotion recognition from facial expressions and non-linguistic vocalizations during childhood. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 33, 218–236.10.1111/bjdp.12075CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Chronaki, G., Wigelsworth, M., Pell, M. D., & Kotz, S. A. (2018). The development of cross-cultural recognition of vocal emotion during childhood and adolescence. Scientific Reports, 8, 8659.10.1038/s41598-018-26889-1CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Corvin, S., Fauchon, C., Peyron, R., Reby, D., & Mathevon, N. (2022). Adults learn to identify pain in babies’ cries. Current Biology, 32, R824–R825.10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.076CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Cowen, A. S., Laukka, P., Elfenbein, H. A., Liu, R., & Keltner, D. (2019). The primacy of categories in the recognition of 12 emotions in speech prosody across two cultures. Nature Human Behaviour, 3, 369–382.10.1038/s41562-019-0533-6CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Darwin, C. (1998). The expression of the emotions in man and animals, 3rd ed. Oxford University Press (Original work published in 1872).10.1093/oso/9780195112719.001.0001CrossRef Google Scholar

Demenescu, L. R., Kato, Y., & Mathiak, K. (2015). Neural processing of emotional prosody across the adult lifespan. BioMed Research International, 2015, 590216.10.1155/2015/590216CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Demenescu, L. R., Mathiak, K. A., & Mathiak, K. (2014). Age- and gender-related variations of emotion recognition in pseudowords and faces. Experimental Aging Research, 40, 187–207.10.1080/0361073X.2014.882210CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Denham, S. A., Bassett, H. H., & Wyatt, T. (2015). The socialization of emotional competence. In Grusec, J. E. & Hastings, P. D. (Eds.), Handbook of socialization: Theory and research, 2nd ed. (pp. 590–613). The Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Doherty, C. P., Fitzsimons, M., Asenbauer, B., & Staunton, H. (1999). Discrimination of prosody and music by normal children. European Journal of Neurology, 6, 221–226.10.1111/j.1468-1331.1999.tb00016.xCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Dupuis, K., & Pichora-Fuller, M. K. (2010). Use of affective prosody by young and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 25, 16–29.10.1037/a0018777CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Dupuis, K., & Pichora-Fuller, M. K. (2014). Intelligibility of emotional speech in younger and older adults. Ear and Hearing, 35, 695–707.Google Scholar PubMed

Dupuis, K., & Pichora-Fuller, M. K. (2015). Aging affects identification of vocal emotions in semantically neutral sentences. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 58, 1061.10.1044/2015_JSLHR-H-14-0256CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Ecklund-Flores, L., & Turkewitz, G. (1996). Asymmetric headturning to speech and nonspeech in human newborns. Developmental Psychobiology, 29, 205–217.10.1002/(SICI)1098-2302(199604)29:3<205::AID-DEV2>3.0.CO;2-V3.0.CO;2-V>CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Ekman, P. (1992). An argument for basic emotions. Cognition & Emotion, 6, 169–200.10.1080/02699939208411068CrossRef Google Scholar

Erlich, N., Lipp, O. V, & Slaughter, V. (2013). Of hissing snakes and angry voices: Human infants are differentially responsive to evolutionary fear-relevant sounds. Developmental Science, 16, 894–904.10.1111/desc.12091CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Ethofer, T., Bretscher, J., Gschwind, M., Kreifelts, B., Wildgruber, D., & Vuilleumier, P. (2012). Emotional voice areas: Anatomic location, functional properties, and structural connections revealed by combined fMRI/DTI. Cerebral Cortex, 22, 191–200.10.1093/cercor/bhr113CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Fecteau, S., Armony, J. L., Joanette, Y., & Belin, P. (2005). Judgment of emotional nonlinguistic vocalizations: Age-related differences. Applied Neuropsychology, 12, 40–48.10.1207/s15324826an1201_7CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Fecteau, S., Belin, P., Joanette, Y., & Armony, J. L. (2007). Amygdala responses to nonlinguistic emotional vocalizations. NeuroImage, 36, 480–487.10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.02.043CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Filippa, M., Lima, D., Grandjean, A., Labbé, C., Coll, S. Y., Gentaz, E., & Grandjean, D. M. (2022). Emotional prosody recognition enhances and progressively complexifies from childhood to adolescence. Scientific Reports, 12, 17144.10.1038/s41598-022-21554-0CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Fitch, W. T., & Giedd, J. (1999). Morphology and development of the human vocal tract: A study using magnetic resonance imaging. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 106, 1511–1522.10.1121/1.427148CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Fitch, W. T., Neubauer, J., & Herzel, H. (2002). Calls out of chaos: The adaptive significance of nonlinear phenomena in mammalian vocal production. Animal Behaviour, 63, 407–418.10.1006/anbe.2001.1912CrossRef Google Scholar

Flom, R., & Bahrick, L. E. (2007). The development of infant discrimination of affect in multimodal and unimodal stimulation: The role of intersensory redundancy. Developmental Psychology, 43, 238–252.10.1037/0012-1649.43.1.238CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Fouquet, M., Pisanski, K., Mathevon, N., & Reby, D. (2016). Seven and up: Individual differences in male voice fundamental frequency emerge before puberty and remain stable throughout adulthood. Royal Society Open Science, 3, 160395.10.1098/rsos.160395CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Frere, P. B., Vetter, N. C., Artiges, E., Filippi, I., Miranda, R., Vulser, H., … Lemaître, H. (2020). Sex effects on structural maturation of the limbic system and outcomes on emotional regulation during adolescence. NeuroImage, 210, 116441.10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116441CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Friend, M. (2000). Developmental changes in sensitivity to vocal paralanguage. Developmental Science, 3, 148–162.10.1111/1467-7687.00108CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Frühholz, S., & Grandjean, D. (2013). Processing of emotional vocalizations in bilateral inferior frontal cortex. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 37, 2847–2855.10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.10.007CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Frühholz, S., Hofstetter, C., Cristinzio, C., Saj, A., Seeck, M., Vuilleumier, P., & Grandjean, D. (2015). Asymmetrical effects of unilateral right or left amygdala damage on auditory cortical processing of vocal emotions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112, 1583–1588.Google Scholar PubMed

Frühholz, S., Trost, W., & Kotz, S. A. (2016). The sound of emotions – Towards a unifying neural network perspective of affective sound processing. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 68, 96–110.10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.002CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Gandour, J., Wong, D., Dzemidzic, M., Lowe, M., Tong, Y., & Li, X. (2003). A cross-linguistic fMRI study of perception of intonation and emotion in Chinese. Human Brain Mapping, 18, 149–157.10.1002/hbm.10088CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Garrido-Vásquez, P., Pell, M. D., Paulmann, S., Strecker, K., Schwarz, J., & Kotz, S. A. (2013). An ERP study of vocal emotion processing in asymmetric Parkinson’s disease. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8, 918–927.10.1093/scan/nss094CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Gingras, J. L., Mitchell, E. A., & Grattan, K. E. (2005). Fetal homologue of infant crying. Archives of Disease in Childhood – Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 90, F415–F418.10.1136/adc.2004.062257CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Giordano, B. L., Whiting, C., Kriegeskorte, N., Kotz, S. A., Gross, J., & Belin, P. (2021). The representational dynamics of perceived voice emotions evolve from categories to dimensions. Nature Human Behaviour, 5, 1203–1213.10.1038/s41562-021-01073-0CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Goldstein, M. H., & Schwade, J. A. (2008). Social feedback to infants’ babbling facilitates rapid phonological learning. Psychological Science, 19, 515–523.10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02117.xCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Goldstein, U. G. (1980). An articulatory model for the vocal tracts of growing children. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Google Scholar

Gordon, R. A., & Arvey, R. D. (2004). Age bias in laboratory and field settings: A meta-analytic investigation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, 468–492.10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02557.xCrossRef Google Scholar

Goy, H., Pichora-Fuller, M. K., & van Lieshout, P. (2016). Effects of age on speech and voice quality ratings. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 139, 1648–1659.10.1121/1.4945094CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Grandjean, D., Sander, D., Pourtois, G., Schwartz, S., Seghier, M. L., Scherer, K. R., & Vuilleumier, P. (2005). The voices of wrath: Brain responses to angry prosody in meaningless speech. Nature Neuroscience, 8, 145–146.10.1038/nn1392CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Grosbras, M. H., Ross, P. D., & Belin, P. (2018). Categorical emotion recognition from voice improves during childhood and adolescence. Scientific Reports, 8, 14791.10.1038/s41598-018-32868-3CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Grossmann, T., Oberecker, R., Koch, S. P., & Friederici, A. D. (2010). The developmental origins of voice processing in the human brain. Neuron, 65, 852–858.10.1016/j.neuron.2010.03.001CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Grossmann, T., Striano, T., & Friederici, A. D. (2006). Crossmodal integration of emotional information from face and voice in the infant brain. Developmental Science, 9, 309–315.10.1111/j.1467-7687.2006.00494.xCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Harries, M. L. L., Walker, J. M., Williams, D. M., Hawkins, S., & Hughes, I. A. (1997). Changes in the male voice at puberty. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 77, 445–447.10.1136/adc.77.5.445CrossRef Google Scholar

Hart, H. C., Palmer, A. R., & Hall, D. A. (2003). Amplitude and frequency-modulated stimuli activate common regions of human auditory cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 13, 773–781.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Hawk, S. T., van Kleef, G. A., Fischer, A. H., & van der Schalk, J. (2009). “Worth a thousand words”: Absolute and relative decoding of nonlinguistic affect vocalizations. Emotion, 9, 293–305.10.1037/a0015178CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Hodges-Simeon, C. R., Gurven, M., Cárdenas, R. A., & Gaulin, S. J. C. (2013). Voice change as a new measure of male pubertal timing: A study among Bolivian adolescents. Annals of Human Biology, 40, 209–219.10.3109/03014460.2012.759622CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Hollien, H. (1987). “Old voices”: What do we really know about them? Journal of Voice, 1, 2–17.10.1016/S0892-1997(87)80018-8CrossRef Google Scholar

Hornak, J., Rolls, E. T., & Wade, D. (1996). Face and voice expression identification in patients with emotional and behavioural changes following ventral frontal lobe damage. Neuropsychologia, 34, 247–261.10.1016/0028-3932(95)00106-9CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Hunter, E. M., Phillips, L. H., & MacPherson, S. E. (2010). Effects of age on cross-modal emotion perception. Psychology and Aging, 25, 779–787.10.1037/a0020528CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Isaacowitz, D. M., Löckenhoff, C. E., Lane, R. D., Wright, R., Sechrest, L., Riedel, R., & Costa, P. T. (2007). Age differences in recognition of emotion in lexical stimuli and facial expressions. Psychology and Aging, 22, 147–159.10.1037/0882-7974.22.1.147CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Izard, C. E., Schultz, D., Fine, S. E., Youngstrom, E., & Ackerman, B. P. (2000). Temperament, cognitive ability, emotion knowledge, and adaptive social behavior. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 19, 305–330.10.2190/GVVR-FTTL-VH9H-KKELCrossRef Google Scholar

Jiang, X., & Pell, M. D. (2016). Neural responses towards a speaker’s feeling of (un)knowing. Neuropsychologia, 81, 79–93.10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.12.008CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Juslin, P. N., & Laukka, P. (2003). Communication of emotions in vocal expression and music performance: Different channels, same code? Psychological Bulletin, 129, 770–814.10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.770CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Juul, A., Magnusdottir, S., Scheike, T., Prytz, S., & Skakkebæk, N. E. (2007). Age at voice break in Danish boys: Effects of pre-pubertal body mass index and secular trend. International Journal of Andrology, 30, 537–542.CrossRef Google Scholar

Kahana-Kalman, R., & Walker-Andrews, A. S. (2001). The role of person familiarity in young infants’ perception of emotional expressions. Child Development, 72, 352–369.10.1111/1467-8624.00283CrossRef Google Scholar

Knight, S., Lavan, N., Torre, I., & McGettigan, C. (2021). The influence of perceived vocal traits on trusting behaviours in an economic game. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 74, 1747–1754.10.1177/17470218211010144CrossRef Google Scholar

Kotz, S. A, Kalberlah, C., Bahlmann, J., Friederici, A. D., & Haynes, J.-D. (2013). Predicting vocal emotion expressions from the human brain. Human Brain Mapping, 34, 1971–1981.10.1002/hbm.22041CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Kotz, S. A., Meyer, M., Alter, K., Besson, M., Von Cramon, D. Y., & Friederici, A. D. (2003). On the lateralization of emotional prosody: An event-related functional MR investigation. Brain and Language, 86, 366–376.10.1016/S0093-934X(02)00532-1CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Kotz, S. A., & Paulmann, S. (2007). When emotional prosody and semantics dance cheek to cheek: ERP evidence. Brain Research, 1151, 107–118.10.1016/j.brainres.2007.03.015CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Kotz, S. A., & Paulmann, S. (2011). Emotion, language, and the brain. Linguistics and Language Compass, 5, 108–125.10.1111/j.1749-818X.2010.00267.xCrossRef Google Scholar

Kreiman, J., & Sidtis, D. (2011). Foundations of voice studies: An interdisciplinary approach to voice production and perception. Wiley-Blackwell.10.1002/9781444395068CrossRef Google Scholar

Lamar, M., & Resnick, S. M. (2004). Aging and prefrontal functions: Dissociating orbitofrontal and dorsolateral abilities. Neurobiology of Aging, 25, 553–558.10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2003.06.005CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Lambrecht, L., Kreifelts, B., & Wildgruber, D. (2012). Age-related decrease in recognition of emotional facial and prosodic expressions. Emotion, 12, 529–539.10.1037/a0026827CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Laukka, P. (2005). Categorical perception of vocal emotion expressions. Emotion, 5, 277–295.10.1037/1528-3542.5.3.277CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Laukka, P., & Juslin, P. N. (2007). Similar patterns of age-related differences in emotion recognition from speech and music. Motivation and Emotion, 31, 182–191.10.1007/s11031-007-9063-zCrossRef Google Scholar

Lavan, N., Knight, S., & McGettigan, C. (2019). Listeners form average-based representations of individual voice identities. Nature Communications, 10, 2404.10.1038/s41467-019-10295-wCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Leipold, S., Abrams, D. A., Karraker, S., & Menon, V. (2022). Neural decoding of emotional prosody in voice-sensitive auditory cortex predicts social communication abilities in children. Cerebral Cortex, 33, 709–728.Google Scholar

Lima, C. F., Alves, T., Scott, S. K., & Castro, S. L. (2014). In the ear of the beholder: How age shapes emotion processing in nonverbal vocalizations. Emotion, 14, 145–160.10.1037/a0034287CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Lima, C. F., Castro, S. L., & Scott, S. K. (2013). When voices get emotional: A corpus of nonverbal vocalizations for research on emotion processing. Behavior Research Methods, 45, 1234–1245.10.3758/s13428-013-0324-3CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Liu, T., Pinheiro, A. P., Deng, G., Nestor, P. G., McCarley, R. W., & Niznikiewicz, M. A. (2012). Electrophysiological insights into processing nonverbal emotional vocalizations. NeuroReport, 23, 108–112.10.1097/WNR.0b013e32834ea757CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Maggio, R., Zappulla, C., & Pace, U. (2016). The relationship between emotion knowledge, emotion regulation and adjustment in preschoolers: A mediation model. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 2626–2635.10.1007/s10826-016-0409-6CrossRef Google Scholar

Mampe, B., Friederici, A. D., Christophe, A., & Wermke, K. (2009). Newborns’ cry melody is shaped by their native language. Current Biology, 19, 1994–1997.10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.064CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Markova, D., Richer, L., Pangelinan, M., Schwartz, D. H., Leonard, G., Perron, M., … Paus, T. (2016). Age-and sex-related variations in vocal-tract morphology and voice acoustics during adolescence. Hormones and Behavior, 81, 84–96.10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.03.001CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Mastropieri, D., & Turkewitz, G. (1999). Prenatal experience and neonatal responsiveness to vocal expressions of emotion. Developmental Psychobiology, 35, 204–214.10.1002/(SICI)1098-2302(199911)35:3<204::AID-DEV5>3.0.CO;2-V3.0.CO;2-V>CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Mather, M. (2012). The emotion paradox in the aging brain. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1251, 33–49.10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06471.xCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Matsumoto, D., & Kishimoto, H. (1983). Developmental characteristics in judgments of emotion from nonverbal vocal cues. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 7, 415–424.10.1016/0147-1767(83)90047-0CrossRef Google Scholar

Mauchand, M., & Zhang, S. (2023). Disentangling emotional signals in the brain: An ALE meta-analysis of vocal affect perception. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 23, 17–29.10.3758/s13415-022-01030-yCrossRef Google Scholar

McAllister, A., Sederholm, E., Sundberg, J., & Gramming, P. (1994). Relations between voice range profiles and physiological and perceptual voice characteristics in ten-year-old children. Journal of Voice, 8, 230–239.10.1016/S0892-1997(05)80294-2CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

McAllister, A., & Sjölander, P. (2013). Children’s voice and voice disorders. Seminars in Speech Language, 34, 71–79.Google Scholar PubMed

McClure, E. B., & Nowicki, S. (2001). Associations between social anxiety and nonverbal processing skill in preadolescent boys and girls. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 25, 3–19.10.1023/A:1006753006870CrossRef Google Scholar

Mill, A., Allik, J., Realo, A., & Valk, R. (2009). Age-related differences in emotion recognition ability: A cross-sectional study. Emotion, 9, 619–630.10.1037/a0016562CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Missana, M., Altvater-Mackensen, N., & Grossmann, T. (2017). Neural correlates of infants’ sensitivity to vocal expressions of peers. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 26, 39–44.10.1016/j.dcn.2017.04.003CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Mitchell, R. L. C., Elliott, R., Barry, M., Cruttenden, A., & Woodruff, P. W. R. (2003). The neural response to emotional prosody, as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neuropsychologia, 41, 1410–1421.10.1016/S0028-3932(03)00017-4CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Mitchell, R. L. C., Kingston, R. A., & Barbosa Bouças, S. L. (2011). The specificity of age-related decline in interpretation of emotion cues from prosody. Psychology and Aging, 26, 406–414.10.1037/a0021861CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Morningstar, M., Dirks, M. A., & Huang, S. (2017). Vocal cues underlying youth and adult portrayals of socio-emotional expressions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 41, 155–183.10.1007/s10919-017-0250-7CrossRef Google Scholar

Morningstar, M., Dirks, M. A., Rappaport, B. I., Pine, D. S., & Nelson, E. E. (2019). Associations between anxious and depressive symptoms and the recognition of vocal socioemotional expressions in youth. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 48, 491–500.10.1080/15374416.2017.1350963CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Morningstar, M., Ly, V. Y., Feldman, L., & Dirks, M. A. (2018). Mid-adolescents’ and adults’ recognition of vocal cues of emotion and social intent: Differences by expression and speaker age. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 42, 237–251.10.1007/s10919-018-0274-7CrossRef Google Scholar

Morningstar, M., Mattson, W. I., Singer, S., Venticinque, J. S., & Nelson, E. E. (2020). Children and adolescents’ neural response to emotional faces and voices: Age-related changes in common regions of activation. Social Neuroscience, 15, 613–629.10.1080/17470919.2020.1832572CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Morningstar, M., Nelson, E. E., & Dirks, M. A. (2018). Maturation of vocal emotion recognition: Insights from the developmental and neuroimaging literature. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 90, 221–230.10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.04.019CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Morningstar, M., Nowland, R., Dirks, M. A., & Qualter, P. (2020). Loneliness and the recognition of vocal socioemotional expressions in adolescence. Cognition and Emotion, 34, 970–976.10.1080/02699931.2019.1682971CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Morris, J. S., Scott, S. K., & Dolan, R. J. (1999). Saying it with feeling: Neural responses to emotional vocalizations. Neuropsychologia, 37, 1155–1163.10.1016/S0028-3932(99)00015-9CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Narayanan, D. Z., Takahashi, D. Y., Kelly, L. M., Hlavaty, S. I., Huang, J., & Ghazanfar, A. A. (2022). Prenatal development of neonatal vocalizations. eLife, 11, e78485.10.7554/eLife.78485CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Neves, L., Martins, M., Correia, A. I., Castro, S. L., & Lima, C. F. (2022). Associations between vocal emotion recognition and socio-emotional adjustment in children. Royal Society Open Science, 8, 211412.Google Scholar

Ogren, M., Burling, J. M., & Johnson, S. P. (2018). Family expressiveness relates to happy emotion matching among 9-month-old infants. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 174, 29–40.10.1016/j.jecp.2018.05.003CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Orbelo, D. M., Grim, M. A., Talbott, R. E., & Ross, E. D. (2005). Impaired comprehension of affective prosody in elderly subjects is not predicted by age-related hearing loss or age-related cognitive decline. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 18, 25–32.10.1177/0891988704272214CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Otte, R. A., Donkers, F. C. L., Braeken, M. A. K. A., & Van den Bergh, B. R. H. (2015). Multimodal processing of emotional information in 9-month-old infants II: Prenatal exposure to maternal anxiety. Brain and Cognition, 95, 107–117.Google Scholar PubMed

Owren, M. J., Berkowitz, M., & Bachorowski, J.-A. (2007). Listeners judge talker sex more efficiently from male than from female vowels. Perception & Psychophysics, 69, 930–941.10.3758/BF03193930CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Palama, A., Malsert, J., & Gentaz, E. (2018). Are 6-month-old human infants able to transfer emotional information (happy or angry) from voices to faces? An eye-tracking study. PLoS ONE, 13, e0194579.10.1371/journal.pone.0194579CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Pannese, A., Grandjean, D., & Frühholz, S. (2015). Subcortical processing in auditory communication. Hearing Research, 328, 67–77.10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.003CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Pannese, A., Grandjean, D., & Frühholz, S. (2016). Amygdala and auditory cortex exhibit distinct sensitivity to relevant acoustic features of auditory emotions. Cortex, 85, 116–125.10.1016/j.cortex.2016.10.013CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Paulmann, S, Bleichner, M., & Kotz, S. (2013). Valence, arousal, and task effects in emotional prosody processing. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 345.10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00345CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Paulmann, S, & Kotz, S. A. (2008). Early emotional prosody perception based on different speaker voices. Neuroreport, 19, 209–213.10.1097/WNR.0b013e3282f454dbCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Paulmann, S, Ott, D. V. M., & Kotz, S. A. (2011). Emotional speech perception unfolding in time: The role of the basal ganglia. PLoS ONE, 6, e17694.10.1371/journal.pone.0017694CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Paulmann, S, Seifert, S., & Kotz, S. A. (2010). Orbito-frontal lesions cause impairment during late but not early emotional prosodic processing. Social Neuroscience, 5, 59–75.10.1080/17470910903135668CrossRef Google Scholar

Paulmann, S., Pell, M. D., & Kotz, S. A. (2008). How aging affects the recognition of emotional speech. Brain and Language, 104, 262–269.10.1016/j.bandl.2007.03.002CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Pell, M. D., & Kotz, S. A. (2011). On the time course of vocal emotion recognition. PLoS ONE, 6, e27256.10.1371/journal.pone.0027256CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Pell, M. D., & Leonard, C. L. (2003). Processing emotional tone from speech in Parkinson’s disease: A role for the basal ganglia. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 3, 275–288.10.3758/CABN.3.4.275CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Pell, M. D., Rothermich, K., Liu, P., Paulmann, S., Sethi, S., & Rigoulot, S. (2015). Preferential decoding of emotion from human non-linguistic vocalizations versus speech prosody. Biological Psychology, 111, 14–25.10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.08.008CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Phillips, M. L., Young, A. W., Scott, S. K., Calder, A. J., Andrew, C., Giampietro, V., … Gray, J. A. (1998). Neural responses to facial and vocal expressions of fear and disgust. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 265, 1809–1817.10.1098/rspb.1998.0506CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Pinheiro, A. P., Anikin, A., Conde, T., Sarzedas, J., Chen, S., Scott, S. K., & Lima, C. F. (2021). Emotional authenticity modulates affective and social trait inferences from voices. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 376, 20200402.10.1098/rstb.2020.0402CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Pinheiro, A. P., Barros, C., Dias, M., & Kotz, S. A. (2017). Laughter catches attention! Biological Psychology, 130, 11–21.10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.09.012CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Pinheiro, A. P., Barros, C., & Pedrosa, J. (2016). Salience in a social landscape: Electrophysiological effects of task-irrelevant and infrequent vocal change. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 11, 127–139.10.1093/scan/nsv103CrossRef Google Scholar

Pinheiro, A. P., Barros, C., Vasconcelos, M., Obermeier, C., & Kotz, S. A. (2017). Is laughter a better vocal change detector than a growl? Cortex, 92, 233–248.10.1016/j.cortex.2017.03.018CrossRef Google Scholar

Pinheiro, A. P., del Re, E., Mezin, J., Nestor, P. G., Rauber, A., McCarley, R. W., … Niznikiewicz, M. A. (2013). Sensory-based and higher-order operations contribute to abnormal emotional prosody processing in schizophrenia: An electrophysiological investigation. Psychological Medicine, 43, 603–618.10.1017/S003329171200133XCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Pinheiro, A. P., Lima, D., Albuquerque, P. B., Anikin, A., & Lima, C. F. (2019). Spatial location and emotion modulate voice perception. Cognition and Emotion, 33, 1577–1586.10.1080/02699931.2019.1586647CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Pinheiro, A. P., & Niznikiewicz, M. (2019). Altered attentional processing of happy prosody in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 206, 217–224.10.1016/j.schres.2018.11.024CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Pinheiro, A. P., Rezaii, N., Rauber, A., Liu, T., Nestor, P. G., McCarley, R. W., … Niznikiewicz, M. A. (2014). Abnormalities in the processing of emotional prosody from single words in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 152, 235–241.10.1016/j.schres.2013.10.042CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Pisanski, K., Bryant, G. A., Cornec, C., Anikin, A., & Reby, D. (2022). Form follows function in human nonverbal vocalisations. Ethology Ecology & Evolution, 34, 303–321.10.1080/03949370.2022.2026482CrossRef Google Scholar

Purhonen, M., Kilpeläinen-Lees, R., Valkonen-Korhonen, M., Karhu, J., & Lehtonen, J. (2004). Cerebral processing of mother’s voice compared to unfamiliar voice in 4-month-old infants. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 52, 257–266.10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2003.11.003CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Rauschecker, J. P. (1998). Cortical processing of complex sounds. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 8, 516–521.10.1016/S0959-4388(98)80040-8CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Reissland, N., Francis, B., Buttanshaw, L., Austen, J. M., & Reid, V. (2016). Do fetuses move their lips to the sound that they hear? An observational feasibility study on auditory stimulation in the womb. Pilot and Feasibility Studies, 2, 14.10.1186/s40814-016-0053-3CrossRef Google Scholar

Robb, M. P., & Saxman, J. H. (1985). Developmental trends in vocal fundamental frequency of young children. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 28, 421–427.10.1044/jshr.2803.427CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Rojas, S., Kefalianos, E., & Vogel, A. (2020). How does our voice change as we age? A systematic review and meta-analysis of acoustic and perceptual voice data from healthy adults over 50 years of age. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 63, 533–551.10.1044/2019_JSLHR-19-00099CrossRef Google Scholar

Rosen, S., & Iverson, P. (2007). Constructing adequate non-speech analogues: What is special about speech anyway? Developmental Science, 10, 165–168.10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00550.xCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Ross, E. D., & Monnot, M. (2011). Affective prosody: What do comprehension errors tell us about hemispheric lateralization of emotions, sex and aging effects, and the role of cognitive appraisal. Neuropsychologia, 49, 866–877.10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.12.024CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Roux, P., Christophe, A., & Passerieux, C. (2010). The emotional paradox: Dissociation between explicit and implicit processing of emotional prosody in schizophrenia. Neuropsychologia, 48, 3642–3649.10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.08.021CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Ruffman, T., Halberstadt, J., & Murray, J. (2009). Recognition of facial, auditory, and bodily emotions in older adults. Journals of Gerontology – Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 64, 696–703.Google Scholar PubMed

Ruffman, T., Henry, J. D., Livingstone, V., & Phillips, L. H. (2008). A meta-analytic review of emotion recognition and aging: Implications for neuropsychological models of aging. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 32, 863–881.10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.01.001CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Ruffman, T., Sullivan, S., & Dittrich, W. (2009). Older adults’ recognition of bodily and auditory expressions of emotion. Psychology and Aging, 24, 614–622.10.1037/a0016356CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Ryan, M., Murray, J., & Ruffman, T. (2010). Aging and the perception of emotion: Processing vocal expressions alone and with faces. Experimental Aging Research, 36, 1–22.Google Scholar PubMed

Sander, D., Grandjean, D., Pourtois, G., Schwartz, S., Seghier, M. L., Scherer, K. R., & Vuilleumier, P. (2005). Emotion and attention interactions in social cognition: Brain regions involved in processing anger prosody. NeuroImage, 28, 848–858.10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.06.023CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Sauter, D. A., & Eimer, M. (2010). Rapid detection of emotion from human vocalizations. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22, 474–481.10.1162/jocn.2009.21215CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Sauter, D. A., Eisner, F., Ekman, P., & Scott, S. K. (2010). Cross-cultural recognition of basic emotions through nonverbal emotional vocalizations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 2408–2412.Google Scholar PubMed

Sauter, D. A., Panattoni, C., & Happé, F. (2013). Children’s recognition of emotions from vocal cues. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 31, 97–113.10.1111/j.2044-835X.2012.02081.xCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Sauter, D. A., & Scott, S. K. (2007). More than one kind of happiness: Can we recognize vocal expressions of different positive states? Motivation and Emotion, 31, 192–199.10.1007/s11031-007-9065-xCrossRef Google Scholar

Scheibe, S., & Blanchard-Fields, F. (2009). Effects of regulating emotions on cognitive performance: What is costly for young adults is not so costly for older adults. Psychology and Aging, 24, 217–223.10.1037/a0013807CrossRef Google Scholar

Scheibe, S., & Carstensen, L. L. (2010). Emotional aging: Recent findings and future trends. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 65B, 135–144.Google Scholar PubMed

Scherer, K. R. (2003). Vocal communication of emotion: A review of research paradigms. Speech Communication, 40, 227–256.10.1016/S0167-6393(02)00084-5CrossRef Google Scholar

Scherer, K. R., Banse, R., & Wallbott, H. G. (2001). Emotion inferences from vocal expression correlate across languages and cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 76–92.10.1177/0022022101032001009CrossRef Google Scholar

Schirmer, A., & Adolphs, R. (2017). Emotion perception from face, voice, and touch: Comparisons and convergence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21, 216–228.10.1016/j.tics.2017.01.001CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Schirmer, A., Escoffier, N., Zysset, S., Koester, D., Striano, T., & Friederici, A. D. (2008). When vocal processing gets emotional: On the role of social orientation in relevance detection by the human amygdala. NeuroImage, 40, 1402–1410.10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.01.018CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Schirmer, A., & Kotz, S. A. (2006). Beyond the right hemisphere: Brain mechanisms mediating vocal emotional processing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10, 24–30.10.1016/j.tics.2005.11.009CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Schirmer, A., Striano, T., & Friederici, A. D. (2005). Sex differences in the preattentive processing of vocal emotional expressions. NeuroReport, 16, 635–639.10.1097/00001756-200504250-00024CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Schirmer, A., Zysset, S., Kotz, S. A., & Von Cramon, D. Y. (2004). Gender differences in the activation of inferior frontal cortex during emotional speech perception. NeuroImage, 21, 1114–1123.10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.10.048CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Schröder, M. (2003). Experimental study of affect bursts. Speech Communication, 40, 99–116.10.1016/S0167-6393(02)00078-XCrossRef Google Scholar

Sen, A., Isaacowitz, D., & Schirmer, A. (2018). Age differences in vocal emotion perception: On the role of speaker age and listener sex. Cognition and Emotion, 32, 1189–1204.10.1080/02699931.2017.1393399CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Shahidullah, S., & Hepper, P. G. (1994). Frequency discrimination by the fetus. Early Human Development, 36, 13–26.10.1016/0378-3782(94)90029-9CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Shipp, T., Qi, Y., Huntley, R., & Hollien, H. (1992). Acoustic and temporal correlates of perceived age. Journal of Voice, 6, 211–216.10.1016/S0892-1997(05)80145-6CrossRef Google Scholar

Soken, N. H., & Pick, A. D. (1999). Infants’ perception of dynamic affective expressions: Do infants distinguish specific expressions? Child Development, 70, 1275–1282.10.1111/1467-8624.00093CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Stathopoulos, E. T., Huber, J. E., & Sussman, J. E. (2011). Changes in acoustic characteristics of the voice across the life span: Measures from individuals 4–93 years of age. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 54, 1011–1021.10.1044/1092-4388(2010/10-0036)CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Stern, D. (1985). The interpersonal world of the infant. Basic Books.Google Scholar

Sulpizio, S., Doi, H., Bornstein, M. H., Cui, J., Esposito, G., & Shinohara, K. (2018). fNIRS reveals enhanced brain activation to female (versus male) infant directed speech (relative to adult directed speech) in young human infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 52, 89–96.10.1016/j.infbeh.2018.05.009CrossRef Google Scholar

Sussman, J. E., & Sapienza, C. (1994). Articulatory, developmental, and gender effects on measures of fundamental frequency and jitter. Journal of Voice, 8, 145–156.10.1016/S0892-1997(05)80306-6CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Thompson, L. A., Aidinejad, M. R., & Ponte, J. (2001). Aging and the effects of facial and prosodic cues on emotional intensity ratings and memory reconstructions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 25, 101–125.10.1023/A:1010749711863CrossRef Google Scholar

Tisserand, D. J., Pruessner, J. C., Sanz Arigita, E. J., van Boxtel, M. P. J., Evans, A. C., Jolles, J., & Uylings, H. B. M. (2002). Regional frontal cortical volumes decrease differentially in aging: An MRI study to compare volumetric approaches and voxel-based morphometry. NeuroImage, 17, 657–669.10.1006/nimg.2002.1173CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Titze, I. R. (1989). Physiologic and acoustic differences between male and female voices. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 85, 1699–1707.10.1121/1.397959CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Tonks, J., Williams, W. H., Frampton, I., Yates, P., & Slater, A. (2007). Assessing emotion recognition in 9–15-years olds: Preliminary analysis of abilities in reading emotion from faces, voices and eyes. Brain Injury, 21, 623–629.10.1080/02699050701426865CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Trevor, C., Arnal, L. H., & Frühholz, S. (2020). Terrifying film music mimics alarming acoustic feature of human screams. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 147, EL540–EL545.10.1121/10.0001459CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Vaillant-Molina, M., Bahrick, L. E., & Flom, R. (2013). Young infants match facial and vocal emotional expressions of other infants. Infancy, 18, E97–E111.10.1111/infa.12017CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Vasconcelos, M., Dias, M., Soares, A. P., & Pinheiro, A. P. (2017). What is the melody of that voice? Probing unbiased recognition accuracy with the montreal affective voices. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 41, 239–267.10.1007/s10919-017-0253-4CrossRef Google Scholar

Vidas, D., Dingle, G. A., & Nelson, N. L. (2018). Children’s recognition of emotion in music and speech. Music & Science, 1, 1–10.10.1177/2059204318762650CrossRef Google Scholar

Warlaumont, A. S., Richards, J. A., Gilkerson, J., & Oller, D. K. (2014). A social feedback loop for speech development and its reduction in autism. Psychological Science, 25, 1314–1324.10.1177/0956797614531023CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Whiteside, S. P., & Hodgson, C. (2000). Some acoustic characteristics in the voices of 6- to 10-year-old children and adults: A comparative sex and developmental perspective. Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 25, 122–132.10.1080/14015430050175851CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Whitford, T. J., Rennie, C. J., Grieve, S. M., Clark, C. R., Gordon, E., & Williams, L. M. (2007). Brain maturation in adolescence: Concurrent changes in neuroanatomy and neurophysiology. Human Brain Mapping, 28, 228–237.10.1002/hbm.20273CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Wieck, C., & Kunzmann, U. (2017). Age differences in emotion recognition: A question of modality? Psychology and Aging, 32, 401–411.10.1037/pag0000178CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Wildgruber, D., Ackermann, H., Kreifelts, B., & Ethofer, T. (2006). Cerebral processing of linguistic and emotional prosody: fMRI studies. Progress in Brain Research, 156, 249–268.10.1016/S0079-6123(06)56013-3CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Wu, Y., Muentener, P., & Schulz, L. E. (2017). One- to four-year-olds connect diverse positive emotional vocalizations to their probable causes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114, 11896–11901.Google Scholar PubMed

Xue, S. A., Cheng, R. W. C., & Ng, L. M. (2010). Vocal tract dimensional development of adolescents: An acoustic reflection study. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 74, 907–912.10.1016/j.ijporl.2010.05.010CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Yoo, S. H., Matsumoto, D., & LeRoux, J. A. (2006). The influence of emotion recognition and emotion regulation on intercultural adjustment. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30, 345–363.10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.08.006CrossRef Google Scholar

Zanto, T. P., & Gazzaley, A. (2014). Attention and ageing. In Nobre, A. C. & Kastner, S. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of attention (pp. 927–971). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Zeskind, P. S., & Marshall, T. R. (1988). The relation between variations in pitch and maternal perceptions of infant crying. Child Development, 59, 193–196.10.2307/1130401CrossRef Google Scholar

Zhao, C., Chronaki, G., Schiessl, I., Wan, M. W., & Abel, K. M. (2019). Is infant neural sensitivity to vocal emotion associated with mother-infant relational experience? PLoS ONE, 14, e0212205.Google Scholar PubMed

Zhao, C., Schiessl, I., Wan, M. W., Chronaki, G., & Abel, K. M. (2021). Development of the neural processing of vocal emotion during the first year of life. Child Neuropsychology, 27, 333–350.10.1080/09297049.2020.1853090CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Zieber, N., Kangas, A., Hock, A., & Bhatt, R. S. (2014). The development of intermodal emotion perception from bodies and voices. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 126, 68–79.10.1016/j.jecp.2014.03.005CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Zinchenko, A., Kanske, P., Obermeier, C., Schröger, E., Villringer, A., & Kotz, S. A. (2018). Modulation of cognitive and emotional control in age-related mild-to-moderate hearing loss. Frontiers in Neurology, 9, 783.10.3389/fneur.2018.00783CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Zinchenko, A., Obermeier, C., Kanske, P., Schröger, E., Villringer, A., & Kotz, S. A. (2017). The influence of negative emotion on cognitive and emotional control remains intact in aging. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 9, 349.10.3389/fnagi.2017.00349CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Accessibility standard: WCAG 2.0 A

Why this information is here

This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

Accessibility Information

The HTML of this chapter conforms to version 2.0 of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), ensuring core accessibility principles are addressed and meets the basic (A) level of WCAG compliance, addressing essential accessibility barriers.

Content Navigation

Table of contents navigation
Allows you to navigate directly to chapters, sections, or non‐text items through a linked table of contents, reducing the need for extensive scrolling.

Index navigation
Provides an interactive index, letting you go straight to where a term or subject appears in the text without manual searching.

Reading Order & Textual Equivalents

Single logical reading order
You will encounter all content (including footnotes, captions, etc.) in a clear, sequential flow, making it easier to follow with assistive tools like screen readers.

Short alternative textual descriptions
You get concise descriptions (for images, charts, or media clips), ensuring you do not miss crucial information when visual or audio elements are not accessible.

Full alternative textual descriptions
You get more than just short alt text: you have comprehensive text equivalents, transcripts, captions, or audio descriptions for substantial non‐text content, which is especially helpful for complex visuals or multimedia.

Visual Accessibility

Use of high contrast between text and background colour
You benefit from high‐contrast text, which improves legibility if you have low vision or if you are reading in less‐than‐ideal lighting conditions.

Structural and Technical Features

ARIA roles provided
You gain clarity from ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) roles and attributes, as they help assistive technologies interpret how each part of the content functions.