From the 1950s, the aims of economic warfare began to shift from disabling adversaries to using economic sanctions to shape the internal policies of states seen to be violating international norms. Sanctions remain important tools of geopolitics, despite fierce debates about their effectiveness. Historically, their impact has been influenced by two factors: externally by the degree of enforcement and internally by the adaptability of sanctioned economies to living under sanctions. The chapter compares the sanctions imposed on white minority regimes in South Africa and Rhodesia from the 1960s. Their impact was blunted by adaptation and the manner of enforcement. In both countries, white elites accepted economic isolation as the price of preserving minority rule. Both redirected trade and mobilised domestic resources to compensate for loss of trade. Adaptation was eased by slow and uneven enforcement. The structure of domestic economies and political institutions made it possible to displace many costs of sanctions onto African workers. When minority regimes eventually ended, the extensive government controls that had managed these adaptations remained.