Index
Adkins, Arthur W. H., 247n220
adopted versus natural children, in Bible,
Alcibiades, 106,
Alcibiades (Aeschines), 123
Alexander the Great, 266n336
Almond, Philip C., 37n60
Aloadae twins, 35
Ambrose of Milan, 305
analogical structure of Aristotelian cosmos, 235
analogies versus metaphors, 234
anamnesis, doctrine of, 158n217
Anatolios, Khaled, 290n178
Anaxagoras, 237n159
Anaximenes, 90
Anselm of Canterbury, 3
Antiochus, 275n52
Apollo, 107, See also Delphi, oracle at
Aristotle and, 215
Dionysian and Apollonian religion, tension between, 124n138
early philosophers identifying with Apollo, 96
in Greek religion, 89
Helios, worship as, 190
Homeric Hymn to Apollo, 97n276
music, as god of, 96
prophetic madness and, 151
Socrates, as Apollonian, , 193
Apology (Plato), 10, 103, 105n33, 106n36, 108n50, 109n53, 109n54, 109n55, 110, 114n83, 117n98, 118, 128n153
Aristophanes
Birds, 75
Aristotle, ,
Apollonianism and, 215
attraction of all things to divine goodness in,
causality, divine versus human, 231
contemplation, on life of,
cosmic hierarchy of,
description of god in,
development and developmental deification, on,
Dionysian cults, on, 83
divine perfection, on, 3
divine providence and, 242
early philosophers, on,
exemplary cause, , 245
genus and species, on, 246
happiness, on, 243n200,
henotheism of, 66
human standard of perfection, as, 4
impiety, accused of, 266n336
jealousy of the gods denied by, 95
metaphors, use of, 233
moral psychology of,
music, on, 159n223
mythology and, 50
Orphic cults and, 88n223
the perfect, on, 1
personification versus person, Aristotelian god as, 323
philosophical rulers, on,
pleasure, on,
proud man, on, 309n14
reconstructing views of, 15n40
Socrates, on, 10n18
substances, inference of existence of god from hierarchy of,
theology, on, 95
three ascents to the divine in, 215
virtue, on, 215
Arius Didymus, 93n249
Arnold, Matthew, 44n84
Athanasius of Alexandria, 279
Athens and Jerusalem, 34, ,
anthropology as theology/versus cosmology,
common ground, 305
death, on,
deification in,
divine revelation and, 318
eschatology in, 308
Heracles, Jesus compared to, 74
humility in,
impersonal versus personal view of divine power in, 78
perfection, in, 325
person versus personification, God/gods as,
philanthropy, on, 326
punishment in, 307
salvation for, 312,
Strauss on, 43
Tertullian on, 43n83
Atlantis, myth of, 171n310
Auden, W. H., 60
Auerbach, Erich, 269n14
Bannister, Roger, 4
Barker, Andrew, 163n252
Barth, Karl, 20
Baur, Ferdinand Christian, 43n82
beauty and the beautiful
of Alcibiades, 122
biblical God not characterized as beautiful, 269
Homer on beauty of the gods, 269
philosophical pursuit of, 40
belief versus knowledge, in Plato, 207n588
Bellerophon, 35
Benson, Hugh H., 107n43
Berg, Steven, 125n140
Bible, , , See also Jesus
ambivalence about deification in, 279
blasphemy in, 278
death, on, 294
deification through loving relationship with God,
divine humanization versus human divinization in, 267
eternal life, promise of,
father, God as, , 300
friendship with God in, 289
Greek religion differentiated, 268
hiddenness of God in, 269
history, as, 328n84
holiness of God, human sharing in, 281
holiness of God, manifested as righteousness, 283
humility leading to exaltation in, 283
humility of humans before God in,
humility, ironic nature of, 311
image and likeness of God, humans made in,
imperfections of God in, 306
incarnation of Jesus in,
jealousy of God in, 268
knowledge in, 320n50
love, on,
millennialism and, 337
monotheism of, 321
participation in suffering and death of Jesus, divinization through, ,
Satanic self-deification in, , 282
shared attention and divine mutual indwelling in,
spouse, God as,
sublime nature of God in, , 279
wisdom in, 276,
wrath of God in, 270
Birds (Aristophanes), 75
Blake, William, 27n17
Booth, Wayne C., 101n11
Bowden, Hugh, 116n93
Brasidas, 120
Brisson, Luc, 118n105
Browning, Robert, 33n48
Burke, Edmund, 270n17
Burkert, Walter, 48n4, 74n145, 77n165, 84n202, 84n203, 84n205, 87n218, 121, 127n150, 134n33, 135n42, 135n45, 198n505, 200n530, 201n533, 342
Burnet, John, 250n241
Campbell, John, 324n66
Carse, James P., 315n35
Catholicism and Greek religion, 51
Cavagnaro, Elena, 140n72
celestial bodies. See also astronomy
Bible on, 335
gods, as, 186,
music of the spheres, , 186n425
retrogression of the planets, 182n393
Cervantes, Don Quixote, 104n28
Chaerephon, 114
Charlesworth, M. J., 3n3
Chesterton, G. K., 38
Christianity, 20, See also Athens and Jerusalem; Bible; Jesus
death in, 294
loving relationship with God, deification through,
modern science and,
civic cult
Greek religion, in,
Plato’s reform of,
civic deification, Plato on, ,
Claudius (emperor), “Pumpkinification” of, 75
Cohen, Hermann, 321n56
Collins, Paul M., 20n50
complex irony, 102
conceptual history (Begriffsgeschichte), 16
Corybantes, 121
cosmic motion,
cosmos and cosmology
anthropology versus cosmology, in Athens and Jerusalem,
Aristotle, cosmic hierachy of,
biblical God transcending, 311
Greek kosmos, 130n7
Greek polis, cosmic order based on, 205
modern science, consequences of,
soul, as macrocosm of, 331
visible image of invisible god, as, for Socratics, 330
Cretans (Euripides), 84n200
Critique of Pure Reason (Kant), 42
Crito (Plato), 117n97
Croesus, king of Lydia, 115
Croissant, Jeanne, 45n86
Cupitt, Don, 3n3
Currie, Bruno, 76n156
Cybele, 121
Dante, Purgatorio, 146n112
Darwin, Charles, 335
death. See also afterlife; immortality
Athens and Jerusalem on,
Bible on, 294
Jesus, divinization through participation in suffering and death of, ,
deification. See also anthropology as theology; Aristotle; Bible; Greek religion; Plato; Socrates
ambivalence about, , 279
becoming like god versus wanting to be god, 32
extent of, in Athens and Jerusalem,
god, as definition of perfection, 2
meaning, human search for, 4
methodological approach,
mythology and, 5
password to Socratic philosophy, as, 17
perfection, human search for,
philosophy and, 6
source texts, 21
terms for, 8
transcendence, human search for, 4
development and developmental deification in Aristotle,
Dewey, John, 39n68
dialectic, Plato on, , 188
Dicks, D. R., 163n254
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 109n54
Dionysius the Pseudo-Aereopagite, 37n61
Dionysus
Apollonian and Dionysian religion, tension between, 124n138
mystical madness and, 151
Orphic cults and, 83
philosophy and move from Apollonian religion to,
Socrates and, 100,
suffering and death, experience of, 309
symposia dedicated to, 120
divine mutual indwelling,
divine providence
Aristotle and, 242
in Greek literature, 169n297
love, as, 177
Plato’s cosmological ascent as,
Dobschütz, Ernst von, 327n78
Don Quixote (Cervantes), 104n28
Edelstein, Ludwig, 168n293
Ehnmark, Erland, 69n117
eidos, Plato’s use of, 130n6
Eleusinian mysteries, 87
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 31
Epicureans, 42
Eros (deity), 119
Ethics (Spinoza), 41
Ezekiel, 269n14
face of God, 322
father, biblical God as, , 300
Faust (Goethe), 153n166
Ferber, Rafael, 165n271
festivals, religious, Plato on, 198
Genesis, 175n335
genus and species, Aristotle on, 246
Girard, René
Violence and the Sacred, 53
“god” versus “God,” use of, 2n1
god, concept of, 2
good Samaritan, 326
Goodman, Nelson, 47
Gorky, Maxim, 162n243
Gould, Stephen Jay, 23n1
Greek religion, 9, , See also Athens and Jerusalem
Apollonian, 89
Bible differentiated, 268
chthonic/earthly/cults of the dead,
daimones in, 76
defining gods in, 67
as henotheistic versus polytheistic,
jealousy of the gods in, , 173n326
Orphic cults, , 198n508
philosophy and development from Apollonian to Dionysian system,
Plato’s reform of civic cult,
Plato’s works centered on, 190n450
prayer in, 57
rationality of myth,
sacrifice in, 57
Socrates and,
soul as bridge between human and divine in,
tripartite theology of (philosophy, poetry, and civic cult),
worship of gods in, 69
The Greeks and the Irrational (Dodds), 45
Gregorian calendar, 190n447
Gregory of Nazianzus, 35n50
Griffin, Jasper, 104n29
Hadot, Pierre, , 119n106
Haeckel, Ernst, 236n152
Hamlet (Shakespeare), 259
happiness, Aristotle on,
Harding, Sarah, 332n104
Harrison, Jane Ellen, 59n58
Heidegger, Martin, 50
henotheism, 66
Herbert, George, 60
Herod, 275n52
Heschel, Abraham Joshua, 26n11, 31, 78n168, 289n174, 306n6, 306, 320n50, 322n57, 327n79, 330n96, 336n120, 336n121, 347
holiness code, in Leviticus, 281n105
Homer, 9,
afterlife, soul, and immortality in, 69,
Aristotle on, 237
beauty of the gods in, 269
cosmic irony and, 104
deification in, 188
elenchus and Socratic questioning, 106
father, Zeus described as, 284
human vulnerability in, 127
Plato and, 145
resemblance between gods and humans in, 125
Homeric Hymn to Apollo, 97n276
Homeric Hymn to Demeter, 85n210
hubris, in Greek thought, 275
Hume, David, 336
Iamblichus, 92n242
idea, Plato’s use of, 130n6
image and likeness of God, biblical humanity made in,
immortality. See also afterlife; death
Bible, Adam and Eve in, 275n56
Bible, promise of eternal life in,
gods in Greek religion defined as having, 68
Homeric heroes and, 81
Lockean concept of personal identity and,
Plato/Aristotle and, 139
semi-immortals in biblical versus Greek religion, 76
Socrates on, 109
soul as bridge between human and divine, in Greek religion,
imperial/ruler cults, 75
incarnation of Jesus,
intelligent design,
intrinsic nature, concept of, 331
Irenaeus of Lyons, 280n91
irony
biblical humility and, 311
complex, 102
defined, 101
ironic deification in Socrates,
Kierkegaard’s Christian irony, 105
moral, 102
Socrates’s use of,
of Socratic love, 122
verbal, 101
Italy, Greek philosophy in, , 97
Jackson, B. Darrell, 77n163
jealousy of God, in Bible, 268
jealousy of the gods, , 173n326
Jeremiah, 330n99
Jesus
adoption by God, being born again as, 286n147
adulterous woman and, 277n75
beauty not ascribed to, 269
blasphemy, defense against, 278
bridegroom, as, 288
church, as head of, 303
divine humanization versus human divinization in Bible and, 267
divinization through participation in suffering and death of, ,
eschatology of, 308
Heracles, Jesus compared to, 74
hero cults, differentiated from, 267
humility of, 309
imitation of, 293n204
incarnation of,
Logos, as, 314
natural son of God, as, 285
self-righteousness condemned by, 277
visible image of invisible God, as, 330
wisdom, on, 276
Johansen, Thomas Kjeller, 171n315
John of Damascus, 302n298
Johnstone, Henry W., 14n34
Joseph and his brothers, 311
Joshua, 297
Kahn, Charles H., 10n19, 47n2, 91n236, 111n65, 119n107, 131n13, 134n34, 169n299, 205n573, 222n55, 231n120, 231n121
Karfík, Filip, 132n21
Keats, John, 159
Kindt, Julia, 52n22
Kingsley, Peter, 91n238
Kirk, G. S., 57n45
knowledge
Aristotle on, 245n209,
belief versus, in Plato, 207n588
Bible on, 320n50
the good as object of, 167n284
Plato’s metaphysical ascent to the good and,
self-knowledge, for Socratics,
Socrates’ disavowal of knowledge and teaching,
Kosman, Aryeh, 250n242
Kronman, Anthony T., 26n11
Kullmann, Wilfgang, 230n113
Lane, Melissa, 101n8
Lännström, Anna, 57n45
Laws (Plato)
citizens, as required reading for, 188
citizenship in, 210
civic deification and, 209
cosmological ascent to divine providence in, 142
god as measure of all things, on, 30n33
Greek religion in, 190n450
ignorance, on, 160
law of impiety in, 140
necessity in, 333n111
penal code in, 210n614
politics and ethics as central concern of, 210
private shrines outlawed in, 201n536
theology of, 131n11
Lazerowitz, Morris, 38n63
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 32n46
Lenin, Vladimir, 162n243
Lesser Hippias (Plato), 176n349
Lewis, C. S., 326
Linforth, I. M., 66n99
Locke, John,
Logos, Jesus as, 314
Long, A. G., 139n68
love
Bible on,
biblical deification through loving relationship with God,
divine providence as, 177
Plato on,
righteousness and,
Socrates and,
Thomas Aquinas on, 283
Trinity and,
Loxias, 115
Lutheran interpretation of Paul, 332n107
Macaskill, Grant, 20n53
marital relationship between humanity and biblical God,
Markus, R. A., 328n84
Mayhew, Robert, 130n10
McMinn, J. B., 49n11
McPherran, Mark L., 10n19, 51n17, 57n41, 58n49, 66n101, 108n48, 112n72, 113n76, 126, 126n143, 126n145, 126n147, 199n512
meaning, human search for, 4
Meeks, Wayne A., 43n82
metaphors, Plato’s and Aristotle’s use of, 233
millennialism, 337
Mirto, Maria Serena, 73n137
modalism, 317n40
modern science and Christian theology,
monotheism, biblical, 321
Moore, Gareth, 94n254
moral irony, 102
Murray, Penelope, 162n249
Nicholas of Cusa, 311n24
Nicodemus, 286n147
Niobe, 70n121
Nock, Arthur, 62n73
nous
cosmological ascent to divine providence and, 169
cosmos as crafted by, 175n340
Homer’s Zeus, replacing, 67
Nozick, Robert, 5n7
Nussbaum, Martha, 111n70
Oehler, Klaus, 232n128
On Generation and Corruption (Aristotle), 216n13
“ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” (Haeckel’s law), 236n152
Orpheus, 84
Orphic cults, , 110
Otto, Walter Friedrich, 63n78
paideia, 200
Paradise Lost (Milton), 54
Parmenides (Plato), 168n292
Partenie, Catalin, 188n441
Passmore, John A., 144n92
Paul
adoptive sonship, on, 286n144
anthropology and cosmology in, 333n110
cosmic theology and, 334n116
death, on, 308
divine mutal indwelling, on, 322n57
divine wisdom, on human sharing in, 298
on face of God, 323n62
humility of, 310
Jewish prophet, as, 19
Lutheran interpretation of, 332n107
new creation/new heaven and new earth, on, 328n81
“oracles of God,” Scripture defined as, 319n44
philosophy, on, 300
Socrates compared, 277
suffering, on, 294
theoformity of, 281n101
Pausanias, 198n505
Péguy, Charles, 28n23
perfection
Athens and Jerusalem on, , 325
deification, extent of, in Athens and Jerusalem,
god as definition of, 2
human search for,
human standards of, 4
perfectionism versus, 2
Pericles, 120
Persephone, and Eleusinian mysteries, 87
person versus personification, God/gods as,
Peterson, Erik, 244n203
Peterson, Sandra, 16n43
Phaedo (Plato)
happy future life reserved for philosophers in, 212n628
on knowledge of the gods, 136n46
myth of the, 143n85
round earth, first mention of, 182n390
three ascents in, 142
Phaedrus (Plato)
divine madness in, 121n118
future lives in, 212n628
philosopher’s life compared to other lives in, 206n578
Socrates in, 125n139
three ascents in, 142
philanthropy, Athens and Jerusalem on, 326
philosophy, , See also specific philosophers, e.g. Aristotle
ascetic character of, 42
defined, 38
deification in, 6
Italians, Ionians, and early development of,
Paul on, 300
Plato on awakening soul to love of,
religion, as, , 47
tripartite theology of Greek religion and,
physics, modern, consequences of,
Pindar, 9, 52, 56, 58n50, 61n64, 66n99, 72n131, 74n140, 74n144, 74n147, 82n192, 86n214, 89, 93, 127, 128n151, 188, 214n5, 231n123
Plantinga, Cornelius, Jr., 315n36
Plato, , , 163n254
belief in philosophy, on, 41
belief versus knowledge, on, 207n588
civic deification, on, ,
Dionysian cults, on, 84
divine perfection, on, 3
divinity for,
early Italian philosophers, as disciple of, 93
friendship with the gods, on, 197
Greek religion and, 59,
henotheism of, 66
human standard of perfection, as, 4
jealousy of the gods denied by, 95
journey toward the divine, theology as,
love, on,
metaphors, use of, 233
music, on, 158
mythology as used by, 49
Orphic cults and,
philosopher rulers, on,
ranking of different occupations by, 206n579
reform of civic cult,
religious ascent toward right worship, 140,
Socrates compared, 125
pleasure, Aristotle on search for,
Plutarch, 36
poets. See also Hesiod; Homer; Pindar
Aristotle on development of, 237
Greek religion of,
Plato’s attack on gods of, 191
Poliorkates, Demetrios, 75n152
Politics (Aristotle), 216n13
polytheism, , 321
Pope, Alexander, 30
Posterior Analytics (Aristotle), 234n139
Protagoras, 29
proud man, Aristotle on, 309n14
Pseudo-Dionysius the Aereopagite, 37n61
Pulleyn, S., 144n90
Purgatorio (Dante), 146n112
Pythagorean Orphics, 85
religion. See also Bible; Christianity; Greek religion; Islam; Judaism; theology
honoring the dead, origins of religion in,
Renaud, François, 106n38
Republic (Plato)
astronomy and harmonics in, 184
Atlantis, myth of, 171n310
citizenship in, 210
education in music, mathematics, and gymnastics in, 160
empiricism, critique of, 146n107
hero cults in, 194n475
justice in, 171
music of the spheres in, 186n425
philosopher rulers in, 144n92,
politics and ethics as central concern of, 210
religious ascent to right worship in, 142
Socrates in, 110
Timaeus, relationship to, 171
retrogression of the planets, 182n393
revelation, divine, 318
Roessler, Johannes, 324n66
Rohde, Erwin, 68n113
Roloff, Dietrich, 97n279
Roman Catholicism and Greek religion, 51
Ross, W. D., 215n12
ruler/imperial cults, 75
Rutenber, Culbert G., 148n130
Saisset, Emile, 27n17
salvation, Athens and Jerusalem on, 312,
Satanic self-deification in Bible, , 282
Scullion, Scott, 73n135
Sedley, David, 16n42, 66n101, 129n5, 145, 145n105, 177n355, 179n370, 211n622, 230n115, 231n124, 233n131, 235n151, 353
self-deification, Satanic, in Bible, , 282
self-knowledge, for Socratics,
Seneca, 75
Sennacherib, 283
Shakespeare, William, 259
Shaw, George Bernard, 33
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 263n323
Shestov, Lev, 43n83
Simmias the Socratic, 136n50
skeptics and skepticism, 110
Socrates,
allegory of Plato on death of, 202
Aristotle on, 10n18
Aristotle on imitation of, 228n104
deification as goal of, 6
as Dionysian, 100,
Greek religion and, , 79
henotheism of, 66
historical Socrates,
on immortality, 109
ironic deification in,
irony, use of,
Jesus compared, 278
knowledge and teaching, disavowal of,
love and,
myths about gods, on, 192n462
Paul compared, 277
physical ugliness of, 108
Plato compared, 125
prayer of, 196
purpose of philosophy for, 40
skepticism of, 110
Solmsen, Friedrich, 138n58
Solon, 56
the soul
as bridge between human and divine, in Greek religion,
cosmic, , 186n425
cosmos, as microcosm of, 331
and death, 157
Sourvinou-Inwood, Christiane, 52n21
Stirner, Max, 28n22
Stoics, 42
Strauss, Leo, 43
Subin, Anna Della, 75n155
Suppliants (Aeschylus), 72n130
Swift, Jonathan, 107
Thamyris, 70n121
theocracy, Plato’s ideal city as, 207
Theognis, 82n186
theology. See also anthropology as theology; Bible; Greek religion
civic, 9, ,
Plato, as journey toward the divine for,
worship, Plato’s religious ascent toward proper form of, 140,
theophilei, 197n500
Theophrastus, 90n229
theos (Greek) versus god, 78n166
Thompson, Thomas R., 315n36
Timaeus (Plato)
birds, on origins of, 145n105
Genesis compared, 175n335
Greek religion in, 190n450
music of the spheres in, 186
Republic, relationship to, 171
sight, on, 328n88
Tor, Shaul, 115n88
Totem and Taboo (Freud), 53
transcendence, human search for, 4
tripartite theology of Greek religion,
Van Riel, Gerd, 134n36
Vasiliou, Iakovos, 101n13
verbal irony, 101
Veyne, Paul, 54n29
Violence and the Sacred (Girard), 53
Virgil
Aeneid, 7n11
Vlastos, Gregory, 112n74
Voltaire, 111
