Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-77f85d65b8-8v9h9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-04-16T01:27:23.918Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Bibliography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 October 2025

Kate Baldwin
Kate Baldwin
Affiliation:
Yale University, Connecticut
Get access

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
Faith in Democracy
The Logic of Church Advocacy for Liberal Democratic Institutions in Africa
 , pp. 269 - 282
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Acemoglu, Daron, and Robinson, James A.. 2006. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Afrobarometer. 2025. Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cote D’Ivoire, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe, Rounds 2–7. Available at www.afrobarometer.org.Google Scholar
Almond, Gabriel A., and Verba, Sidney. 1963. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Christopher J., Bol, Damien, and Ananda, Aurelia. 2021. “Humanity’s Attitudes about Democracy and Political Leaders: Patterns and Trends.” Public Opinion Quarterly 85, no. 4: 957–86.Google ScholarPubMed
Ansell, Ben, and Lindvall, Johannes. 2013. “The Political Origins of Primary Education Systems: Ideology, Institutions, and Interdenominational Conflict in an Era of Nation-Building.” American Political Science Review 107, no. 3: 505–22.10.1017/S0003055413000257CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ansell, Ben, and Lindvall, Johannes. 2020. Inward Conquest: The Political Origins of Modern Public Services. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ansell, Ben, and Samuels, David. 2014. Inequality and Democratization: An Elite-Competition Approach. Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511843686CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arens, Bernard. 1925. Manuel Des Missions Catholiques. H. Bomans.Google Scholar
Arriola, Leonardo R. 2013. Multi-Ethnic Coalitions in Africa: Business Financing of Opposition Election Campaigns. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Baggott Carter, Erin, and Brett, Carter. 2023. Propaganda in Autocracies: Institutions, Information, and the Politics of Belief. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bahendwa, L. Festo. 1990. Christian Religious Education in the Lutheran Dioceses of North-Western Tanzania. Finnish Society for Missiology and Ecumenics.Google Scholar
Baldwin, Kate. 2025a. Country-Level Data Set on Church and Union Democratic Activism, 2009–2018.Google Scholar
Baldwin, Kate. 2025b. Church-Level Democratic Activism Data Set, 2009–2018.Google Scholar
Baldwin, Kate. 2025c. Catholic Democratic Activism Data Set, 1980–2018.Google Scholar
Baldwin, Kate. 2025d. Church Education Control Data Set, Independence–2018.Google Scholar
Balmer, Randall. 2007. Thy Kingdom Come: How the Religious Right Distorts Faith and Threatens America. Basic Books.Google Scholar
Banana, Canaan. 1982. The Theology of Promise: The Dynamics of Self-Reliance. College Press.Google Scholar
Barrett, David B. 1982. World Christian Encyclopedia: A Comparative Study of Churches and Religions in the Modern World, AD 1900–2000. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bauer, Vincent, Platas, Melina, and Weinstein, Jeremy M.. 2022. “Legacies of Islamic Rule in Africa: Colonial Responses and Contemporary Development.” World Development 152: 105750.10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105750CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bautista, Julius. 2020. “Catholic Democratization: Religious Networks and Political Agency in the Philippines and Timor-Leste.” Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia 35, no. 2: 310–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayart, Jean-François. 1989. “Les Églises Chrétiennes et La Politique Du Ventre: Le Partage Du Gâteau Ecclésial.” Politique Africaine no. 35: 3–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beach, Harlan P., Fahs, Charles H., and Bartholomew, John. 1925. World Missionary Atlas. Institute of Social and Religions Research.Google Scholar
Becker, Bastian, and Schmitt, Carina. 2023. “License to Educate: The Role of National Networks in Colonial Empires.” World Development 169: 106286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bellin, Eva. 2000. “Contingent Democrats: Industrialists, Labor, and Democratization in Late-Developing Countries.” World Politics 52, no. 2: 175–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berman, Edward H. 1975. African Reactions to Missionary Education. Publications of the Center for Education in Africa. Teachers College Press, Teachers College, Columbia University.Google Scholar
Bermeo, Nancy. 2016. “On Democratic Backsliding.” Journal of Democracy 27, no. 1: 5–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bleck, Jaimie. 2015. Education and Empowered Citizenship in Mali. Johns Hopkins University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boakye, Paul A. 2019. “Explaining Education Reforms in Ghana: An Institutional and Ideational Perspective.” PhD Dissertation, University of Saskatchewan.Google Scholar
Boix, Carles. 2003. Democracy and Redistribution. Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511804960CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolaji, Mohammed H. A. 2018. “Secularism and State Neutrality: The 2015 Muslim Protest of Discrimination in the Public Schools in Ghana.” Journal of Religion in Africa 48, no. 1/2: 65–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bondo, Pedro F. M. 2015. “The History of Angolan Education 1930–1980: The Convergence of Colonialism, Religion, and Decree.” PhD Dissertation, Kansas State University.Google Scholar
Botha, Christo. 2016. “The Church in Namibia: Political Handmaiden or a Force for Justice and Unity?” Journal of Namibian Studies: History Politics Culture 20: 7–36.Google Scholar
Brancati, Dawn. 2016. Democracy Protests: Origins, Features, and Significance. Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781316480960CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brass, Jennifer N. 2016. Allies or Adversaries: NGOs and the State in Africa. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bratton, Michael. 2003. “Briefing: Islam, Democracy and Public Opinion in Africa.” African Affairs 102, no. 408: 493–501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bratton, Michael, and van de Walle, Nicolas. 1992. “Popular Protest and Political Reform in Africa.” Comparative Politics 24, no. 4: 419–42.10.2307/422153CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooke, Steven, Buckley, David, David, Clarissa, and Mendoza, Ronald. 2023. “Religious Protection from Populist Violence: The Catholic Church and the Philippine Drug War.” American Journal of Political Science 67, no. 1: 205–20.10.1111/ajps.12669CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Godfrey N. 1964. “British Educational Policy in West and Central Africa.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 2, no. 3: 365–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryk, Anthony S., Lee, Valerie E., and Holland, Peter B.. 1993. Catholic Schools and the Common Good. Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burdick, John. 1994. “The Progressive Catholic Church in Latin America: Giving Voice or Listening to Voices?” Latin American Research Review 29, no. 1: 184–97.Google Scholar
Bush, Sarah Sunn. 2015. The Taming of Democracy Assistance: Why Democracy Promotion Does Not Confront Dictators. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cammett, Melani. 2014. Compassionate Communalism: Welfare and Sectarianism in Lebanon. Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cammett, Melani, and MacLean, Lauren. 2011. “Introduction: The Political Consequences of Non-State Social Welfare in the Global South.” Studies in Comparative International Development 46: 1–21.10.1007/s12116-010-9083-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, David E. 2004. “Acts of Faith: Churches and Political Engagement.” Political Behavior 26, no. 2: 155–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Capoccia, Giovanni, and Ziblatt, Daniel. 2010. “The Historical Turn in Democratization Studies: A New Research Agenda for Europe and Beyond.” Comparative Political Studies 43, no. 8–9: 931–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carmody, Brendan. 1999. Education in Zambia: Catholic Perspectives. Bookworld Publishers.Google Scholar
Carmody, Brendan. 2002. “The Politics of Catholic Education in Zambia: 1891–1964.” Journal of Church and State 44, no. 4: 775–804.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carmody, Brendan. 2003a. “The Politics of Catholic Education in Zambia: 1964–2001.” Paedagogica Historica 39, no. 3: 286–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carmody, Brendan. 2003b. “Religious Education and Pluralism in Zambia.” Religious Education 98, no. 2: 139–54.10.1080/00344080308289CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carmody, Brendan. 2007. “Catholic Church and State Relations in Zambian Education: A Contemporary Analysis.” In Grace, Gerald and O’Keefe, Joseph, eds. International Handbook of Catholic Education: Challenges for School Systems in the 21st Century. Springer Netherlands.Google Scholar
Carmody, Brendan. 2016. “Catholic Education in Zambia: Mission Integrity and Politics.” History of Education 45, no. 5: 621–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carney, James J. 2020. “Benedicto Kiwanuka and Catholic Democracy in Uganda.” Journal of Religious History 44, no. 2: 212–29.10.1111/1467-9809.12663CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carothers, Thomas. 2020. “Rejuvenating Democracy Promotion.” Journal of Democracy 31, no. 1: 114–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chandra, Kanchan. 2005. “Ethnic Parties and Democratic Stability.” Perspectives on Politics 3, no. 2: 235–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheyeka, Austin M. 2006. “The Role of Zambian Humanism in the Development of Plural Religious Education in Zambia, 1972 to 1990.” African Social Research no. 52: 15–30.Google Scholar
Cliffe, Lionel. 1971. “Socialist Education in Tanzania.” In Prewitt, Kenneth, ed. Education and Political Values: An East African Case Study East African Publishing House.Google Scholar
Coe, Cati. 2005. Dilemmas of Culture in African Schools: Youth, Nationalism, and the Transformation of Knowledge. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Cogneau, Denis, and Moradi, Alexander. 2014. “Borders that Divide: Education and Religion in Ghana and Togo Since Colonial Times.” The Journal of Economic History 74, no. 3: 694–729.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collier, Ruth B. 1999. Paths toward Democracy: The Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America. Cambridge University Press. Available at: www.cambridge.org/core/books/paths-toward-democracy/F400362A7AAD35668949544EDAF9A23E, accessed May 18, 2024.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, Frederick. 2002. Africa Since 1940: The Past of the Present. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coppedge, Michael, Lindberg, Staffan, Skaaning, Svend-Erik, and Teorell, Jan. 2016. “Measuring High Level Democratic Principles Using the V-Dem Data.” International Political Science Review 37, no. 5: 580–93.10.1177/0192512115622046CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Croke, Kevin, Grossman, Guy, Larreguy, Horacio A., and Marshall, John. 2016. “Deliberate Disengagement: How Education Can Decrease Political Participation in Electoral Authoritarian Regimes.” American Political Science Review 110, no. 3: 579–600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahl, Robert A. 1971. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Darden, Keith, and Grzymala-Busse, Anna. 2006. “The Great Divide: Literacy, Nationalism, and the Communist Collapse.” World Politics 59, no. 1: 83–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darden, Keith, and Mylonas, Harris. 2016. “Threats to Territorial Integrity, National Mass Schooling, and Linguistic Commonality.” Comparative Political Studies 49, no. 11: 1446–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Haas, Michiel, and Ewout, Frankema. 2018. “Gender, Ethnicity, and Unequal Opportunity in Colonial Uganda: European Influences, African Realities, and the Pitfalls of Parish Register Data.” The Economic History Review 71, no. 3: 965–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dowd, Robert A. 2015. Christianity, Islam and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunning, Thad. 2004. “Conditioning the Effects of Aid: Cold War Politics, Donor Credibility, and Democracy in Africa.” International Organization 58, no. 2: 409–23.10.1017/S0020818304582073CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eastman, Carol M. 1971. “Who Are the Waswahili?” Africa 41, no. 3: 228–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eichengreen, Barry J. 1996. Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ekuban, Erasmus E. 1977. The Role of the Educational Units in Education in Ghana: Its Implications for the Educational Administrator. University of Cape Coast University of Cape Coast, Institute for Educational Planning and Administration.Google Scholar
Elischer, Sebastian. 2021. Salafism and Political Order in Africa. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engels, Friedrich. 1942. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. Current Book Distributors.Google Scholar
Englund, Harri. 2000. “The Dead Hand of Human Rights: Contrasting Christianities in Post-Transition Malawi.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 38, no. 4: 579–603.10.1017/S0022278X00003487CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enyedi, Zsolt, and O’Mahony, Joan. 2004. “Churches and the Consolidation of Democratic Culture: Difference and Convergence in the Czech Republic and Hungary.” Democratization 11, no. 4 Routledge: 171–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans-Anfom, Emmanuel. 2003. To the Thirsty Land: Autobiography of a Patriot. Africa Christian Press.Google Scholar
Fair, Christine. 2008. “The Madrassah Challenge: Militancy and Religious Education in Pakistan (Review).” United States Institute of Peace.Google Scholar
Fegley, Randall. 1981. “The U.N. Human Rights Commission: The Equatorial Guinea Case.” Human Rights Quarterly 3, no. 1: 34–47.10.2307/762065CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FHI 360. 2025. Civil Society Organization Sustainability Index. Available at: https://csosi.org/.Google Scholar
Fonkeng, George E. 2007. The History of Education in Cameroon: 1884–2004. The Edwin Mellen Press.Google Scholar
Fox, Jonathan. 2020. Thou Shalt Have No Other Gods before Me: Why Governments Discriminate against Religious Minorities. Cambridge University Press.10.1017/9781108773171CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frankema, Ewout H. P. 2012. “The Origins of Formal Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Was British Rule More Benign?” European Review of Economic History 16, no. 4: 335–55.10.1093/ereh/hes009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gabudisa, Busugutsala G. 1997. Politiques Éducatives Au Congo-Zaïre: De Léopold II à Mobutu. L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Gallego, Francisco A., and Woodberry, Robert. 2010. “Christian Missionaries and Education in Former African Colonies: How Competition Mattered.” Journal of African Economies 19, no. 3: 294–329.10.1093/jae/ejq001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galston, William A. 2020. “The Enduring Vulnerability of Liberal Democracy.” Journal of Democracy 31, no. 3: Johns Hopkins University Press: 8–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardinier, David E. 1974. “Schooling in the States of Equatorial Africa.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 8, no. 3: 517–38.Google Scholar
Gardinier, David E. 1980. “The Impact of French Education on Africa, 1817–1960.” Proceedings of the Meeting of the French Colonial Historical Society 5: 70–82.Google Scholar
Gellner, Ernest. 1983. Nations and Nationalism. Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Gifford, Paul. 1995. The Christian Churches and the Democratisation of Africa. E.J. Brill.10.1163/9789004664616CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gifford, Paul. 1999. African Christianity Its Public Role in Uganda and Other African Countries. Fountain Pub Ltd.Google Scholar
Gift, Thomas, and Wibbels, Erik. 2014. “Reading, Writing, and the Regrettable Status of Education Research in Comparative Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 17, no. 2014 Annual Reviews: 291–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gill, Anthony. 1998. Rendering unto Caesar: The Catholic Church and the State in Latin America. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Goldfrank, Benjamin, and Rowell, Nick. 2012. “Church, State, and Human Rights in Latin America.” Politics, Religion & Ideology 13, no. 1 Routledge: 25–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorski, Philip S. 2020. American Babylon: Christianity and Democracy before and after Trump. Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, Andrew. 1999. Origins of Liberal Dominance: State, Church, and Party in Nineteenth-Century Europe. University of Michigan Press.10.3998/mpub.16169CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, Jeremy. 2006. “Strong Bar, Weak State? Lawyers, Liberalism and State Formation in Zambia.” Development and Change 37, no. 4: 921–41.10.1111/j.1467-7660.2006.00507.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, Matthew H., and Svolik, Milan. 2020. “Democracy in America? Partisanship, Polarization, and the Robustness of Support for Democracy in the United States.” American Political Science Review 114, no. 2: 392–409.10.1017/S0003055420000052CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Groop, Kim S. 2012. “The Church, the State and the Issue of National Reconciliation in Namibia.” Journal of Namibian Studies: History Politics Culture 11: 63–82.Google Scholar
Grossman, Guy. 2015. “Renewalist Christianity and the Political Saliency of LGBTs: Theory and Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa.” The Journal of Politics 77, no. 2: 337–51.10.1086/679596CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grzymala-Busse, Anna. 2015. Nations under God: How Churches Use Moral Authority to Influence Policy. Princeton University Press.10.1515/9781400866458CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grzymała-Busse, Anna M. 2023. Sacred Foundations: The Religious and Medieval Roots of the European State. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Guriev, Sergei, and Treisman, Daniel. 2022. Spin Dictators: The Changing Face of Tyranny in the 21st Century. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Guterres, Jose C. 2008. “Timor-Leste: A Year of Democratic Elections.” Southeast Asian Affairs JSTOR: 359–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gutiérrez, Angelina L. V. 2007. “Catholic Schools in the Philippines: Beacons of Hope in Asia.” In Grace, Gerald and O’Keefe, Joseph, eds. International Handbook of Catholic Education Springer Netherlands.Google Scholar
Gyimah-Boadi, E., Logan, Carolyn, and Sanny, Josephine. 2021. “Africans’ Durable Demand for Democracy.” Journal of Democracy 32, no. 3: Johns Hopkins University Press: 136–51.10.1353/jod.2021.0039CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haggard, Stephan, and Kaufman, Robert R.. 2017. Dictators and Democrats: Masses, Elites, and Regime Change. Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haggard, Stephan, and Kaufman, Robert R.. 2021. Backsliding: Democratic Regress in the Contemporary World. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagopian, Frances. 2008. “Latin American Catholicism in an Age of Religious and Political Pluralism: A Framework for Analysis.” Comparative Politics 40, no. 2: 149–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harber, Clive. 1985. “Weapon of War: Political Education in Zimbabwe.” Journal of Curriculum Studies 17, no. 2: 163–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harding, Robin, and Stasavage, David. 2014. “What Democracy Does (and Doesn’t Do) for Basic Services: School Fees, School Inputs, and African Elections.” The Journal of Politics 76, no. 1: 229–45.10.1017/S0022381613001254CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harkness, Kristen A. 2022. “The Ethnic Stacking in Africa Dataset: When Leaders Use Ascriptive Identity to Build Military Loyalty.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 39, no. 5: 609–32.10.1177/07388942211044999CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hastings, Adrian. 1979. A History of African Christianity 1950–1975. Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511563171CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haynes, Jeff. 2004. “Religion and Democratization in Africa.” Democratization 11, no. 4: 66–89.10.1080/1351034042000234530CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hincks, Craig W. 2009. Quest for Peace: An Ecumenical History of the Church in Lesotho. Christian Council of Lesotho.Google Scholar
Hinfelaar, Hugo. 2004. History of the Catholic Church in Zambia. Bookworld Publishers.Google Scholar
Hinfelaar, Marja. 2008. “The Political Role of the Roman Catholic Church.” In Gewald, Jan-Bart, Hinfelaar, Marja, and Macola, Giacomo, eds. One Zambia, Many Histories: Towards a History of Post-Colonial Zambia. Brill.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, Eric J. 1990. Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hoffman, Michael. 2021. Faith in Numbers: Religion, Sectarianism, and Democracy. Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780197538012.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hollenweger, Walter J. 1972. The Pentecostals. S.C.M. Press.Google Scholar
Hook, Sidney. 1940. Reason, Social Myths and Democracy. The John Day Company.Google Scholar
Htun, Mala, and Weldon, S. Laurel. 2005. “What It Means to Study Gender and the State.” Politics & Gender 1, no. 1: 157–66.Google Scholar
Htun, Mala, and Weldon, S. Laurel. 2018. The Logics of Gender Justice: State Action on Women’s Rights Around the World. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huntington, Samuel P. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Hyde, Susan D. 2011. The Pseudo-Democrat’s Dilemma: Why Election Observation Became an International Norm. Cornell University Press.10.7591/cornell/9780801449666.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iannaccone, Laurence, Finke, Roger, and Stark, Rodney. 1997. “Deregulating Religion: The Economics of Church and State.” Economic Inquiry 35, no. 2: 350–64.10.1111/j.1465-7295.1997.tb01915.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iliffe, John. 1979. A Modern History of Tanganyika. African Studies Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iliffe, John. 1995. Africans: The History of a Continent. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
İşcan, Talan, Rosenblum, Daniel, and Tinker, Katie. 2015. “School Fees and Access to Primary Education: Assessing Four Decades of Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Journal of African Economies 24, no. 4: 559–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jimenez, Emmanuel. 1987. Pricing Policy in the Social Sectors: Cost Recovery for Education and Health in Developing Countries. Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Jonge, Léonie de. 2021. “The Curious Case of Belgium: Why Is There No Right-Wing Populism in Wallonia?” Government and Opposition 56, no. 4: 598–614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalyvas, Stathis N. 1996. The Rise of Christian Democracy in Europe. Cornell University Press.10.7591/9781501731419CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalyvas, Stathis N. 2000. “Commitment Problems in Emerging Democracies: The Case of Religious Parties.” Comparative Politics 32, no. 4: 379–98.10.2307/422385CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaunda, Chammah J., and Hinfelaar, Marja. 2020. Competing for Caesar: Religion and Politics in Post-Colonial Zambia. Augsburg Fortress Publishers.10.2307/j.ctv11cvxr4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaunda, Kenneth D. 1966. A Humanist in Africa; Letters to Colin M. Morris from Kenneth D. Kaunda. Abingdon Press.Google Scholar
Kaunda, Kenneth D. 1968. Humanism in Zambia and a Guide to Its Implementation. Zambia Information Services.Google Scholar
Kaunda, Kenneth D. 1974. Humanism in Zambia and a Guide to Its Implementation Part II. Division of National Guidance.Google Scholar
Kaunda, Kenneth D. 1990. “Address by His Excellency the President Comrade Dr. Kenneth Kaunda at the Opening of the 25th National Council of the United National Independence Party (UNIP).” September 24.Google Scholar
Kelly, Michael J. 1991. Education in a Declining Economy: The Case of Zambia, 1975–1985. World Bank.Google Scholar
Khaketla, B. Makulo. 1971. Lesotho, 1970: An African Coup under the Microscope. C. Hurst.Google Scholar
King, Elisabeth. 2013. From Classrooms to Conflict in Rwanda. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knighton, Ben. 2015. “Uganda.” In Riggs, Thomas, ed. Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices. Gale.Google Scholar
Komakoma, Joe, ed. 2003. The Social Teaching of the Catholic Bishops and Other Christian Leaders in Zambia: Major Pastoral Letters and Statements, 1953–2001. Ndola Mission Press.Google Scholar
Koski, Alissa, Strumpf, Erin C., Kaufman, Jay S., Frank, John, Heymann, Jody, and Nandi, Arijit. 2018. “The Impact of Eliminating Primary School Tuition Fees on Child Marriage in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Quasi-Experimental Evaluation of Policy Changes in 8 Countries.” Edited by Beth Blue Swadener PLOS ONE 13, no. 5: e0197928.10.1371/journal.pone.0197928CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kramon, Eric, and Posner, Daniel N.. 2016. “Ethnic Favoritism in Education in Kenya.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 11, no. 1: 1–58.10.1561/100.00015005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraus, Jon. 2007. Trade Unions and the Coming of Democracy in Africa. Springer. Available at: https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=NsOADAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=info:foAGaZWtzOkJ:scholar.google.com&ots=liGl6Uk31f&sig=KDM6Syq3UPPw401-z1j_h_6VV2U, accessed November 14, 2024.10.1057/9780230610033CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kulska, Joanna. 2023. “The Sacralization of Politics? A Case Study of Hungary and Poland.” Religions 14, no. 4 MDPI: 525.10.3390/rel14040525CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuran, Timur. 1991. “Now Out of Never: The Element of Surprise in the East European Revolution of 1989.” World Politics 44, no. 1: 7–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laitin, David D. 1986. Hegemony and Culture: Politics and Religious Change among the Yoruba. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lankina, Tomila, and Getachew, Lullit. 2012. “Mission or Empire, Word or Sword? The Human Capital Legacy in Postcolonial Democratic Development.” American Journal of Political Science 56, no. 2: 465–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lankina, Tomila, and Getachew, Lullit. 2013. “Competitive Religious Entrepreneurs: Christian Missionaries and Female Education in Colonial and Post-Colonial India.” British Journal of Political Science 43, no. 1: 103–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazarev, Egor. 2023. State-Building as Lawfare: Custom, Sharia, and State Law in Postwar Chechnya. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lemarchand, René. 1996. Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide. Woodrow Wilson Center Press.Google Scholar
Levitsky, Steven, and Way, Lucan. 2010. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511781353CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linden, Ian. 1980. The Catholic Church and the Struggle for Zimbabwe. Longman.Google Scholar
Linz, Juan J., and Stepan, Alfred. 1996. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe. Johns Hopkins University Press.10.56021/9780801851575CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipset, Seymour M., and Rokkan, Stein. 1967. Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives. Free Press.Google Scholar
Little, Andrew T., and Meng, Anne. 2024. “Measuring Democratic Backsliding.” PS: Political Science & Politics 57, no. 2: 149–61.Google Scholar
Locke, John. 1689. Two Treatises of Government. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Longman, Timothy. 2010. Christianity and Genocide in Rwanda. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lungu, Gatian F. 1986. “The Church, Labor and the Press in Zambia: The Role of Critical Observers in a One-Party State.” African Affairs 85, no. 340: 385–410.10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097798CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lupia, Arthur, and McCubbins, Mathew D.. 1998. The Democratic Dilemma: Can Citizens Learn What They Need to Know? Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lwanga-Lunyiigo, Samwiri. 2015. A History of the Democratic Party of Uganda: The First Thirty Years (1954–1984). Fountain Publishers.Google Scholar
MacGaffey, Wyatt. 1990. “Religion, Class, and Social Pluralism in Zaire.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 24, no. 2: 249–64.Google Scholar
MacLean, Lauren M. 2010. Informal Institutions and Citizenship in Rural Africa: Risk and Reciprocity in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire. Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511730368CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacLean, Lauren M. 2011. “State Retrenchment and the Exercise of Citizenship in Africa.” Comparative Political Studies 44, no. 9: 1238–66.10.1177/0010414010374704CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacLean, Lauren M., and Cammett, Melani. 2014. The Politics of Non-State Social Welfare. Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Macola, Giacomo. 2010. Liberal Nationalism in Central Africa: A Biography of Harry Mwaanga Nkumbula. Springer.10.1057/9780230104891CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manning, Patrick. 2014. “African Population, 1650–2000: Comparisons and Implications of New Estimates.” In Akyeampong, Emmanuel, Bates, Robert H., Nunn, Nathan, and Robinson, James A., eds. Africa’s Development in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Martin, Charles A. 1976. “Significant Trends in the Development of Ghanaian Education.” Journal of Negro Education 45: 46–60.10.2307/2966541CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCauley, John F. 2014. “The Political Mobilization of Ethnic and Religious Identities in Africa.” American Political Science Review 108, no. 4: 801–16.10.1017/S0003055414000410CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCauley, John F. 2017. The Logic of Ethnic and Religious Conflict in Africa. Cambridge University Press.10.1017/9781316796252CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClendon, Gwyneth, and Riedl, Rachel B.. 2015. “Religion as a Stimulant of Political Participation: Experimental Evidence from Nairobi, Kenya.” The Journal of Politics 77, no. 4: 1045–57.10.1086/682717CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClendon, Gwyneth, and Riedl, Rachel B.. 2019. From Pews to Politics: Religious Sermons and Political Participation in Africa. Cambridge University Press.10.1017/9781108761208CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGregor, Andrew, Skeaff, Laura, and Bevan, Marianne. 2012. “Overcoming Secularism? Catholic Development Geographies in Timor-Leste.” Third World Quarterly 33, no. 6: 1129–46.10.1080/01436597.2012.681497CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKenna, Joseph. 1997. Finding a Social Voice: The Church and Marxism in Africa. Fordham University Press.10.1515/9780823295517CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mehrotra, Santosh, and Delamonica, Enrique. 1998. “Household Costs and Public Expenditure on Primary Education in Five Low Income Countries: A Comparative Analysis.” International Journal of Educational Development 1, no. 18: 41–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mehta, Jal, and Fine, Sarah. 2019. In Search of Deeper Learning: The Quest to Remake the American High School. Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meng, Anne, 2020. Constraining Dictatorship. Cambridge University Press.10.1017/9781108877497CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer Resende, Madalena, and Hennig, Anja. 2021. “Polish Catholic Bishops, Nationalism and Liberal Democracy.” Religions 12, no. 2 MDPI: 94.10.3390/rel12020094CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miguel, Edward. 2004. “Nation Building and Public Goods in Kenya versus Tanzania.” World Politics 56: 327–62.Google Scholar
Mill, John S. 1859. On Liberty. J.W. Parker. Available at: https://orbis.library.yale.edu/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=2532134.Google Scholar
Minkenberg, Michael. 2021. “The Radical Right in Europe: Cultural Shifts and Religious Nativism.” In Haynes, Jeffrey, ed. The Routledge Handbook of Religion, Politics and Ideology Routledge.Google Scholar
Montalvo, José G., and Reynal-Querol, Marta. 2005. “Ethnic Polarization, Potential Conflict, and Civil Wars.” American Economic Review 95, no. 3: 796–816.10.1257/0002828054201468CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moroff, Anika. 2010. “Party Bans in Africa – An Empirical Overview.” Democratization 17, no. 4: 618–41.10.1080/13510347.2010.491184CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morrison, David R. 1976. Education and Politics in Africa: The Tanzanian Case. McGill-Queen’s University Press.Google Scholar
Mwale, Nelly, Chita, Joseph, and Cheyeka, Austin. 2014. “Accounting for the Shift Towards ‘Multifaith’ Religious Education in Zambia, 1964–2017.” Zambia Social Science Journal 5, no. 2. 37–60.Google Scholar
Ndulo, Muna. 2020. “Bill 10, If Enacted, Will Install a Constitutional Dictatorship and Undermine Democracy in Zambia.” Southern African Journal of Policy and Development 5, no. 1. 31–43.Google Scholar
N’Gambwa, Kitenge. 1997. “Regime Legitimation in Education in Zaire.” PhD Dissertation, Columbia University.Google Scholar
North, Douglass C., and Weingast, Barry R.. 1989. “Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England.” The Journal of Economic History 49, no. 4: 803–32.10.1017/S0022050700009451CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nunn, Nathan. 2014. “Gender and Missionary Influence in Colonial Africa.” In Akyeampong, Emmanuel, Robinson, James, Nunn, Nathan, and Bates, Robert H., eds. Africa’s Development in Historical Perspective Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nyerere, Julius K. 1967. “Education for Self-Reliance.” The Ecumenical Review 19, no. 4: 382–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Donnell, Guillermo A., Schmitter, Philippe C., and Whitehead, Laurence. 1986. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Latin America. Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Oliver, Roland. 1952. The Missionary Factor in East Africa. Longmans, Green & Co.Google Scholar
Owusu-Ansah, David, Iddrisu, Abdulai, and Sey, Mark. 2013. Islamic Learning, the State and the Challenges of Education in Ghana. Africa World Press, Inc.Google Scholar
Paglayan, Agustina S. 2021. “The Non-Democratic Roots of Mass Education: Evidence from 200 Years.” American Political Science Review 115, no. 1: 179–98.10.1017/S0003055420000647CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paxton, Pamela. 2000. “Women’s Suffrage in the Measurement of Democracy: Problems of Operationalization.” Studies in Comparative International Development 35, no. 3: 92–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Philpott, Daniel. 2004. “Christianity and Democracy: The Catholic Wave.” Journal of Democracy 15, no. 2: 32–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phiri, Isaac. 2001. Proclaiming Political Pluralism Churches and Political Transitions in Africa. Praeger.Google Scholar
Phiri, Isabel A. 2003. “President Frederick J. T. Chiluba of Zambia: The Christian Nation and Democracy.” Journal of Religion in Africa 33, no. 4: 401–28.10.1163/157006603322665332CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pierskalla, Jan, De Juan, Alexander, and Montgomery, Max. 2017. “The Territorial Expansion of the Colonial State: Evidence from German East Africa 1890–1909.” British Journal of Political Science 49, no. 2: 711–37.Google Scholar
Pierson, Paul. 2000. “Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics.” American Political Science Review 94, no. 2: 251–67.10.2307/2586011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Platas, Melina. 2014. “Muslim Education in Africa: Trends and Attitudes Toward Faith-Based Schools.” The Review of Faith & International Affairs 12, no. 2: 38–50.Google Scholar
Platas, Melina. 2023. “In Africa, Religion Predicts Educational Mobility.” Nature.Google Scholar
Plattner, Marc. 1999. “From Liberalism to Liberal Democracy.” Journal of Democracy 10, no. 3: 121–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plattner, Marc. 2019. “Illiberal Democracy and the Struggle on the Right.” Journal of Democracy 30, no. 1: 5–19.10.1353/jod.2019.0000CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pobee, John S. 1988. Kwame Nkrumah and the Church in Ghana 1949–1966: A Study in the Relationship Between the Socialist Government of Kwame Nkrumah, the First Prime Minister and First President of Ghana, and the Protestant Christian Churches in Ghana. Asempa Publishers.Google Scholar
Posner, Daniel N. 2003. “The Colonial Origins of Ethnic Cleavages: The Case of Linguistic Divisions in Zambia.” Comparative Politics 35, no. 2: 127–46.10.2307/4150148CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posner, Daniel N. 2005. Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posner, Daniel N., and Young, Daniel J.. 2007. “The Institutionalization of Political Power in Africa.” Journal of Democracy 18, no. 3: 126–40.10.1353/jod.2007.0053CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Przeworski, Adam. 1991. Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America. Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781139172493CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Przeworski, Adam. 1999. “Minimalist Conception of Democracy: A Defense.” In Shapiro, Ian and Hacker-Cordon, Casiano, eds. Democracy’s Value Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Putnam, Robert D., and Campbell, David E.. 2012. American Grace: How Religion Divides and Unites Us. Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Rawls, John. 1993. Political Liberalism. John Dewey Essays in Philosophy; No. 4. Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Rink, Anselm. 2018. “Do Protestant Missionaries Undermine Political Authority? Evidence from Peru.” Comparative Political Studies 51, no. 4: 477–513.10.1177/0010414017710260CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, Margaret E. 2018. Censored: Distraction and Diversion Inside China’s Great Firewall. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Robinson, Morgan. 2024. “History of the Standard Swahili Language.” In Robinson, David and Zeleza, Paul Tiyambe, eds. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rosenfeld, Bryn. 2017. “Reevaluating the Middle-Class Protest Paradigm: A Case-Control Study of Democratic Protest Coalitions in Russia.” American Political Science Review 111, no. 4: 637–52.10.1017/S000305541700034XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenfeld, Bryn. 2021. The Autocratic Middle Class: How State Dependency Reduces the Demand for Democracy. Princeton University Press.10.1515/9780691209777CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenfeld, Bryn, and Wallace, Jeremy. 2024. “Information Politics and Propaganda in Authoritarian Societies.” Annual Review of Political Science 27, no. 2024: 263–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, Kenneth R. 1995. “Not Catalyst but Ferment: The Distinctive Contribution of the Churches to Political Reform in Malawi 1992–93.” In Gifford, Paul, ed. The Christian Churches and the Democratisation of Africa E. J. Brill.Google Scholar
Rovny, Jan. 2023. “Antidote to Backsliding: Ethnic Politics and Democratic Resilience.” American Political Science Review 117, no. 4: 1410–28.10.1017/S000305542200140XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, Stephens, Evelyne H., and Stephens, John D.. 1992. Capitalist Development and Democracy. Polity Press.Google Scholar
Rustow, Dankwart A. 1970. “Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model.” Comparative Politics 2, no. 3: 337–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sabar-Friedman, Galia. 1997. “Church and State in Kenya, 1986–1992: The Churches’ Involvement in the ‘Game of Change.’” African Affairs 96, no. 382: 22–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanneh, Lamin O. 1996. Piety and Power: Muslims and Christians in West Africa. Orbis Books.Google Scholar
Sarkar, Radha. 2023. “Religion and the Politics of Gender.” PhD Dissertation, Yale University.Google Scholar
Sayers, Gerald F., ed. 1930. The Handbook of Tanganyika. Macmillan and Company, Limited.Google Scholar
Schoffeleers, Matthew J. 1999. In Search of Truth and Justice: Confrontations between Church and State in Malawi, 1960–1994. Christian Literature Association in Malawi.Google Scholar
Silva, Teresa Cruz e. 2017. “Christian Missions and the State in 19th and 20th Century Angola and Mozambique.” In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sirin, Selcuk R., Ryce, Patrice, and Mir, Madeeha. 2009. “How Teachers’ Values Affect Their Evaluation of Children of Immigrants: Findings from Islamic and Public Schools.” Early Childhood Research Quarterly 24, no. 4: 463–73.10.1016/j.ecresq.2009.07.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sishuwa, Sishuwa. 2020. “Surviving on Borrowed Power: Rethinking the Role of Civil Society in Zambia’s Third Term Debate.” Journal of Southern African Studies 46, no. 3: 471–90.10.1080/03057070.2020.1730644CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slater, Dan. 2013. “Democratic Careening.” World Politics 65, no. 4: 729–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Amy E. 2019. Religion and Brazilian Democracy: Mobilizing the People of God. Cambridge University Press.10.1017/9781108699655CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Somé, Magloire. 2001. “Christian Base Communities in Burkina Faso: Between Church and Politics.” Translated by Cecily Bennett. Journal of Religion in Africa 31, no. 3: 275–304.10.1163/157006601X00185CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sondheimer, Rachel M., and Green, Donald P.. 2010. “Using Experiments to Estimate the Effects of Education on Voter Turnout.” American Journal of Political Science 54, no. 1: 174–89.10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00425.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sperber, Elizabeth, McClendon, Gwyneth, and Kaaba, O’Brien. 2024. “Comparing Religious and Secular Interventions to Increase Young Adult Political Participation: Evidence from WhatsApp-Based Civic Education Courses in Zambia.” American Journal of Political Science.Google Scholar
Sperber, Elizabeth, and Wietzel, Paige. 2024. “Delivering Democracy? Comparing Catholic Bishops’ Advocacy for Democracy in Malawi and Zambia, 1987–2022.” Journal of Religion in Africa.10.1163/15700666-12340309CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stamatov, Peter. 2010. “Activist Religion, Empire, and the Emergence of Modern Long-Distance Advocacy Networks.” American Sociological Review 75, no. 4: 607–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stambach, Amy. 2009. Faith in Schools: Religion, Education, and American Evangelicals in East Africa. Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Stasavage, David. 2002. “Credible Commitment in Early Modern Europe: North and Weingast Revisited.” The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 18, no. 1: 155–86.10.1093/jleo/18.1.155CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stasavage, David. 2005. “Democracy and Education Spending in Africa.” American Journal of Political Science 49, no. 2: 343–58.10.1111/j.0092-5853.2005.00127.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stepan, Alfred. 2001. “The World’s Religious Systems and Democracy: Crafting the ‘Twin Tolerations.’” In Arguing Comparative Politics. Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780199242702.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Streit, Karl. 1929. Atlas Hierarchicus: Descriptio Geographica Et Statistica Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae. Typographia Bonifaciana.Google Scholar
Sundkler, Bengt, and Steed, Christopher. 2000. A History of the Church in Africa. Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511497377CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutton, Francis X. 1965. “Education and the Making of Modern Nations.” In Coleman, James, ed. Education and Political Development Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Svolik, Milan. 2008. “Authoritarian Reversals and Democratic Consolidation.” American Political Science Review 102, no. 2: 153–68.10.1017/S0003055408080143CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Svolik, Milan. 2019. “Polarization versus Democracy.” Journal of Democracy 30, no. 3: 20–32.10.1353/jod.2019.0039CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teele, Dawn L. 2018. Forging the Franchise. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Thachil, Tariq. 2014. Elite Parties, Poor Voters: How Social Services Win Votes in India. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, Arthur R. 1976. “Historical Survey of the Role of the Churches in Education from Pre-Colonial Days to Post-Independence.” In Gottneid, Allan, ed. Church and Education in Tanzania East African Publishing House.Google Scholar
Thompson, Mark R. 2016. “The Early Duterte Presidency in the Philippines.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 35, no. 3 SAGE Publications Ltd.: 3–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toft, Monica D., Philpott, Daniel, and Samuel Shah, Timothy. 2011. God’s Century: Resurgent Religion and Global Politics. W. W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Trejo, Guillermo. 2012. Popular Movements in Autocracies: Religion, Repression, and Indigenous Collective Action in Mexico. Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781139043250CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tunón, Guadalupe. 2017. “When the Church Votes Left: How Progressive Religion Hurts Gender Equality.” APSA Annual Meeting. A Paper Presented at the 2017 Annual Meetings of the American Political Science Association in San Francisco, August–September 2017.Google Scholar
van de Walle, Nicolas. 2001. African Economies and the Politics of Permanent Crisis, 1979–1999. Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511800344CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallace, Jeremy L. 2022. Seeking Truth and Hiding Facts: Information, Ideology, and Authoritarianism in China. Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780197627655.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wantchekon, Leonard, Klašnja, Marko, and Novta, Natalija. 2015. “Education and Human Capital Externalities: Evidence from Colonial Benin.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 130, no. 2: 703–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warner, Carolyn M. 2000. Confessions of an Interest Group. Princeton University Press.10.1515/9781400823680CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weber, Max. 1976. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Weber, Sam. 2020. “Church and State: On the Role of the Catholic Church in the 2018 Presidential Election in the DR Congo.” MA Thesis, Yale University.Google Scholar
Weingast, Barry R. 1997. “The Political Foundations of Democracy and the Rule of Law.” American Political Science Review 91, no. 2: 245–63.10.2307/2952354CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitehead, Clive. 2007. “The Concept of British Education Policy in the Colonies 1850–1960.” Journal of Educational Administration and History 39, no. 2: 161–73.10.1080/00220620701342296CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Widner, Jennifer. 1992. The Rise of a Party-State in Kenya: From Harambee! To Nyayo! University of California Press.10.1525/9780520911857CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wittenberg, Jason. 2006. Crucibles of Political Loyalty: Church Institutions and Electoral Continuity in Hungary. Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511510465CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodberry, Robert D. 2012. “The Missionary Roots of Liberal Democracy.” American Political Science Review 106, no. 2: 244–74.10.1017/S0003055412000093CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Bank. 2009. Abolishing School Fees in Africa: Lessons from Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi and Mozambique. Development Practice in Education World Bank: In collaboration with UNICEF. Available at: https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/780521468250868445/abolishing-school-fees-in-africa-lessons-from-ethiopia-ghana-kenya-malawi-and-mozambique.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. 2010. Health Infrastructure Data. Available at: https://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main.30000.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. 2013. Health Infrastructure Data. Available at: https://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main.30000.Google Scholar
Young, Crawford. 1982. Ideology and Development in Africa. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Zakaria, Fareed. 1997. “The Rise of Illiberal Democracy.” Foreign Affairs. Available at: www.foreignaffairs.com/world/rise-illiberal-democracy.10.2307/20048274CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zurlo, Gina, and Johnson, Todd. 2025. World Christian Database. Available at: https://worldchristiandatabase.org/.Google Scholar

Accessibility standard: Inaccessible, or known limited accessibility

Why this information is here

This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

Accessibility Information

The HTML of this chapter is known to have missing or limited accessibility features. We may be reviewing its accessibility for future improvement, but final compliance is not yet assured and may be subject to legal exceptions. If you have any questions, please contact accessibility@cambridge.org.

Content Navigation

Table of contents navigation
Allows you to navigate directly to chapters, sections, or non‐text items through a linked table of contents, reducing the need for extensive scrolling.
Index navigation
Provides an interactive index, letting you go straight to where a term or subject appears in the text without manual searching.

Reading Order & Textual Equivalents

Single logical reading order
You will encounter all content (including footnotes, captions, etc.) in a clear, sequential flow, making it easier to follow with assistive tools like screen readers.

Structural and Technical Features

ARIA roles provided
You gain clarity from ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) roles and attributes, as they help assistive technologies interpret how each part of the content functions.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Bibliography
  • Kate Baldwin, Yale University, Connecticut
  • Book: Faith in Democracy
  • Online publication: 23 October 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009391634.015
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Bibliography
  • Kate Baldwin, Yale University, Connecticut
  • Book: Faith in Democracy
  • Online publication: 23 October 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009391634.015
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Bibliography
  • Kate Baldwin, Yale University, Connecticut
  • Book: Faith in Democracy
  • Online publication: 23 October 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009391634.015
Available formats
×