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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2024

Edited by
Marlene L. Daut  and
Kaiama L. Glover
Marlene L. Daut
Affiliation:
Yale University
Kaiama L. Glover
Affiliation:
Yale University

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Information

Type
Chapter
Information
A History of Haitian Literature , pp. 511 - 538
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Index

14 de Junio, 309–310
1805 Dessalinean (Imperial) constitution, 155
1816 constitution, 82–83, 86
1843 Revolution, 129
1937 massacre, 304–306, 308, 310–311, 315–318, 321–322, 323–324, 330–331, 335, 375–376
1946 Revolution, 12–13, 263, 333–334
1957 constitution, 223
1962 massacre, 310–311
1983 constitution, 223
1987 constitution, 223
2006 Haitian election, 444
L’Abeille Haytienne, 4–5, 7, 58–62, 84–86, 88–89
Abélard, Ézéchiel, 275–276
abolition, 78, 82–83
abolitionism, 75–76, 112–113
Acaau, Jean-Jacques, 335
Académie Française, 254–255
Accilien, Cécile, 27–28
Acte de l’Indépendance, 4, 96, 98–99, 100, 101–102, 109–110, 216–218
African diaspora, 448
African heritage, 6–7, 11, 12, 40, 41–42, 44, 337, 360, 398–399, 422, 439–440, 452, 457
associations with, 6–7
valorization of, 256
Africanism, 6
Afro-Dominicans, 303
Agaou, 421–422
Agard-Jones, Vanessa, 479
Agassou, 421–422, 423
Agnant, Marie-Célie, 247, 469
Le Livre d’Emma, 371, 470–471
Agoue-Taroyo, 421–422, 423
agrarian communism, 325–326
agricultural labor, 328–330, 332, 336–337, 339, 341–342
The Agronomist, 273–274
Agwe, 475
Ajami, 41
Alabama, 420–421, 423–424
Albanese, Mary Grace, 21
Alexander, M. Jacqui, 142
Alexandre, Guy, 303–304
Alexis, Florence, 376–377
Alexis, Jacques Stephen, 9, 12–13, 25–26, 262–263, 281, 303–304, 309–310, 311, 322, 325–326, 333–334, 388–389, 398, 413
1950s: decade of Alexis, 376–378
Les Arbres musiciens, 376–377, 378–379, 387–388
“Chronique d’un faux amour,” 396, 407, 409–410, 412
Compère Général Soleil, 306–309, 312–313, 318–319, 322, 334–337, 375–376, 377, 387–388, 478, 484–485
“Du Réalisme merveilleux des haïtiens,” 337
L’Espace d’un cillement, 376, 387–388, 482–483
exile and, 384, 387–388
movement away from indigénisme, 393
Romancero aux étoiles, 409
Alexis, Nord, 180, 183–184
Alexis, Stephen, 156, 296–297
Le Nègre masqué, 296–299, 371, 460–461
alienation, 7, 11, 16–17, 26–27, 218, 402–403
allegorical fiction, 143–157
Alliance Française, 419–420
Allien, Franklin, O Canada, mon pays, mon amour, 371, 372
Alphonse, Ketsia Vaïnadine, 245–249
Sang Brides, 245–249
Altidor, Raoul
Koulè Midi, 225–226
Simbad Avenue, 225–226
L’Ambigu, 77–78
Amerindian history, 92–93
Les Amis de Jacques Roumain, 333–334
Anacaona, 458
andaki, 269–277
Anglophone readership, 2
Anouilh, Jean, 236–237
anthems, 68, 69–71
anthologies, 16–17
anti-Blackness, 452–453
anticolonialism, 167–168, 172, 173–174, 235, 446–448, 454–455
anti-imperialism, 12, 25–26, 27–28
Antilles, 218–219
antiracism, 25–26, 27–28, 172, 173–174
antislavery, 446–448, 454–455
anti-Vodou laws, 129, 132
Antoine, Jacques Carmeleau, 261–262
apartheid, 448
Arabic, 35, 40, 41–42
“Aradas,” procession of, 139
archeology, 100–101
archival documents, 100–101
Ardouin, Beaubrun, 90–91, 93–94, 128, 152–153
Ardouin, Céligny, 152–153
Ardouin, Coriolan, 5, 54–55, 90–91, 92–93, 128, 276
“Le Départ du négrier,” 382, 383–384
Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, 2–3, 13–14, 245–249, 265, 414, 449–450, 451–452, 455–457, 502–503
election of, 283
inauguration of, 284
overthrow of, 284–285
restoration of, 284–286
return of, 285–288
“Army of the Incas,” 42–43
art as “call to action,” 20–21
art for art’s sake, 100–101, 260
Asad, Talal, 174
Ascasubi, Luis de, 347–348
Assembly of Saint-Marc, 108
assimilation, 16–17
Association des Écrivains Haitiens, 263
Attilus, Rhoddy, Kèkèt ak Janmari, 226
Auguste, Bonel, Fas doub lanmò, 224–225
autofictional novels, 27, 396, 496
avant-garde, 257, 262–263
“avenge America” formulation, 96–97, 109–110, 112–113
L’Avenir, 163–164
Averill, Gage, 206–207
L’Avertisseur haytien, 86
Ayiti Fanm, 265
Ayiti/Kiskeya, 108
Ayizan, 424–425
Azaka Mede, 421–422, 423
Badiou, Alain, 49–50
Báez, Mauricio, 307–308
Le bain du petit matin, 421–422
Baker, Théodore, 263
Balutansky, Kathleen, 18–19
Bardet (lead officer in the southern army), 107–108
“barefoot” poets, 198–203
Baron-la-Croix, 421–422, 423–424
Barrès, Maurice, 352
Barrière, Alain, 280
Barthélemy, Gérard, 384–385
Barthélemy, Mimi, 282
Batraville, Dominique, 224
Bayard, Othello, “Souvenir d’Haïti” (“Haïti chérie”), 194–195
Bazile, Marie Sainte Dédée (Défilée la Folle), 138, 142, 232–234
bearing witness, 245–249
Beaulieu, Christian, 345–348
L’Analyse schématique, 327
Beauvoir, Max, 417–418
Bélair, Sanité, 140–141, 235, 458
Bellegarde, Auguste, 256
Bellegarde, Dantès, 9–10, 17, 161, 177, 178–179, 191–193, 253, 347–349
belonging, 387–388, 482–487
Benda, Julien, 358–359
Benedicty-Kokken, Alessandra, 28, 482–483
Benítez-Rojo, Antonio, 384
Bennett, Michèle, 277–278
Béranger, Jean-Baptiste, 86, 90
Bergeaud, Émeric, 143–157, 160
contrapuntal analysis of, 153
genre and, 156–157
historical time and, 147–153
hybridity and, 156–157
personal history of, 151–153
race and, 153–154
reading today, 153–157
Stella, 5, 6, 9, 21–22, 143–157, 160, 362–363, 366, 460
Bernabé, Getro, “Mach Ou”/“Ta démarche,” 431–433
Bernabé, Jean, 156–157
Berrou, Raphaël, 17–18, 171
Berry, Daina Ramey, 109
Betances, Ramón Emeterio, 169–170
Biassou, Georges, 4
Biassou, Jean-François, 4
Bien-Aimé, Gaëlle, 230–231
Port-au-Prince et sa douce nuit, 247–249
Tranzit, 241–243
Les Bigailles, 179–180, 202–203
La Biographie des hommes du jour, 115–116
Bissainte, Toto, 239–240
Bissette, Cyrille, 5, 88–89, 92
Black fascism, 12–13
Black feminism, 478
Black mode of governance, 343–344
Blackness, 319–320, 389–390
Black power, totalitarian, 445–446
Black press, international, 327
Black radical ideology, 445
“Black Spartacus” trope, 97
Black world, 20–21
“Blanc noirs,” 452–453
blancos de la tierra, 314, 315
Blin, Roger, 239–240
Bloncourt, Gérald, 262–263
Bloncourt, Mrs. Yves Clainville, 355–356
“bloodless revolution,” 333–334
Blot, Probus, 193
Boal, Augusto, 249–250
Theater of the Oppressed, 240
“boat people,” 242, 502–503
Bobo, Ti, 272–273
Boileau (Nicholas Boileau-Despréaux), 76
Bois Caïman/Bwa Kayiman, Ceremony of, 27–28, 126–128, 133–136, 138, 140–141, 418–419, 421
Boisrond-Tonnerre, Louis-Félix, 98–99, 216–218, 276, 383–384
Mémoires pour servir à l’histoire d’Haïti, 106
“Proclamation from Gonaïves,” 364–365
Boiste, Claude, 98–99
Bonaparte, Napoléon, 7–8, 82–83, 153, 219, 339, 382, 451–452, 471–472
Bondye, 142
Bongie, Chris, 112–113, 124
Bonneau, Alexandre, 5–6
Bonnet, Guy-Joseph, 19–20, 51–52, 53–55
Bonniol, Jean-Luc, 351–352
Borgella, Jérôme-Maximilien, 152
Le Borgne de Boigne, Claude-Pierre-Joseph, 106
Bosch, Juan, 309–310
Bosquet, Rosalie, 247
Bossuet, Jacques-Bénigne Lignel, 98–99
Boucher, Ricardo, 430–436
Boukman, Dutty, 133–135
Bourbon Restoration, 80–81, 82–83
bourgeoisie, 343–345, 352, 355, 361, 412, 419–420, 460–461
Boutures, 392, 393
Bouvet de Cressé, Auguste-Jean-Baptiste, Histoire de la catastrophe de Saint-Domingue, 123–124
bovaryism, 6–7, 161–162, 293, 408–409
Boyer, Jean-Pierre, 6–8, 20, 61–62, 85–86, 94, 129, 313–314, 316–317
anti-Vodou laws and, 129, 132
the Cénacle and, 128–129
Code rural and, 129
Concordia and, 128–129, 136
expulsion of, 129
indemnity agreement and, 123
L’Haïtiade and, 117–118, 121–122
rise of, 122–123
unity and, 128–130, 131, 142
Bradley, Ethel, 347–348
Bradley, Thomas, 347–348
Braquehais, François, 107–108
Braziel, Jana Evans, 232
Brecht, Bertolt, 240
Brelle, Corneille, 78–79
Breton, André, 263, 333–334
Brierre, Jean F., 115, 121, 276, 377–378
Brisson, Richard, 277–278, 279, 280, 281, 289
British invasion, 4
Brouard, Auguste, 128
Brouard, Carl, 256–258, 291, 346–347, 348–349, 357
“Afrique,” 383–384
“Thibaut de Champagne,” 11
Brun, Amédée, 192–193
brutifier, 98–99
Brutus, Edner, 276
Le Bulletin officiel, 82
Burr-Reynaud, Frédéric, 292, 293–294
Anacaona, 293–294
Anathèmes, 292
butterfly, 429, 430–438, 441–443
Bwa Kayiman Ceremony. See Bois Caïman, Ceremony of
Caco resistance, 327–328, 339, 419–420, 424–425, 448
Les Cahiers du vendredi, 260
call-and-response, 240
Cambronne, Luckner, 272
Camier, Bernard, 39, 96–97
Camille, Roussan, 42
Canada, 13–14, 255–256, 259–260, 412–413, 494
Le Cancanier, 93–94
“candios,” 221
cane-cutters, migrant, 328–330, 335–336
cannibalism, 315–317
Capecia, Mayotte, Je suis martiniquaise, 460
Cap-Haïtien, 106–107
capitalism, 255–256, 303, 325
racial, 397–398, 402–403
Capoix, General François, 107
Caraco Bleu, 224–225
Caribbean identity, 26, 387–388
Caridad del Cobre, 424–425
Carpentier, Alejo, 263
Carter Administration, 247
Casimir, Jean, 34, 35, 38, 50–51, 54–55, 325–326
Casséus, Maurice, Viejo, 295–296, 300–301
caste, 155, 345–346, 407–412, 416
Castera, Georges, 224, 285–286, 428–429, 442–443
Casthely, Jean Miotel, 3, 20–21, 124–125
Le Romantisme en Haïti: la vie intellectuelle, 1804–1915, 95–96, 100, 102–104
Castor, Kesner, 437–438
Castor, Suzy, 303–304
Castro, Fidel, 333–334, 449
Catholicism, 138
Cavé, Syto, 205–206, 224, 240, 282, 288–289
Brakoupe, 240
Kavalye Polka, 240
On m’a volé mon corps, 240
Mèt Katye, 240
Quel mort tua l’empereur, 240
Songe que fait Sarah, 240
Caylac de Ceylan, Agathe Pauline, 36
Cé, Carmen de, 263–264
Célestin-Mégie, Émile
Ale-vini Mirak, 225
Lanmou pa gin baryè, 225, 226–227, 228–229
Céline, Louis-Ferdinand
Mort à crédit, 376–377
Rigodon, 376–377
Cénacle, 21, 126–142, 292–293
censorship, 7–8, 240–241, 262–263
evasion of, 197–198
periodical culture and, 251–252
resistance to, 258–259
center, periphery and, 20–21
center-island, 312–313
Césaire, Aimé, 263, 325, 362–363
La Tragédie du roi Christophe, 239–240
Céus, Saïka, Tifi, 226
Chamoiseau, Patrick, 156–157, 378–379
Chancy, Myriam, 16, 18–19, 371–372, 459, 478
Chango, 421–422, 423
Chanlatte, François Desrivières, 5, 82, 83–84, 89–90
Chanlatte, Juste, 5, 6–7, 14–15, 19–20, 52–54, 55–56, 59, 65, 68–69, 77–79, 82, 108, 117–118, 123–124, 222–223
contrafacta by, 81
Le Cri de la nature, 109–110, 112–113, 121–122, 123–124
death of, 122–123
editorial voice of, 77–78
L’Entrée du roi, en sa capitale, 14–15, 55, 63, 71–74
L’Haïtiade (attributed to), 101–102, 112–116, 121–124
“Hymne Haïtien,” 4
Néhri, Chef des Haytiens, 55, 57, 58
newspaper publishing and, 113
La Partie de chasse du roi, 14–15, 55, 58
periodical culture and, 81–82
Réflexions sur le prétendu Sénat de Port-au-Prince, 53
theater and, 55–58
Voltaire and, 82
“Chant du Corps Royal des Amazones de la Reine,” 68–70, 74
“Chant du départ,” 84–85
chante pwent (epigram), 200, 206–209
“Chant républicain sur la Bataille de Fleurus,” 81
Charles, Carolle, 496
“Reflections on Being: Machann ak Machandiz, August 27, 2010,” 509–510
Charles, Christophe Philippe, 177, 178–179, 194–195, 202–203, 212–213
Pawòl Kreyòl: Literati Kreyòl an Ayiti (1750–2000), 195, 197
Charles, Jean-Claude, 384, 386–388, 393
act of writing and, 393–394
de si jolies petites plages, 391
“enracinerrance” and, 389, 392, 393
Manhattan Blues, 393–394
Passages, 391
Sainte dérive des cochons, 372
Charles, Judith, 218
Charles X (French king), 61–62, 89–90, 123
indemnity issued by, 7–8
Charlier, Étienne, 256, 327
Charlier, Jacky, Quel mort tua l’empereur, 240
Chauvet, Henri, 14–15
Fille du Kacik, drame en cinq actes et en vers, 14–15
Chauvet, Marie Vieux, 28, 29, 247, 377–378, 384, 386–387, 398, 462–467
Amour, colère et folie, 371, 372, 385–386, 388–389, 462–463, 465–467, 472, 479–480
La Danse sur le volcan, 32, 377–378, 444, 445–449, 462–463, 464–465, 469
exile and, 466–467
Fille d’Haïti, 371–372, 377–378, 462–464
Fonds des Nègres, 462–463, 465
La Légende des fleurs, 233–234, 462–463
Les Rapaces, 462–463, 467
Chemla, Yves, 8–9, 26, 171, 442–443
Chenet, Jean-Baptiste, 123
Chéry, Pierre Michel, Eritye Vilokan, 226
Chevallier, André, Le Petit Kodak, 293
Chevry, Arsène, 114–115
Chœur Simidor, 224–225
Christianity, 449, 507–508, 509
Christophe, Ferdinand, 69–70
Christophe, Henry (king of Haiti), 5, 6–7, 20, 34, 43, 52–53, 55, 56–57, 58, 63, 72, 73, 77–78, 82–84, 99–100, 106–107, 111, 128–129, 316–317, 451–452
Citadelle of, 102–104
coronation of, 123
criticism of, 84–85
fall of, 87–88, 89–90, 122–123
gazettes and, 81–82
named provisional head of state, 76–77, 113
storied life of, 110–111
suicide of, 86–87, 102–104
victory at Battle of Pivert, 81
Christopheans, 90–91
Cinéas, Jean-Baptiste
Le Choc en retour, 372
Le Drame de la terre, 294–295, 372
L’Héritage sacré, 372, 373–374
La Vengeance de la terre, 372
cities, 107
citizenship, 86–87
ceremonial, 50–51
differentiated, 142
romantic notion of, 20–21
city, 387–388
civilization, 169–174
Civil War, 75–94
Clairvaux, General Augustin, 107
clarification, 26
Clark, Vèvè, 231–232, 317–318
class, 303–304, 343–344, 345–347, 349, 355, 389–390, 408–409, 412, 416, 460–461, 492. See also specific groups
class-consciousness, 330
class struggle, 303
race and, 389–390
Clément
Nègres de place, ou Commerçants de nuit, 38–39
Papa Simon, ou Les Amours de Thérèse et Jeannot, 38–41
parody of Voltaire, 38–39
Clifford, James, 174
Clinton, Bill, 284–285
Clitandre, Pierre, Cathédrale du mois d’août, 388–389
Club des Amis du livre haïtien, 370–371
C. Maillet-Schmitz, 5
“cocottes,” 221
Cocteau, Jean, 236–237
Code Noir, 203–204
Code rural, 7–8, 86–87, 129, 327–328
Coicou, Massillon, 22, 175–176, 180, 182, 190–191, 193, 196–197, 222–223, 276
L’Empereur Dessalines, 232–233
Impressions, 180, 181–182, 183–185
“L’Ode aux passions,” 180–181
Passions, 180–182, 183–185
Poésies nationales, 180–185
“Reproches de Ti Yette,” 206–207, 208–209
Coidavid, Marie-Louise, 68–70
Cold War, 12, 303–304
Colibri, 462–463. See also Chauvet, Marie Vieux
Colimon-Hall, Marie-Thérèse, 467–469
“Actuellement à New York,” 468–469
“Bonjour, Maman, Bonne Fête, Maman,” 468–469
La fille de l’esclave, 233–235
Le Chant des sirènes, 467–469
Fils de misère, 467–468
“Le Rendez-vous,” 468–469
“La Revanche,” 468–469
“La Solution,” 468–469
Collé, Charles, 55–56, 58
Collection des cahiers du vendredi, 260
collective consciousness, 418
collective identity, 131, 418
collective imaginary, 129
collective memory, 20–21, 100–101, 107, 138, 142
Colombel, Noël, 59–60, 84–85, 86, 90–91, 117–118, 119–120
colonialism, 2, 28–29, 34, 35, 42–43, 75, 91–92, 106, 107–108, 169–174, 332–333, 345–346, 354–355, 384–385, 418, 448, 449–451, 455–457, 464
“avenge America” formulation and, 109–110
in blackface, 452–453
colonial modernity, 342
colonial texts, 203–209
Creole poetry and, 203–209
guilt and, 308–309
historiography and, 100–101, 106, 107–108, 109
indictments of, 216–218
plantation system and, 384
racialization and, 389–390
resistance and, 312–313
resistance to, 330
Romanticism and, 95–96
Voltaire on, 43
colonie agricole, 331, 332–333
colonized/colonizer dichotomy, 319–320
color, 460–461
colorism, 26, 147–148, 153–154, 155, 156, 345–346, 349, 351–352, 416, 445–446
nationalism and, 353
US Occupation and, 445–446
zonbi and, 407–412
color prejudice, 4
Columbus, Christopher, 108, 314
“Comando Haitiano,” 309–310
Le Combat, 333–334
combat, 75
“combat literature,” 50–51
Comegente, El, 316–317
Comhaire-Sylvain, Suzanne, 206–207
commedia dell’arte, 52
communalism, 25–26
communism, 12, 25–26, 303, 307–308, 325–342, 347–348, 376
complicity, 307, 317
La Concorde, 87–88
Concordia, 94, 128–129, 136, 142
concubinage, 54–55
Condé, Maryse, 374, 466–467
Condol, Didi, 233
Conference of Communist Workers’ Parties, 333–334
Confiant, Raphael, 156–157
Conjonction: revue franco-haïtienne de l’Institut français d’Haïti, 195, 197, 204, 258
Constitucionalistas, 309–310
contes, 225–226
contrafacta, 65–74, 81
contrapuntal analysis, 143–144
La Conviction, 263
Cook, Mercer, 374
Coote, Eyre, 52
Le Coquerico, 263
Coriolan, Anne Marie, 509–510
Cornevin, Robert, 17–18, 52, 53–54
corruption, 262–263, 409
El Corte, 330–331, 335, 375–376. See also 1937 massacre of Dominicans of Haitian origins and migrant Haitians
corvée, 327–328
cosmopolitanism, 12
Coulanges, Jean, 212–213
coumbite songs, 329–330, 332–333, 334–335, 336–337
counter-archive, 132, 142
“counter-plantation,” 325–326, 329–330, 332–333
Courlander, Harold, 199, 206–207
Court of St James’s, 56–57
Courtois, Joseph, 90–91
Covin aîné, 93–94
Craipain, Bastien, 22
Creole, 15–16, 35, 38, 50–51, 56–57, 61, 63–64, 212–213, 215–216, 258, 273–274, 282–283, 284, 287–288, 325, 346–347, 350–351, 370
appreciation of, 257
authorized in schools in 1979, 223
becomes co-official language in 1987, 223
becomes national language in 1983, 223
Chanlatte and, 72, 74
cultural associations promoting, 224–225
devaluation of, 15–16
development of, 204–205
Dominique and, 274–275
genealogy of, 257
genesis of, 218–219
Haitian Revolution and, 235
history of, 39
literacy and, 286
as literary language, 22–23
McConnell–Laubach transcription of, 204–205
in occupation novels, 295–296
orthography of, 14–16
promotion of, 265
Radio Haïti-Inter and, 272–273
recognized in 1957 Constitution, 223
as revolutionary instance of rasanblaj, 235
spelling, 15–16
standardization of, 15–16, 23
theater and, 235
theater in, 230–231
transcription of, 204–205
transition from oral to written, 229
translation into, 275
undervaluing of, 196
as vernacular language, 202–203
writing in, 14–16
as written script, 223–224
Creole counter-archive, 132, 142
Creole folktales, 222–223
Creole hybrid, 131
Creole literature, 16, 22–23, 216–218, 223–224
beginnings of literary tradition in Creole, 223–227
Creole oral tradition, 335–336
Creole poetry, 22–23, 194–213
Creole proverbs, 132, 222–223
Creole rhetoric, 212
Creole riddles, 222–223
Creole songs, 132
Creole storytelling, 337–338
emergence of, 216–218
French colonialism and, 23
political texts, 219
precursor texts, 218–219
religious texts, 219
underdevelopment of, 23, 214–229
Creole oral tradition, 335–336
Creole poetry, 22–23, 194–213
“barefoot,” poets, 198–203
colonialism and, 203–209
early attempts, 195–198
newspaper publishing and, 212–213
oral, 206–207
periodical culture and, 212–213
set to music, 205–206
Creole proverbs, 132, 222–223
Creole publications, Haitian literary emergence and, 16
Creole rhetoric, 212
Creole riddles, 222–223
Creole songs, 132
Creole storytelling, 337–338
créolité, 16–17
creolization, 10–11, 14–15, 131, 222–227, 457
Creolophobia, 229
Creolophone theater, 235–236
Creolophonie, 14–15, 282–283. See also Creole; Creole literature
crises, 29–30
“critical fabulation,” 133–135
critical universalism, 343
Cuba, 191–192, 300–301, 305–306, 307–308, 391–392
Cuban mythology, 424–425
Cuban PSP, 333–334
Cuban Revolution, 333–334
Cubans, 347–348
Cubism, 258–259
cultural associations, 224–225
cultural bonding, 311
cultural identity, literature and, 23–24
cultural nationalism, 216, 251–266
Dadaism, 258–259
Dahomean ethics, 429
Dahomey, 439–440
D’Alaux, Gustave, 98–99
“Yellow Literature,” 5–6
Dalembert, Louis-Philippe, 381, 384
Dalmas, Antoine, 100–101
D’Amérique, Jean, 230–231
Opéra poussière, 235
dance, 32
Daniel, Gary, Kanmizòl nan peyi Gonbolyen, 224–225
Daniel, Henri-Claude (Jan Tanbou), 224–225
Daniel-Rops, Henri, 358–359
L’homme de couleurs, 358
D’Ans, André-Marcel, 361
Danticat, Edwidge, 16, 282, 287–288, 324, 376, 386–387, 459
After the Dance, 138
The Farming of Bones, 303–305, 318–322, 323–324, 375–376
“Nineteen Thirty-Seven,” 323–324
Dantò, Èzili, 133–135, 142, 424–425
Darfour, Félix, 86, 90, 118, 122
Dartigue, Maurice, 362–363
Dartiguenave, Philippe Sudre, 260–261
Dash, J. Michael, 18–19, 130, 131, 175, 251, 252–253, 383–384, 399
Daut, Marlene L., 20–21, 151, 154–155, 375
Davertige, 258–259
Dayan, Joan [Colin], 232, 423, 449
dechoukaj, 280
decolonialism, 174
decolonization, literary, 256
Défilée la Folle. See also Bazile, Marie Sainte Dédée (Défilée la Folle)
Degoul, Franck, 397
“Degüello de Moca,” 316–317
Dejean, Yves, 215–216, 229
De la Mahautière, Duvivier, 194–195
“Lisette quitté la plaine,” 203–209, 216–218, 220–221
Délide, Joseph, 130
Delné, Claudy, 21–22
Delorme, Demsevar, 8–9, 171, 173–174, 179–180, 366–367
Francesca: les jeux du sort, 8–9, 22, 159–160, 162–169, 366
La Démocratie et le préjugé de couleur aux États-Unis, 8–9
Le Damné, 8–9
Les Théoriciens au pouvoir, 8–9
Demme, Jonathan, 273–274
democracy, 251–252
democratic idealism, 129–130
democratic pluralism, 130, 131
denationalization, 193
Denis, Hervé, 239–240
Denis, Jean-Marie (Jan Mapou), 224–225
Anba Mapou-a, 225–226
Bajou kase, 224–225
Denis, Lorimer, 257–258, 344–345, 348–349, 361
“L’Essentiel de la Doctrine des Griots,” 357, 358
“Humanisme totalitaire,” 358–359
“A Matter of Anthropo-Sociology,” 355–356
Denis, Watson, 252–253
Dentu, E., 5
Depestre, René, 12–13, 16, 262–263, 333–334, 386–389, 390, 391–392, 393, 413
Un arc-en-ciel pour l’occident chrétien, 27–28, 417–427, 444, 445–449
Bonjour et adieu à la négritude, 389–390
Bonsoir tendresse, 262–263
Étincelles, 420–421
exile and, 384, 389, 402–403, 449
Hadriana dans tous mes rêves, 389, 393, 396, 407, 409–412, 416, 420–421
identity and, 390–391
imprisonment of, 263
Le Mât de Cocagne, 388–389, 396, 400–401, 402, 403, 420–421
Le Métier à métisser, 389
nomade enraciné and, 392
racialization and, 389–390
Vodou religion and, 417–427
Dérance, Lamour, 444
Dérose, Ansy, “Panno Caye Nan Bois Chêne,” 277–278
Desbordes-Valmore, Marceline, 178–179
Descourtilz, Michel Étienne, 221
Voyages d’un naturaliste et ses observations, 194–195
desertion, 387
Desgraves, Cléante, 460. See also Valcin, Cléante
Desquiron, Lilas, Les Chemins de loco-miroir, 461
Desquiron, Michel, 115
Desquiron, Milton, 115–116, 121
Desravines, 107–108
Des Rosiers, Joël, 384, 386–387, 394
Desroy, Annie, 461
Le Joug, 299–300, 371–372, 460–461
Dessalines, Jean-Jacques, 4, 5, 6–7, 19–20, 26, 42–44, 45–46, 47–48, 53–54, 58, 72, 75–77, 96–97, 107, 136–137, 138, 145, 155, 227–228, 276, 313–314, 316–317, 365–366, 424–425, 444, 445–446, 448
Acte de l’Indépendance and, 96
anti-Dessaline sentiment in the South, 49–50, 51–52
armée indigène, 256–257
assassination of, 240
“avenge America” formulation, 96, 109–110, 112–113
centenary of his death, 232
correspondence with Rochambeau, 99–100
death of, 52–53
eloquence of, 99–100
Haitian independence and, 136–137
indigeneity and, 141
January 14, 1804, decree, 48–49
legacy of, 126–128
loyalists and, 77–78
notion of indigeneity, 91–92
“Proclamation from Gonaïves,” 46, 364–365, 383–384
remains of, 138
transformation of, 240
victory over Rochambeau, 448–449
Vodou and, 140–141
women associated with, 138
Dessalines, Marie-Claire Heureuse Félicité Bonheur, 138
de Staël, Germaine, 178–179
Dévieux-Dehoux, Liliane, L’amour, our/la mort, non, 461
Devimeux, E. W., 128
“Dialòg Aza et Evahim,” 221
Diaquoi, Louis, 257–258, 326–327, 344–345, 348–349
diaspora, 14, 27, 92–93, 280, 391, 440, 448, 459, 468–469. See also exile
African, 448
intellectuals in, 259–260
migration patterns and, 16
pan-African, 132
zonbi in, 412–416
dictatorships, 238, 239, 240–241, 247, 258–260, 262–263, 265, 267–269, 275–276, 279, 311–312, 321–322, 343–345, 399, 412–413. See also specific dictators and regimes; specific leaders and regimes
exile and, 385–386, 387
post-Occupation, 330
didacticism, 376–377
diglossia, 14–16. See also heteroglossia
dire poétique, 442–443
disasters, 242–245
discrimination, 322
disenchantment, poetics and politics of, 22, 175–193
dismemberment, 231, 232, 233
displacement, 26–27
dispossession, race and, 11
dissent, 262–263
Dize, Nathan, 29
Dolcé, Jacquelin, 3, 20–21, 95–96, 100, 102–104, 124–125, 126
Domingue, Jules, 366–367
Dominican communist party, 307–308
Dominican Constitutional Court, ruling 168–13, 303–304
Dominican Republic, 303–324
1937 massacre of Dominicans of Haitian origins and migrant Haitians, 25, 304–306, 308, 310–311, 315–318, 321–322, 323–324, 330–331, 335, 375–376
2013 Dominican Constitutional Court ruling 168–13, 25
Constitutional Court ruling 168–13, 323–324
cultural proximity to Haiti, 307
labor movement in, 307–308
migrant Haitians in, 25
official historiography of, 313–314
secession of, 129
US invasion of, 309–310
US occupation of, 310–311
whiteness and, 322
Dominican Revolution, 25
Dominicans, of Haitian descent, 25, 303–304
Dominique, Jan J. (J. J.), 24, 274–275, 280–281, 282–283, 286, 472
Célestine, 473
Mémoire d’une amnésique, 473
Dominique, Jean Léopold, 24, 267–270, 272, 275, 277, 279, 281, 495
assassination of, 288–289
Demme’s documentary about, 273–274
exile of, 284
Frankétienne and, 267, 269–270, 271, 272–273, 282, 284–285, 286
French language and, 273–275
Montas and, 271
Radio Haïti-Inter and, 267–289
Raymond’s murder and, 275–276
return to Haiti, 280
Dominique, Max, 228–229, 292–293
Dommage (Jean-Baptiste Rousselot), 107–108
Doret, Frédéric, 222–223
Dorfeuille, Roland, 240–241
Dorsainvil, J. C., 347–348
Dorsinville, Roger, 361, 362, 386–387
Dorval, Gérard, 3, 95–96, 100, 102–104, 124–125, 126
Douglas, Rachel, 23, 494
dragonfly, 429, 430–438
drama. See plays; theater
Drouin de Bercy, 100–101
Dubois, Laurent, 19, 31–44, 96–97, 98
Duchesne, Dafne, 146–147, 148–149, 150–151
Dumas, Alexandre père, 128, 163–164
Dumas, Pierre-Raymond, 17
Dumervé, Constantin, 205–206
Dumesle, Charles-Hérard. See Hérard-Dumesle, Charles
Dumesle, Rose-Estelle, 106–107
Dupré, Antoine, 4, 5–6, 19–20, 53–55, 59–60, 78–79, 81
La Mort du Général Lamarre, 53–54
Odéide, ou la honte d’une mère, 54–55
“Le Rêve d’un Haytien,” 83–84
Dupuy, Florence Jean Louis, 239
La Lamentation de Claire Heureuse, 235
Mariela ou L’Arène des sans-bas, 239
La Passion de Toussaint, 235
Durand, Oswald, 14–15, 177, 179–180, 192–193, 196–197, 202–203, 235–236
“Choucoune,” 22–23, 194–196, 197, 199, 204–207, 221–223
“Le Divorcé,” 177, 179–180
Rires et pleurs, 177, 179–180
Duras, Claire de, Ourika, 460
Du Simitière, Pierre Eugène, 39, 41–42
Dusseck, Micheline, 386–387
Dutty, Boukman, 418–419
Duval, Jeanne, 471–472
Duvalier, François “Papa Doc,” 12–13, 239, 257–259, 263, 265, 272–273, 348–349, 361, 384, 395–396, 399, 400–401, 414, 445–447, 448, 449–450, 473–474
alienation under, 403
biographical background of, 349–352
corruption and, 402
death of, 268–269, 271, 272
election of, 333–334
“L’Essentiel de la Doctrine des Griots,” 357, 358
“Humanisme totalitaire,” 358–359
manipulation of Vodou beliefs by, 445–446
“A Matter of Anthropo-Sociology,” 355–356
noirisme and, 466–467
patriarchy and, 407
politics of racial mystification and, 398–399
repression under, 412–413
Roumain and, 349–352
Vodou religion and, 398–399
Duvalier, Jean-Claude “Baby Doc,” 239, 241, 263, 265, 268–269, 275–276, 277–280, 281, 395–396, 414, 504
attempted overthrow of, 280
censorship and repression by, 277, 279
coup d’état unseating, 14
expulsion of, 449–450, 500–501
fall of, 280–284
rise of, 272
Duvalierism, 27, 344–345, 416, 449–450
Duvalier regimes, 2–3, 12–14, 26–27, 197–198, 238, 239, 240–241, 247, 258–260, 263, 267–269, 272–273, 309–310, 311–312, 333–334, 345, 389, 395–396, 414, 504. See also Duvalier, François “Papa Doc”; Duvalier, Jean-Claude “Baby Doc”
colorism and, 26
end of, 449–450, 500–501
exile and, 381–382, 387–388, 391
fall of, 280–284, 343–344
fascism and, 26
feminism and, 265
resistance to, 269–280
US and, 268–269
Duvivier, Ulrick, 9–10, 17
earthquake of 2010, 2–3, 29, 430, 437–439, 442–443, 487–488, 493–510
earthquake of May 7, 1842, 93–94
L’Éclaireur haytien, ou Le Parfait patriote, 86
Eddins, Crystal, 133–135
E. Dentu, 5
Éditions de l’An, 370–371
Éditions Fardin, 370–371
Éditions Riveneuve, 242–243
Edwards, Brent Hayes, 440
egalitarianism, 25–26, 325–326, 329–330
Élie, Auguste, 93–94
Élie, Louis E., 98–99
elites, 196–197, 292–293, 398, 409, 419–420
Eller, Anne, 312–313
emancipation proclamation, 219
Enfojanm, 265
engagement, 3, 14
English, writing in, 16
Enlightenment, revolutionary politics and, 100
ensekirite, 245–249, 272–273
enslaved people, 36, 41–42, 136–137
emancipated, 389–390
escaped, 34, 36–38
formerly, 50–51
literacy and, 36
Vodou religion and, 419
“Entre Nous,” 24
epic poetry, 99–100
Epi/Epicentre, 244
epiphany, 421–422
the erotic
as belonging, 482–487
as intimacy, 487–492
erotic agency, 481–482
eroticism, 29, 477–492
essays
after 2010 earthquake, 494–495
during occupation, 292–294
Ethéart, Liautaud, 17
ethnography, 100–101, 373
ethnology, 358–359, 361
Étienne, Gérard, 384, 386–387, 412–413
Le Nègre crucifié, 396, 412–414
L’Étoile haytienne, 87–88
Eucharist, 138
Eugène, Emmanuel, Ekziltik, 224–225
Eurocentrism, 96, 144, 149, 162–163, 188, 195–197, 354–355
Europe, 12–13
alignment with, 10–11
exiled Haitian writers in, 13–14
Europe (journal), 377–378
Eustache, 36
exile, 12–14, 16–17, 21–22, 26–27, 241, 259–260, 279, 280, 311–312, 381–394, 402–403, 412–413, 449, 466–467, 468–469. See also specific authors
Duvalier governments and, 381–382
exilic memory, 385–386
linguistic aspects of, 390
race and, 389–390
writing as form of, 394
expatriate writers, 259–260
Fabella, Yvonne, 39
fado, 442–443
Fanon, Frantz, 314, 325
Fardin, Dieudonné, 9–10, 17–18, 364, 366–367
Farrar, 374–375
fascism, 12–13, 26, 272–273, 279, 305–306, 307, 344–345
Fatiman, Cécile, 133–135, 140–141, 142, 458
Faubert, Ida, 432–433, 480–481
Faubert, Pierre, Ogé, ou Le Préjugé de couleur, 5
Faublas, Lelio, 223
Faustin I, 158
Félibrige movement, 195–196
feminism, 29, 458
Black Caribbean, 29
eroticism and, 477–492
feminist geographies, 480, 482–483
in occupation novels, 298
periodical culture and, 264–265
Ferbos, 107–108
Férou, Laurent, 45–46, 52
Ferrand, Jean-Louis, 45
Festival MassiMadi, 507
Fête des Guédés, 277
La Feuille du commerce, 90
fiction. See also specific forms and genres
allegorical, 143–157
as archive, 494
contemporary women writers, 472–476
historical fiction by women, 469–471
history and, 146–151, 160
during occupation, 293
politics and, 444–457
twentieth-century fictions of Haitian Revolution and, 444–457
women’s fiction, 458–476
Fignolé, Jean-Claude, 28, 258–259, 282, 311–312, 387, 388–389, 449–457
Aube tranquille, 444, 449–451
Une heure pour l’éternité, 444, 451–452, 453–455
Moi, Toussaint Louverture, avec la plume complice de l’auteur, 444, 451–453, 455
Filo, Konpè, 279
Finch, Aïsha, 133–135
Firmin, Anténor, 180, 183–185, 216–218
First World War, 2–3
Fischer, Sibylle, 130
The Five Glorious Days, 12–13, 263
Fleischmann, Ulrich, 385
Fleurant, Guerdès, 197–199
Fleury-Battier, Alcibiade, “Le génie de la patrie,” 178–179
Flignau, Pierre, L’Haïtien expatrié, 4–5, 47–52, 216–218
Flon, Catherine, 140–141
folk collective imaginary, 129
“folk” culture, 11, 126–128, 395–396
folk culture, 25–26
folklore, 376
folktales, 201, 209–210, 222–223
Fombrun, Marcel, 362–363
Fon, 35
Fonds-Rouge, 329–330
form, 258–259
Fort Liberté, 107
Fouad, André, Bri lannuit, 224–225
Fouchard, Jean, 17–18, 19, 233
Artistes et repertoires de Saint-Domingue, 32
Langue et littérature des aborigènes d’Hayti, 32–33
Les Marrons de la liberté, 32–33, 34
Les Marrons du syllabaire, 31, 32–33, 34–35, 36, 38, 42
Les Plaisirs de Saint-Domingue, 32
search for Haitian culture and, 31–44
study of Merengue, 32
Le Théâtre à Saint-Domingue, 32
Fouché, Franck, 224, 230–231, 236–237
Fourcand, 82
France, 2, 26, 255–256, 258, 494
alignment with, 10–11
Bourbon Restoration and, 80–81
challenges to sovereignty by, 10
colonization by, 4
diplomatic recognition of, 128–129
expatriate writers in, 259–260
indemnity agreement and, 7–8, 90–91, 123
in occupation novels, 295–297
surrender of, 61–62
francité, 10, 16–17
Francophilia, 7, 162–163, 349–350
francophone literature, 214–216
Global North vs. Global South, 215
francophone origins, 10–11
francophone status, future as francophone nation, 11
francophone studies, 161–162
francophone postcolonial studies, 22, 159–160, 161–162
francophone written tradition, 215–216
francophonie haïtienne, 215–216, 229, 390
Frankétienne, 16, 230–231, 242–243, 258–259, 279–280, 282, 413, 494
Les Affres d’un défi, 396, 400–401, 403–404, 406–407
L’Amérique saigne, 286
Dezafi, 15–16, 225, 226–227, 228–229
Dominique and, 267, 269–270, 271, 272–273, 282, 284–285, 286
Melovivi, 242–243
Mûr à crever, 372
Pèlin-tèt, 240–241, 247, 277, 279
Radio Haïti-Inter and, 267, 286
Spiralism and, 311–312
targeted by Duvalier, 279
Twou Foban, 272–273
Ultravocal, 269–270, 286, 388–389
Franklin, Jocelyn Sutton, 495
Fraternité, 263
Freemasonry, 437
French, 35
as co-official language, 223
as main written language in Haiti, 215–216
writing in, 14–15, 16
French and Francophone Studies, 1–2
French avant-garde, 257
French colonialism, 16, 106, 107–108, 325–326
apologists for, 5–6
“avenge America” formulation and, 109–110
discourse of, 228–229
evolution of Haitian Creole letters and, 23
in L’Haïtiade, 120–121
historiography and, 100–101, 106, 107–108
literature and, 214
Romanticism and, 95–96
French Communist Party, 374
French imperialism, 251–252
French influence, 46–47, 50–51, 58
French language, 23, 84, 98, 196, 258, 273–275, 282–283, 284, 287–288, 370
Acte de l’Indépendance in, 216–218
as language of culture, 202–203, 218
literacy and, 286
in occupation novels, 295–296
orthography of, 15–16
Romanticism and, 95–96
theater in, 230–231
transformed to fit Caribbean context, 10
French-language literature, 228–229
French literature, 214–215, 253–255, 257, 258. See also specific authors and movements
French Naturalism, 254–255
French Parnassians, 253–254
French Realism, 254–255, 378–379
French Resistance, 333–334
French Revolution, 2–3, 21–22, 50–51, 70, 98, 148–149, 150–151, 454–455
French romanticism, 132
French Symbolists, 253–254
Frente Cultural, 310–311
Frère, Germain, 51–52
Front pour l’Avancement et le Progrès Haïtien (FRAPH), 284
Fruneau, Benjamin, 90
Fumagalli, Maria Cristina, 321–323
fusion, Haitian culture as, 91–93
Gaffield, Julia, 45
Gandhi, Mahatma, 353
García, José Gabriel, 316–317
Garcia, Marcus, 275–276
Garrigus, John, 39–40
Gautier, Judith, 170
Gay, Roxane, 324, 459
“In the Manner of Water or Light,” 304–305, 323–324
Gazette de la Martinique, 88–89
Gazette officielle de l’état d’Hayti, 4–5, 53–54, 77–79, 81–82, 113
Gazette officielle de Saint-Domingue, 75–76
Gazette politique et commerciale d’Haïti, 75–76, 77–78
Gazette royale d’Hayti, 4–5, 79–82, 113
gazettes, 81–82, 87–88
Gede, 437–438
Geffrard, Fabre, 163–164
Geffrard, Nicolas, 49, 51–52
gender, 25, 27, 29, 129, 303–304, 319–320, 412, 416, 492, 510
gender fluidity, 20–21
theater and, 233–235
Vodou and, 142
Vodou religion and, 133–135, 140–141
génération de la gifle, 255–256, 260–261, 265–266
génération de La Ronde, 10, 22, 161–162, 175–193, 253, 254–255, 256–257, 265–266
manifesto of, 189–190
Genet, Jean, Les Nègres, 239–240
genocide, 304–305, 322, 323–324
gens de couleur, 47–48, 53
Georges-Jacob, Kleber, “Composantes Ethniques de l’Ethnie Haïtienne,” 358–359
Gérard, Pierre-Charles, 358–359
Gérôme, Pétion, 161, 191, 192–193, 253
Gilles, Jean-Élie, Sur les pas de Diogène, 497
Ginen, 417
Girod-Chantrans, Justin, 36
Glissant, Édouard, 156–157, 304–305, 455–457
global geopolitics, 14
globalization, 389
Glover, Kaiama L., 18–19, 27, 311–312
Golden Age of Haitian prose fiction, 26
Gordon, Lewis, 308–309
Gorgen, Georges de, Toussaint Louverture et Jean-Baptiste Coisnon, 115–116
goudougoudou a, 494–510. See also earthquake of 2010
Gouraige, Ghislain, 17–18, 171, 366–367, 460–461
governance, 247
Gragnon-Lacoste, Thomas Prosper, 101–102, 113–115, 116–122, 124
Grande Brigitte, 424–425
Great Britain, abolition in, 78
“great man” tradition, 232, 233–235
Greek tragedy, 367, 374
Grégoire, Abbé Henri, 79–80, 112–113
De la Littérature des Nègres, 113
Grimard, Luc, 276
Les Griots, 11, 357, 361
Les Griots: la revue scientifique et littéraire d’Haïti, 239–240, 256, 257–258, 344–345, 348–349, 355–360, 445–446
Guédé Mazaka l’Orage, 424–425
Guédé Nibo, 421–422, 423
Guedes, 286
guerre de plume, 75–94
Guerre du Môle, 81–82
Guignard, Mercédès, Esperans Dezire, 226
Guilbaud, Tertulien, 178–179
Guillén, Nicholas, 263, 347–348
Guillon-Lethière, Guillaume, 151
guilt, 308–309
Gwoup Rechèch pou Etidye Kreyòl Ayisyen (GREKA), 223
Haiti
colonial histories of, 106
exoticization of, 385–386
idealization of, 385–386, 387–388
invasion of, 128–129
as lone antislavery republic, 6–7
negative representations of, 106
occupation of, 422–423
post-1950s, 445–449
post-1986, 449–457
recognition of, 158
US African-American immigration to, 128–129
US Occupation of, 196–197, 232, 255–256, 303, 326–328, 343, 344–346, 349–350, 370, 372, 385–386, 398–399, 412, 445–446, 448, 460–461
writing in, 395
L’Haïtiade, poème épique en huits chants par un philanthrope européen, pseudonymously, 115–121
authorship of, 112–116, 121–124
Boyer and, 117–118, 121–122
Dumesle and, 100–102
French colonialism in, 120–121
at New York Public Library, 121
Haitian American Sugar Company (HASCO), 201–202, 412
Haitian-American writers, 25
Haitian Communist Party, 303, 327, 333–334, 339–341, 376
Haitian culture
botanical metaphors for diversity of, 131, 132
cultural nationalism, 216
roots of, 31–44
Haitian-Dominican writers, 25
Haitian history, politics of, 100–101
Haitian identity, 353, 387–388, 419–420
Haitian independence, 4, 10–11, 17, 19–20, 28, 34, 63, 100–101, 445
bicentennial of, 1–2
Dessalines and, 136–137
founding documents of, 99–100, 112–113 (see also specific documents)
France paid to recognize independence of, 86–87
French language and, 216–218
narrative of, 102–104
poetics of, 100–101
poetry of, 4, 6–7
proclamation of, 96
recognition of, 112–113
in Stella, 147
theater in early independent Haiti, 45–62
threats to, 7–8
Vodou religion and, 417–427
Haitian Independence Day, 58
haïtianité, 268–269, 271, 272, 376
Haitian literature, 25, 98–100. See also specific authors, genres, and movements
1900s: emergence of a national novel, 367–370
1910s–20s: double break in hollow of production, 370–372
1950s: decade of Alexis, 376–378
birth of in 1804, 364–370
circulation of in France, 5–6
in Creole, 16, 216–218, 286, 287 (see also Creole literature)
creolization movement, 222–227
decried by pro-slavery and pro-empire French apologists, 5–6
Dominican Republic and, 303–324
exile and, 381–394
French-language compendia of, 17
as fusion of European and African cultures, 91–93
indigeneity and, 218
literary criticism (see literary criticism)
literary culture, 19
literary history (see literary history)
literary studies, 1–2
negative assessments of, 5, 6
precursor texts, 218–219
recognition of, 5
rehabilitative function of, 7
translation of, 1–2, 374, 375
twentieth-century, 381–394
Haitian music, 14–15, 20, 23. See also specific genres and composers
Haitianness, literary, 218, 254–255, 291, 344–345, 376, 429–430. See also haïtianité
Haitian Revolution, 2–3, 4, 19, 40, 41–42, 43, 47, 58, 70, 75–76, 92–93, 107–108, 138, 140–141, 234–235
allegorical reading of, 143–157
Bwa Kayiman ceremony of 1791 and, 135–136
contrafacta and, 65–71
Creole and, 235
Dumesle’s account of, 100–101
Duvalier’s racialist appropriation of, 445–446
fictionalization of, 21–22, 28, 111, 147–149, 151, 153–154, 155, 160, 444–457, 464–465, 470, 471–472
Freemasonry and, 437
French colonial versions of, 100, 106, 107–108, 109
French representation of, 100–101, 106, 109
historiography and, 100–101, 106, 108, 109–110, 111, 120
history of, 106–107
literary aesthetics and, 20–21
politics and, 28, 444–457
restaging of, 232–233
symbolic actors of, 120
testimonies of the dead and, 107–108, 109–110
theater and, 239–240, 249–250
as unfinished, 449–450
US Occupation of, 262–263
Vodou religion and, 235, 418
women and, 141, 142, 235
Haitian Romanticism, 95–125
Haitian society, linguistic complexities of, 16
Haitian Studies Association, 1–2
“Haitian tales,” 225–226
Haïti littéraire et scientifique, 263–264, 290–291
Haïti littéraire et sociale, 263–264
Haïti Littéraire group, 258–260, 385–386, 391
Hall, Louis D., À l’ombre du mapou, 292–293
Hartman, Saidiya, 133–135
Harvey, W. W., 55
Hazaël-Massieux, Marie-Christine, 39, 219
Idylles or Essays in Creole Poetry. By a Colonist from St-Domingue, 221
healing, 431
Henri I. See Christophe, Henry
Henri IV, 11, 14–15
Hérard-Dumesle, Charles, 4–5, 85–86, 95–125
alternative methodology of, 100–101
Chanlatte and, 113–115
as creator of “romantisme révolutionnaire,” 102–104
L’Haïtiade, 20–21, 95–125
memory and, 102–104
speech to “Notables,” 108
Voyage dans le nord d’Hayti, 20–21, 85–86, 95–125
L’Hermite d’Hayti, 88–89
Herring, Cedric, 155
heteroglossia, 16–17
heteronormativity, 488, 492, 506
Heurtelou, Daniel, 256, 293, 348–349
Heurtelou, Exilien, 93–94
Heurtelou, Maude, 16
Hibbert, Fernand, 160–161, 254–255, 293, 294, 355, 366–367, 371–372
Séna, 26
Les Simulacres, 296, 299–300, 369
Hibbert, Nicole, 355
Hippolyte, Alice, Ninon ma sœur, 461
Hippolyte, Dominique, 292
Anacaona, 293–294
Le Forçat, 293–294
Hispaniola, 108
discursive constructions of, 25
historical consciousness, 20–21
historical fiction, women writers and, 469–471
historiography, 101–104, 120, 345–346
“great man” tradition, 232, 233–235
rewriting, 106
Romanticism and, 124–125
history
fiction and, 146–151, 160
“history from below,” 110
poetics and, 106–107
politics and, 106–107
subverting traditional, 335–336
theater and, 232–233, 249–250
Hoffmann, Léon-François, 17–18, 152–153, 162–163, 171, 355, 370–371
Holt Rinehart & Cie, 374–375
Houghton Mifflin, 374–375
Hudicourt, Max, 256
Hughes, Langston, 263, 325, 327, 347–348, 374
Hugo, Victor, 128, 132, 163–164
humanism, 27–28, 258–259, 358–359, 448
L’Humanité, 374
human rights, 12, 13–14, 247, 275–276, 321–322, 323–324
humor, 375. See also satire
Hurricane Matthew, 242–243, 438, 441–442
hybridity, 131, 156–157
romantic, 131
hybridization, 131
Hyppolite, Florvil, 180–181, 182–183
Hyppolite, Michel-Ange, 197–198, 224–225
Ibo, 35
identity, 29, 389, 390–391
diaspora and, 391
identarian movement, 255–256, 257–258, 268–269, 349–350
identity formation, 343–344, 349, 353, 360, 385–386
identity turn, 303–305
marginalized, 479
Ignace, 90–91
imagination, 11–12
imitation, claims of, 6–7, 9–10
imperialism, 2, 8–9, 168–169, 172–173, 251–252, 295–296, 311, 313–314, 339–341, 414, 452–453. See also US Occupation
impressions, 106–107
L’Imprimerie de l’État d’Haïti, 115, 374
inclusion, post-Enlightenment projects of, 132
indemnity agreement, 7–8, 90–91, 123
indentured servitude, 327–328, 332
indigeneity, notion of, 91–94, 218
indigénisme (Indigenism), 11, 12, 25–26, 91–94, 130, 202–203, 256–259, 292–293, 294–295, 326–327, 335–336, 343, 347–348, 385–386, 387–388, 398–399
Chauvet and, 465
definitions of, 292–293
“indigénisme de la distance,” 228–229
movement away from, 393
poetry and, 383–384
Roumain and, 327, 348–350
Vodou religion and, 399
Indigenous Army, 42–43, 47
indigenous culture, 34–35, 42–43, 161–162, 228–229
indigenous literature, 130
indigenous literature movement, 256
indigenous symbolism, 42–43
Indigenous world, 20–21
Inginac, Duton, 90
Innocent, Antoine, 160–161, 366–367, 374
Mimola, 372–373
Innocent, Garnel, 242–243
Institut français d’Haïti, 197, 258, 259–260
Institut Pédagogique National (IPN), 223
intellectuals
Black Atlantic intellectuals, 325
in diaspora, 259–260
public intellectuals, 269–270, 271, 281
Inter-Jeunes, 263
International Congress of Black Writers and Artists, 337
interracial relationships, in occupation novels, 297–298
intersectionality, 480
intervocality, 204
intimacy, 29
Jacques I, Emperor, 47–48, 49–50, 52–53. See also Dessalines, Jean-Jacques
Jadotte, Hérard, 259–260
James, C. L. R., 325
Janvier, Louis-Joseph, 9, 129, 174, 179–180, 216–218, 360, 366–367
Une chercheuse, 8–9, 22, 159–160, 169–174, 352, 366
Haïti aux Haïtiens, 296–297
Le Vieux Piquet, 169–174
Jarry, Alfred, 273–274
Jaspers, Karl, 308–309
Jean, Margari, 282
Jean-Baptiste, Anivince, De bò goch, 224–225
Jean-Baptiste, Pauris, Nan lonbray inosans, 226
Jean-Charles, Régine Michelle, 18–19, 29, 321–322, 323–324, 496
Jedi, Inema, Made in Kay Vwazen, 224–225
Jefferson, Thomas, 36–37
Jenson, Deborah, 6–7, 130, 204, 221
Jérémie, Joseph, 233
Jonassaint, Jean, 17–18, 26
Joubert, Germaine, Paquito: un rayon de soleil, 371–372
Journal historique, 87–88
journals, 75. See also periodical culture; specific journals
Kadish, Doris Y., 6–7
Kanaval, 126–128, 138–139
Kaussen, Valerie, 25–26
Keith, Verna M., 155
Kikongo, 35
King, Rosamond, 488–489
Kominote M, 497, 503
konbit, 199, 426
kont chante, 205–206
Koralen. See Martineau, Jean-Claude (Koralen)
Koranic prayers, 41–42
Kouidor theater company, 240
Coumbite, 240
La Parole des grands fonds, 240
Mémoires d’un balai, 240
Kouraj, 497, 507
Kreyòl. See Creole
Ku Klux Klan, 420–421
Labelle, Micheline, 345
labor, 358–359
agricultural, 328–330, 332, 336–337, 339, 341–342
migrant workers, 328–330
resistance and, 336–337
solidarity and, 336–337
labor movement
in Dominican Republic, 307–308
pan-Caribbean, 328–330
Labuchin, Rassoul, 212–213, 224
Lacan, Jacques, 315
Lacrosil, Michèle
Cajou, 460
Sapotille ou Le Serin d’argile, 460
Laferrière, Dany, 16, 242–243, 282, 384, 387–388, 393–394, 412–413, 458–459, 474–475, 494
act of writing and, 393–394
Le Cri des oiseaux fous, 239
J’écris comme je vis, 393–394
Pays sans chapeau, 13–14, 393, 396, 412–413, 414, 416
La Fontaine, Jean de, Fables, 14–15, 22–23, 195, 209–213, 222–223
Lafontant, Monique, 281, 283, 285–286, 287–288
Laforest, Antoine, 115–116
Laforest, Edmond, 254–255
Laguerre, Michel, 206–207
Lahens, Yanick, 281, 384–387, 388–389, 394, 472, 475, 476, 492, 493–494
Bain de lune, 475
La Couleur de l’aube, 475–476
Dans la maison du père, 388–389
Douces déroutes, 475–476
Guillaume et Nathalie, 475–476
on sexuality, 478–479
lakou system, 129
Laleau, Léon, 276, 293, 294, 348–349
Le Choc, 296–297, 299–300, 370–371, 460–461
La Danse des vagues, 370
Musique nègre, 292–293
Lam, Wifredo, 263
Lamadèl, 197
Lamarre, General André Juste Borno, 53–54, 107
Lamartine, Alphonse de, 128, 132, 163–165
Lamartinière, Marie-Jeanne, 141, 142, 235
Langaj: cahiers de l’Association des ecrivains haïtiens, 263
language. See also specific languages
power and, 215–216, 218–219
question of, 14–15
Laprée, Delille, 88–91
Lapsansky, Phil, 39
Laraque, Paul, 224
Larbaud, Valéry, 349
Large, Camille, 115–116, 121
Laroche, Maximilien, 216–218, 364, 416
La Ruche: organe de la jeune génération, 262–263
La Selve, Edgar, 6
Lataillade, Nfra, 193
Latin America, 257–258
Latin American independence movements, 2–3
Latour, François, 240–241
Laubach, Frank, 204–205, 223
Laurore, 90–91
Lay, Luce Archin, 263–264
Leclerc, Charles, 47, 48–49, 121–122, 219, 451–452, 453–455
Leclerc expedition, 107–108, 117–118
Lecorps, Marceau, 162–163
Legagneur, Serge, 258–260
legal codes, 86–87. See also Code rural
legal texts, 50–51
Legba, 475
Legba, Atibon, 421–423
Léger, Fernand, 16, 23
Léger, Georges N., 260–261
Léger, Natalie, 28
Le Gorgeu, George, 115–116
Leméry, 85–86
Lemoine, Jacqueline Scott, 239–240
Lemoine, Lucien, 239–240
Lenormand de Mézi plantation, 418
Les Cayes, 53–54, 85–86, 107
Lescot, Anne, Des hommes et des dieux, 509–510
Lescot, Élie, 262–263, 333–334, 361
Lespès, Anthony, 25–26, 303–304, 325, 347–348, 376
L’Analyse schématique, 327
Marxism and, 333–334
Les Semences de la colère, 306, 330–331, 332–333, 372, 375–377
Lespinasse, Beauvais, 5, 128, 138
Lespinasse, Dumai, 90–91, 93–94, 128, 130, 131, 132–133, 135–136, 138
Lespinasse, S., “La Femme,” 140–141
Leyburn, James, 345–346
LGBTQ+ themes, 29, 479, 480, 492, 493–510. See also same-sex desire
queer cosmology, 138
queer life, 493–510
queer writers, 29
Lhérisson, François-Romain, 196–197
“Badinez bien ac Macaque,” 206–208
Lhérisson, Justin, 160–161, 254–255, 366–367, 369, 370, 374, 378–379
La Famille des Pitite-Caille, 10–11, 14–15, 26, 369
Zoune chez sa ninnaine, 14–15, 369
Liautaud, André, 256, 348–349
liberation, 4, 8–9, 20, 94, 99–100, 403–404, 416, 457
from enslavement, 421, 423
philosophy of, 329–330
liberation movements, 343–344
Liboristas, 310–311
Ligue Féminine d’Action Sociale, 264–265, 298
Lingala, 35
literacy, 19, 35, 40, 41–42, 286
Creole, 229
enslaved people and, 36
literacy campaigns, 15–16
literary aesthetics, Haitian Revolution and, 20–21
literary criticism, 9, 17–19
French, 9–10
twentieth-century, 9–10
literary culture, 19. See also print culture
literary history, 18–19, 161–162, 194–195, 215–216, 367–372, 376–378
literary magazines, 251–266. See also periodical culture; specific magazines
politically engaged, 260–266
reframing aesthetics and cultural values through, 253–260
literary modernity, 26
literary nationalism, 130
literature, 19, 25–26
conception of, 159
cultural identity and, 23–24
definition of, 214
French colonialism and, 214
idea of, 75
as loot, 31–44
politics and, 24, 267–289
radio and, 24
revolutionary import of, 24–25
literature of ideas, 158–159
lodyans, 223–224, 225–226
Lofficial, Frantz, “Konpozisyon,” 204
Loko, Papa, 421–422, 428–443, 475
absence of, 430–436
evasiveness of, 436–443
vodou lwa, 28
Lokoian ethics, 28, 428–443
Lomax, Alan, 197–198
Lora, Silvano, 310–311
Louis Philippe, 7–8
Louissaint, Jean-Claude, 288–289
Louis XVIII, 7–8
Louverture, Isaac, 101–102
L’Haïtiade (attributed to), 113–116, 121–122
Louverture, Moyse (Moïse), 119–120
Louverture, Suzanne, 235
Louverture, Toussaint, 4, 6–7, 43, 47, 48–49, 58, 76, 79–80, 101–102, 113–115, 119–120, 145, 219, 313–314, 316–317, 389–390, 424–425, 444, 448, 451–455, 471–472
bicentenary of his death, 235
“Black Spartacus” trope and, 98
exile of, 382
Lubin, Maurice A., 383–384
Lucas, Rafaël, 399–400
Lüders, Emile, 191–192
Lüders Affair, 191–192
lugubrer, 98–99
Lumumba, Patrice, 424–425, 448
lwa, 139, 336–337, 420–422, 423, 424–425, 426–427, 428–429, 431, 437–438, 439–440, 441, 448–449, 475. See also specific lwas
lynching, 300, 305, 358–359, 420–421
Lynelle, Amy, 22
Lys, Pierre Charles, 19–20, 51–52, 53–55
Mabille, Pierre, 263
Maceo, Antonio, 424–425, 448
Madhère, Serge, 205–206
“Remèd fey, ” 201
“Tren Asko, ” 201–202, 204
“Twa fèy, Twa rasin o,” 204
Madiou, Thomas, 51–52, 90–91, 92–93, 128, 276
Histoire d’Haïti, 128, 141, 142
magazines, 75. See also literary magazines; periodical culture; specific magazines
Magloire, Danièle, 281
Magloire, Laurence, Des hommes et des dieux, 509–510
Magloire, Nadine
Le Mal de vivre, 372, 461
Le Sexe mythique, 461
Magloire, Paul, 333–334, 445, 446–448
Magloire, Rachèle, 244
Magloire-Saint-Aude, Clément, 192–193, 257–258, 344–345, 346–348
Parias, 346–347
Tableau de la misère, 346–347
Maillet-Schmitz, C., 5
Makandal, François, 39–40, 424–425, 448, 455–457, 464, 470
Malcolm X, 424–425, 448
Malenfant, Charles, 41–42
Mallarmé, Stéphane, 349
Malouet, Pierre Victor de (Baron de), 100–101
Malouet Affair, 80–81
Le Manifeste, 93–94
Mao Zedong, 333–334
marasa, 317–318
marasa twa, 317–318
Marcelin, Émile, “Essai sur le langage créole,” 257
Marcelin, Frédéric, 6, 17, 26, 44, 191–192, 228–229, 254–255, 366–367, 369, 372, 374, 378–379
Autour de deux romans, 367
Marilisse, 160–161
project for national novel more, 378–379
Thémistocle-Épaminondas Labasterre, 26, 160–161, 254–255, 365–366, 367–368
La Vengeance de Mama, 160–161, 365–366, 368–369, 372–373
Marcelin, Michèle Voltaire, “Femmes de Paroles,” 247
Marcelin, Philippe-Thoby, 26, 256
Marcelin, Pierre, 376, 378–379
La Bête de Musseau, 372, 375
Canapé-Vert, 372, 374–375
Le Crayon de Dieu, 372, 375, 377–378
Tous les hommes sont fous, 375
Marcelin family, 375
Marcellin, Magalie, 509–510
Marguerite de Valois, 11
Maríñez, Sophie, 25
Le Maringouin, 93–94
marronage movement, 317–318
Mars, Kettly, 29, 472, 482–483, 484–485, 503, 510
on the erotic, 477–478
Fado, 472–473
L’Heure hybride, 472–473, 497
Je suis vivant, 480, 481–482, 487–492, 497, 504, 505–506
Saisons sauvages, 472
Martelly, Michel, 503
Martelly, Stéphane, 282
Martí, José, 387–388
Martineau, Jean-Claude (Koralen), 205–206, 224, 274–275, 282, 283–284, 288–289
Flè dizè, 225–226
Martinique, 88–89
Marty, Anne, 144, 263–264
Marvelous Realism, 9, 337–338
Marxism, 25–26, 262–263, 304–305, 309–310, 311, 325–342, 343–344, 358–359, 360, 391–392, 399, 402
Massacre River, 304–305, 323
mass migration, 26–27
Mateo, Olivorio, 310–311
maternal loss, narratives of, 29, 493–510
Mauléard Monton, Michel, 194–195, 205–206
Maurepas, Jacques, 107–108
Maynard, Constantin, 193
Mazères, François, 81
McCarthy-Brown, Karen, 206–207
McConnell, H. Ormond, 204–205, 223
Melovivi ou Le Piège, 242–243
memory/memories, 247
collective memory, 20–21, 100–101, 107, 138, 142
Dumesle and, 102–104
exilic, 385–386
exoticization of, 389
of slavery, 109
Ménard, Nadève, 24–25, 477
Mercier, Louis-Sébastien, 43–44, 96–97, 98
L’An deux mille cent quarante: rêve s’il en fut jamais, 96–98
Néologie: ou Vocabulaire de mots nouveaux, à renouveler, ou pris dans des acceptions Nouvelles, 98–99
merengue, 32, 307
Merlet, Myriam, 509–510
Merriam, Alan P., 197–198
Métellus, Jean, 384, 386–387
Métral, Antoine, 5, 99–100, 109–110
Michel, Claudine, 317–318
Michelet, Jules, 124–125
Middle Passage, 26–27, 92–93, 421, 470
migrant workers, 328–330
migration, 381, 393, 429–430, 440, 468–469. See also exile
after 2010 earthquake, 505–506
drama and, 239–242
representations of, 26–27
slavery and, 241
theater and, 239–242
migration patterns, diaspora and, 16
Milcé, Jean-Euphèle, 224–225
Pase m yon kou foli, 226
Miller, Judith G., 243–244
Milscent, Jules Solime, 4–5, 7, 19–20, 55, 58–62, 85–86, 88–89, 90–91
L’Abeille Haytienne and, 84–85
Le Philosophe-Physicien, 58–61
Minier, Hippolyte, 113–114, 121–122
Miotel Casthely, Jean, 20–21, 124–125, 126
“mirror syndrome,” 314–315
Mirville, Ernst (Pyè Banbou), 224–225
mixedness, 311–313
Mobley, Christina, 39–40
modernity, 26, 156–157, 162–169, 174, 325, 375–376, 385–386
colonial, 330, 332–333, 342
literary, 362–363
resistance to, 330, 342
Roumain and, 343
modernization, 229
Moïse, Jovenel, 503
Molière (Jean-Baptiste Poquelin), 5–6
Moloney, Anastasia, 417–418
Montandon, Georges, 357
Montas, Michèle, 271, 274–275, 279–280, 284
Monton, Michel Mauléard, 194–195
Montreal, Quebec, 259–260, 412–413
monuments, 102–104, 106–107
Moravia, Adeline, Aude et ses fantômes, 461
Moravia, Charles, 253–254, 276
Moreau de Saint-Méry, Médéric-Louis-Élie, 194–195, 220–221
Morisseau, Roland, 258–259
Morisseau-Leroy, Félix, 16, 225, 230–231, 236–237, 276
Antigon an kreyòl, 235–237, 238–239
Antigone en Créole, 365–366
commitment to drama from below, 236–237
Diacoute, 200, 201, 224
“Haitian tales” by, 225–226
Ravinodyab, 225–226
Morpeau, Louis, 9–10, 17, 202–203
Anthologie d’un siècle de poésie haïtienne, 16–17, 195–196
“morphemic anaphora,” 440
motherhood, 498–503, 510
moun andeyo, 325–342, 352
Mouvement Créole/Kreyòl (Sosyete Koukouy), 197–198, 224–225
Moya, Casimiro N. de, 316–317
Mroźek, Sławomir, 240–241
Mulattos, 343–345, 389–390, 460–461
Munro, Martin, 18–19, 26–27, 494
Murphy, Kieran, 59
Musée du Panthéon National Haïtien (MUPANAH), 283, 284
music, 20, 32, 307. See also opera; songs
chante pwent (epigram) and, 206–207
nineteenth-century, 63–74
Myriette, C.L.F., 263–264
Nardal, Jeanne, 259–260
Nardal, Paulette, 259–260
narrative, 2. See also specific genres
Nathan, Charles, 90
nation, 303–304
national self-determination, 26
nation-building, 48–49
performance of nationhood, 50–55
State and, 13–14, 25–26
National Convention, 219
national culture, 325
nationalism, 26, 90–91, 130, 133–135, 169–170, 218, 257–258, 343, 360, 385–386, 390–391
colorism and, 353
disintegration of, 352–355
nationalist literature, 256
paradoxical nature of, 216–218
romantic, 133–135
Roumain and, 352–355
Vodou religion and, 419–420
nationality, 90–91
national literature, 20–21, 99–100, 161–162
Creole poetry and, 212–213
criterion of, 214
development of, 130
periodical culture and, 23–24, 90–92, 94
natural disasters, 28, 29. See also specific events
Naturalism, 160–161, 254–255
Nau, Auguste, 128, 131
Nau, Émile, 90–94, 95, 128, 131, 138
Histoire des caciques d’Haïti, 92–93
Nau, Eugène, 90–91
Nau, Ignace (A. N.), 5, 92–93, 128, 131, 136–137, 138–139, 140–141, 222–223, 228–229
“31 décembre 1838,” 136–137, 138
“Deux mots à E*** Sur Le Carnaval,” 138
Nau, Laurore, 128, 131
La Vengeance d’une pipe ou la recette de M. Chanlieu, 293–294
Ndiaye, Christiane, 156–157
Ndiaye, Pap, 155
négritude, 337
newspaper publishing, 4–5, 75, 84, 86–87, 113, 128, 130, 131, 132–133, 135
Creole poetry and, 212–213
democratic idealism and, 129–130
during occupation, 293–294
women and, 140–141
“news plays,” 51–52
New York, NY, 375, 393
New York Public Library, 101–102
Nicholls, David, 129, 155
Noël, James, 28, 428–429, 430
Belle merveille, 430–439, 440, 441–443
Majigridji, 224–225
noirisme, 11, 257–258, 360, 361, 398–399, 445–446, 466–467
nonfiction writing, after 2010 earthquake, 494–495
non-predatory, ethics of the, 436–438
Normil, Sylvain, 256–257
nostalgia, 383–384, 389
Nous Théâtre company, 244
La Nouvelle Optique, 259–260
La Nouvelle Ronde, 256, 290–291
Le Nouvelliste, 17, 115–116, 271, 346–347
novels, 21–22, 23, 24–25, 226
autofictional, 27, 396, 496
emergence of in Haiti, 22
evolution of in Haiti, 22
golden age of Haitian novel, 372–375
of Haitian tradition, 364–379
La Ronde generation, 161–162
late nineteenth-century, 158–174
linguistic diversity in, 295–296
during occupation, 24–25, 294–302
“occupied,” 24–25
peasant, 385–386
poetics and, 160–162
politics and, 28, 160–162
Realist, 160–161
numerology, 423–424
Nwokocha, Eziaku Atuama, 133–135
Nzengou-Tayo, Marie-José, 22–23
L’Observateur, journal périodique, 4–5, 85–86
L’Observateur colonial, 85–86
Occupation. See US Occupation
occupation novels, relationships in, 297–301
Ogou, 475
Ogou-Badagris, 421–422, 423
Ogou Ferraille, 421–422, 423
Ogoun, 336–337
Old, Antonio, 348–349
Ollendorff, 365–366
Ollivier, Émile, 259–260, 384, 386–387, 391
Passages, 391, 393
oneiric poetry, 258–259
onomatopoeia, 207–208
opera, 14–15, 20, 63–74
opéra comique, 67
Optique: revue culturelle et littéraire d’Haïti, 258, 259–260
oral histories, 130, 495
oral testimonies, 100–101
oral tradition, 335–336
vs. written culture, 23, 229, 230–231
orature, 197–198
Orcel, Makenzy, 16, 29, 510
Les Immortelles, 497–501
Miwo miba, 224–225
Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie, 215
origin tales, 231, 232–233
orthography, 241
oungenikon, 198–199
Paillère, Madeleine, 275
pamphleteering, 4
“paper war”, 53
Papillon, Iléus, Tribòbabò, 224–225
Paris, France, 259–260, 375, 393
Parsley Massacre, 2–3
Parti d’Entente Populaire, 333–334
Parti Socialiste Populaire, 333–334
Pasquet, Fabienne, 469
La Deuxième mort de Toussaint Louverture, 470–472
L’Ombre de Baudelaire, 471–472
“La Passion de Notre Seigneur selon Saint-Jean en langage nègre,” 219, 220–221
patriarchy, 407, 488
Le Patriote, 93–94
patriotism, 178–179, 194–195, 254–255. See also nationalism
Paulino, Edward, 314, 315–316, 321–322
Paultre, Carrié, 225
Amarante, 225
Kote wout la ye?, 225
Lherison, 225
Mànyela, 225
Ti Jak, 225
Tonton Liben, 225
Pavlova, Karolina, 178–179
Peabody, Sue, 145, 147, 153, 154
Péan, Paula Clermont, 231–232
Péan, Stanley, 386–387
peasant novel, 385–386
peasantry, 327–328, 339, 398, 409
culture of, 256, 294–295, 344–345, 360, 372–373, 398
turn to, 398–399
Peltier, Jean-Gabriel, 77–78
Penson, César Nicolás, 316–317
Pent, Bòs, 272–273
Péralte, Charlemagne, 297, 301, 424–425, 448
Perez, Jeanne, 264
performance, 19–20
periodical culture, 20, 23–25, 75–94. See also newspaper publishing; specific publications
in Cap-Haïtien, 87–88
censorship and, 251–252
Creole poetry and, 212–213
cultural nationalism and, 251–266
in exile, 259–260
feminism and, 264–265
forging national voice through, 251–266
intertextuality and, 76
national literature and, 23–24, 94
during occupation, 290–294, 301–302
politics and, 23–24
in Port-au-Prince, 88–89
Roumain and, 347–348
southern liberal press, 86
specialized publications, 84–85
twentieth-century, 251–266
women and, 263–264
periodizations, 20–21, 95
periphery, center and, 20–21
Perkins, John, 45–46
Pétion, Alexandre, 6–7, 20, 51–53, 58–59, 76–77, 78–80, 81, 83–84, 107, 117–118, 128–129, 145, 445, 451–452
Guerre du Môle and, 81–82
presidency of, 82–83, 84–85, 86
republicanism and, 86
republicans led by, 76–77
southern liberal press and, 86
Le Petit Samedi soir, 263, 272–273
PetroCaribe protests, 247
Petwo lwa, 437–438
peuple nouveau, Haitians as, 91–92
Le Phare, 90
Phelps, Anthony, 258–259, 267, 276, 282, 384, 386–387
“Mon pays que voici,” 276–277
Philoctète, René, 258–259, 260, 272–273, 276, 282, 303–304, 322
Le Peuple des terres mêlées, 311–313, 314–319
Le Philosophe-Physicien, 68
Pierre, Andrise, Vidé mon ventre du sang de mon fils, 246–247
Pierre, Ericq, 444
Pierre-Charles, Gérard, 303–304
Pierre-Dahomey, Néhémy, 29, 510
Rapatriés, 496–497, 500–503
Pierrot, Grégory, 19–20, 45–62
Piscator, Erwin, 240
plaçage, 54–55
place, 385–386, 389
plantations, 39–40, 317–318, 325–326, 339, 341–342, 384, 418, 419, 464
plays, 230–231, 462–463
migration and, 239–242
“news plays,” 51–52
during occupation, 293–294
women and, 233–239
poetics, 20. See also poetry
of “disenchantment,” 22
history and, 106–107
novels and, 160–162
poetic form, 175–176
politics and, 106–107
poetry, 22–23, 24–25, 27–28, 100–101, 194–213, 224–225
1870 to 1915, 175–193
“barefoot” poets, 198–203
colonialism and, 203–209
commemorative, 92–93
in Creole, 194–213
in crisis, 430–436
early attempts, 195–198
early twentieth-century, 194–213
epic poetry, 99–100
humanistic, 258–259
indigénisme, 383–384
La Ronde generation, 22, 175–193
narrative poems, 225–226
newspaper publishing and, 212–213
nineteenth-century, 194–213
during occupation, 290–291, 292–295, 301–302
oneiric, 258–259
oral, 206–207
periodical culture and, 212–213
popular culture and, 200, 201–202
Port-au-Prince-based, 28, 428–443
prose poetry, 27–28
romantic, 100–101
set to music, 205–206
Vodou religion and, 417–427, 431
women writers and, 480–481
polemics, 76, 79–80
politics, 28, 247, 391–392, 492. See also specific leaders
of “disenchantment,” 22
fiction and, 444–457
Haitian Revolution and, 28, 444–457
history and, 106–107
La Ronde generation and, 22
literature and, 24, 267–289
novels and, 28, 160–162
periodical culture and, 23–24
poetics and, 106–107
political repression, 8–9 (see also repression)
post-1950s, 445–449
post-1986, 449–457
radio and, 24
theater as, 53–54
twentieth-century fictions of Haitian Revolution and, 444–457
Vodou religion and, 136–137, 445–446
Politique et Littéraire, 87–88
Polyné, Millery, 138
Pompilus, Pradel, 17–18, 171, 364
popular culture, 22–23, 200, 201–202, 228–229, 384, 399. See also folk culture
Port-au-Prince, 51–55, 61–62, 247–249, 482–483
poetry from, 28
queer and gender-creative Haitians in, 29
taken by independence factions in 1843, 93–94
Port-Républicain, 93–94
possession, 240
postcoloniality, 161–162, 172–173, 174, 251–266, 343–344, 355, 384–385, 390, 449–450, 460–461
postcolonial studies, 22, 161–162
post-Duvalier literature, 472, 473–474
post-Enlightenment projects of inclusion, 132
postmodernity, 385–386
Poujol-Oriol, Paulette, 29, 264, 371–372, 469, 479–480
Le Creuset, 461
Fleur rouge, 469–470
power, 319–320
language and, 215–216, 218–219
resistance and, 312–313
totalitarian, 241
Vodou religion and, 417–427
Pradel, Seymour, 253–254
precarity, 7
prejudice, 162–169, 358–359, 408–409, 460–461
pre-revolutionary period, 2–3
Preset, Julia, 38
press, 347–348. See also newspaper publishing; periodical culture
colonial, 75–76
freedom of, 251–252, 275–276, 333–334 (see also censorship; repression)
southern liberal, 86
Pressoir, Charles Fernand, 223
Préval, René, 451–452
Prévost, Julien, 117–118
Price, Jacques, 279
Price-Mars, Jean, 6–7, 11, 17–18, 162–163, 192–193, 196–197, 228–229, 263, 292–293, 301–302, 344–346, 347–349, 358–359, 360, 364, 398, 408–409
Ainsi parla l’oncle, 161–162, 194–195, 196–197, 256, 292–293, 419–420
“À propos de ‘La Renaissance Nègre aux Etats-Unis,’” 261–262
Dominican Republic and, 303–304
La Vocation de l’élite, 196–197, 292–293
on Vodou, 419–420
print culture, 4–5, 50–51, 126–128, 130, 135–136, 142. See also newspaper publishing; periodical culture; press
democratization of, 132–133
Kanaval and, 138
printing press, 4, 63–64
romantic, 20–21
Le Propagateur haïtien, 88–90
Prophète, Emmelie, 29, 249–250, 282, 472, 493–494, 503, 510
Un ailleurs à soi, 480, 481–487, 492, 497, 505–507
Impasse Dignité, 495
Le Reste du temps, 495
Les Villages de Dieu, 458–459, 474–475
prose fiction, 224–226, 395–416. See also specific genres
Golden Age of, 26
post-earthquake, 29
by women, 28–29
protest literature, 79–80
proverbs, 132, 222–223
Puerto Rico, 191–192
Quashie, Kevin, 479
race, 25, 153–155, 156, 158–159, 169–170, 303–304, 319–320, 385–386, 389, 412, 416, 452–453, 460–461, 492
alienation and, 11
class and, 389–390
concept of, 389–390
dispossession and, 11
as a form of exile, 389–390
identity and, 257–258
racial justice, 174
racial mystification, 398–399
racial theories, 20
racialization, 26, 389–390
racism, 4, 8–9, 10–11, 460–461. See also colorism
guilt and, 308–309
indictments of, 216–218
internalized, 228–229, 314–315
in occupation novels, 295–296
racial supremacy, 314
scientific racism, 20
in United States, 358–359, 420–421, 423–425
US occupation and, 326–327, 345–346, 460–461
Rada lwa, family of, 139
radio, 24, 275–276. See also Radio Haïti-Inter
Radio Haïti-Inter, 24, 267–289
assassination of Dominique and, 288–289
closes for good, 289
Creole language and, 272–273
cultural programming and, 288
Frankétienne and, 286
off the air, 279, 280, 284–285
repression and, 277–280
return of, 280–281, 285–288
Radio Métropole, 275–276
Raffy-Hideux, Peggy, 386–387
Raimond, Julien, 4, 76, 79–80
Rancière, Jacques, 184–185
Ransom, Amy J., 413
rasanblaj, 23, 231, 233–234, 235, 243–245, 249–250
Raymond, Gasner, 275–276
Raynal, Abbé Guillaume Thomas François, 43–44, 45–47
Realism, 160–161, 254–255, 296, 330, 378–379. See also Marvelous Realism; social realism
Realist novel, 160–161
social realism, 337
reassembly, 231, 232, 233
refugees, 86
Regard, 263
Regards, 303
Régis, Guy Jr., 244
L’Amour telle une cathédrale ensevelie, 242
De toute la terre le grand effarement, 243–245
La Relève: politique et littéraire, 261–262
relics, 100–101
Remarque, Erich Marie, 352
Renan, Ernest, 124–125, 172
Renaud, Jacques Viau, 303–304, 309–310
rèn chantrèl, 198–199
repatriation program, 84–85
repression, 8–9, 263, 265, 275–276, 277–280, 384, 412–413. See also censorship; dictatorships
Le Républicain, recueil scientifique et littéraire, 90–91, 92–94, 128, 129–130, 131, 135–136
female citizenry and, 140–141
inaugural issue of, 132–135, 136
women and, 141
republicanism, 82–84, 86, 93–94
antislavery, 86–87
resentment, 355–360
resilience, trope of, 27–28, 430, 442–443
resistance, 27–28, 256, 258–259, 276, 297, 309–310, 312–313, 448, 457
aesthetics of, 29
Black, 337
to colonialism, 330
countryside as site of, 387–388
to Duvalier governments, 269–280
labor and, 336–337
to modernity, 330, 342
to slavery, 419
to US Occupation, 327–328
Vodou religion and, 417–427
return, trope of, 393, 394
revisionism, 452–453
revolt, 27
revolutionary narrative, 28, 240. See also Haitian Revolution
revolutionary politics
Enlightenment and, 100
poetics of, 100–101
revue culture, 23–24, 90–91, 251–266, 347–348
politically engaged, 260–266
reframing aesthetics and cultural values through, 253–260
La Revue de la Ligue de la jeunesse haïtienne, 260–261, 264, 290–291
Revue de la société haïtienne d’histoire, de géographie et de géologie, 17
Revue des colonies, 5, 92
La Revue du monde noir, 259–260
La Revue encyclopédique, 5, 99–100
La Revue indigène: les arts et la vie, 17, 256–257, 260–261, 290–293, 294, 301–302, 356–357, 360
Haitian identity and, 349
Roumain and, 348–350, 352
rewriting, radical, 237
Rex Theater, 233–234, 241
Reynolds, 272–273
rhetoric, 212
Richman, Karen E., 375
riddles, 222–223
Rigaud, André, 4, 47–49, 53–55, 76, 79–80, 107, 145, 453–455
Rigaud, Milo, 224
Rigaudins, 47, 51–52
Rimpel, Yvonne Hakim, 247
Rochambeau, Donatien-Marie-Joseph, 45, 48–49, 99–100, 448–449
romance, 8–9
Romane, Jean-Baptiste, 4
Romanticism, 20–21, 95–125, 132, 387–388, 464–465
the Cénacle and, 126–142
European, 20–21
French, 20–21, 132
historiography and, 124–125
periodization of, 95
revolutionary, 100–101
romantic hybridity, 131
romantic nationalism, 133–135
Vodou and, 126–142
La Ronde: revue littéraire, 175–176, 177, 178–179, 182, 183–184, 187–188, 189, 190–193, 253–255, 260–261, 263–264. See also génération de La Ronde
rootlessness, 383–384
Rouanez, Joseph, 77–78
Rouget de Lisle, Claude Joseph, “La Marseillaise,” 69–71
Roumain, Jacques, 25–26, 228–229, 256–257, 260–261, 262–263, 291, 309–310, 311, 322, 325, 326–327, 343–363, 370, 375, 376, 378–379, 387–388, 398, 415–416
L’Analyse schématique, 355
as conscience of Haitian letters, 344–345
critical universalism and, 343
Duvalier and, 349–352
as example for younger Marxists, 333–334
Les Fantoches, 355
Gouverneurs de la rosée, 12, 25, 26–27, 275, 288–289, 300–301, 328–330, 334–335, 344–345, 347–348, 350–351, 360, 362–363, 370, 372, 373–374, 381, 384–385, 388–389, 475, 478, 484–485
“Griefs de l’homme noir,” 358–359
L’Homme de couleurs and, 358
indigénisme and, 327, 343, 347–350, 465
marriage to Hibbert, 355
at Ministry of the Interior, 355
modernity and, 343
“Mon carnet,” 353
La Montagne ensorcelée, 294–295, 355, 372
nationalism and, 343, 352–355, 360
passion of resentment and, 355–360
periodical culture and, 347–348
La Proie et l’ombre, 293, 355
La Revue indigène and, 352
“La Terre et les morts,” 352
“La Tragédie haïtienne,” 303, 305–306
translation of, 374–375
writing Haiti, 345–348
Roumel, Pierre, 334–335
Roumer, Émile, 224, 256–257, 272–273, 291, 347–349
Roupert, Catherine Eve, 350–351
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
Le Devin du village, 43
Jeannot et Thérèse, 38
Roux, Pierre, 75–76, 77–78
Roy, Francis-Joachim, 386–387
Les Chiens, 372
ruins, 106–107
rupture, 16–17, 385, 399
rural life, 372–373, 387–388, 398. See also agricultural labor; peasantry
Said, Edward, 143–144
Saint-Agnan, Desquiron de, 101–102, 115–116
Saint-Amand, Edris, 25–26, 325, 333–334, 398
Bon Dieu rit, 337–342, 377–378
Saint-Antoine, 435
Saint-Domingue, 4, 7–8, 13–14, 19
cultural history of, 32, 33, 34–35, 42
Sainte-Claire, Linsey, 23–24
Saint-Éloi, Rodney, 212–213, 242–243
Saint-Rémy, Joseph, 98–99
Saint-Val, Miracson, 245–249
Sajous, Léo, 259–260
Salnave, Richard, 260–261
Salnave, Sylvain, 163–164
Salomon, Lysius, 180–181, 185–186, 205–206
Sam, Tirésias Simon, 191–192
samba, 198–199
Samedi, Baron, 421–422, 423, 424–425
same-sex desire, 480–482, 485–486, 487–492, 503–510
Sampeur, Virginie, 22, 175–177, 179–180, 190–191, 263–264
“L’Abandonnée,” 177–180
“Femme jalouse,” 178–179
“Puisque le ciel t’envoie,” 178–179
Sandor, Ti-Jean, 421–422
Sandy (escaped enslaved man), 36–37
Sans-Souci, Palace at, 102–104, 106–107
satire, 76, 81, 138, 160–161, 296, 375
Satyre, Joubert, 212–213
Schaal, Kaneza, 244–245
Schœlcher, Victor, 169–170
Scott, David, 174, 191
Seabrook, William, 301
secessionist movement, 93–94
Second Empire, 153
Second World War, 2–3
Séguy Villevaleix, Charles, 93–94
self-determination, 2, 26
Semences, 258–259, 260
Senghor, Léopold Sédar, 358
La Sentencia, 303–304, 323–324
La Sentinelle de la liberté, 93–94
La Sentinelle d’Haïti, Gazette du Port-au-Prince, 82
serment du sang, 418–419
Serreau, Jean-Marie, 239–240
sexuality, 29, 412, 477–492, 510. See also same-sex desire
SHADA, 377
shame, 308–309
Sheller, Mimi, 135–136, 481–482
Shelton, Marie-Denise, 17–18, 28–29, 371–372
Shoah, 304–305, 323
short stories, 23, 24–25, 225–226, 293–294
Siglo Veinte, 374–375
Silvani, Maurilio, 314
Simbi, 424–425
Simbi Club, 224–225
simidò, 198–199
simidores, 329–330
skin color, 25. See also colorism
slavery, 4, 6–7, 20, 34, 35, 75, 79–80, 82–83, 88–89, 91–92, 145, 219, 221, 316–317, 322, 403–404, 420–421
guilt and, 308–309
liberation from, 421, 423
memories of, 109
migration and, 241
representations of, 37–38, 39–40, 41–42, 147–149, 150–151, 203–209, 449–451, 452–454, 455–457, 464–465, 470
resistance to, 419
threatened reinstatement of, 7–8
slave trade, 92–93, 382, 383–384, 419
Smith, Matthew J., 445–446
Smith, W. G., 128
sociocultural criticism, 256
social inequality, 13–14
socialism, 12–13, 325–342
Haitian vs. Franco-European models, 25–26
social mobility, 345–347
social realism, 337
Sociéte Nationale d’Art Dramatique (SNAD), 236–237
solidarity, 312–313, 330, 332, 336–337, 426, 452–453
songs, 20, 63–74, 132, 197, 221–222. See also opera
anthems, 68, 69–71
coumbite songs, 329–330, 332–333, 334–335, 336–337
double entendres to avoid censorship, 197–198
political, 197
Vodou, 197–203
“Sons of the Sun,” 42–43
Sonthonax, Léger-Félicité, 219
Sophocles, Antigone, 23, 236–237
Sosyete Koukouy, 197–198, 224–225
Souloque, Faustin (emperor of Haiti), 152–153, 206–207
Sourieau, Marie-Agnès, 18–19
South Africa, 448
South America, exiled Haitian writers in, 13–14
sovereignty, 2, 7, 10–12, 13–14
Soviet Union, 12–13
Spanish American independence movements, 82–83
Spanish-American War, 191–192
Spanish Civil War, 333–334
Spanish empire, 191–192
Spanish invasion, 4
spiralisme, 258–259, 311–312, 449–450, 452
Stanislas, Fédia, Konfidans, 226
State, Nation and, 13–14, 25–26
staying/leaving binary, decoupling of, 438–443
Stella (periodical), 290–292Stella (novel), see entry for Bergeaud
stereotypes, 430
Stieber, Chelsea, 20, 51–52, 53, 126–128, 130, 131, 153, 251, 252–253
Stoll, Henry, 20
storytelling, 2, 335–336, 337–338
call-and-response, 240
tradition of, 2–3
Strongman, Roberto, 133–135, 138
sugar industry, 300–301, 307–308, 311–312, 412
Suprice, Lenous, Bwamitan, 224–225
Surrealism, 12, 258–259, 262–263, 333–334, 337
Swanson, Lucy, 408–409
Sylvain, Georges, 14–15, 191–192, 195–196, 235–236, 253–254, 256–257
Cric? Crac!, 14–15, 22–23, 195, 199, 209–213, 222–223
“Hommes et Livres” in La Ronde, 254–255
Sylvain, Normil, 347–349
Sylvain, Patrick, Anba Bòt Kwokodil, 226
Sylvain Bouchereau, Madeleine, 264–265
Symbolism, 161, 185–186, 253–254
Taíno culture, 92–93, 132, 429
télédjol, 335–336
Le Télégraphe, 4–5, 82–84, 86
Le Temps, 93–94
“Tenth Province,” 13–14
testimonies, 245–249
of the dead, 107–108, 109–110
of the living, 110–111
theater, 4, 19–20, 23. See also opera; plays
Chanlatte and, 55–58
contemporary, 245–249
in Creole, 230–231, 240
Creole and, 235
diplomacy and, 56–57
in early independent Haiti, 45–62
in French, 230–231, 240
gender and, 233–235
Haitian Revolution and, 239–240, 249–250
history and, 232–233, 249–250
migration and, 239–242
mobilizing, 245–249
during occupation, 290–291, 293–294
political, 51–55
as politics, 53–54
post-WWII, 236–237
“renaissance” in, 236–237
traveling, 236–237
twentieth-century, 230–250
twenty-first-century, 230–250
Vodou and, 235
Vodou religion and, 236–237, 240
theaters, reopened under Louverture, 43
Théâtre de Lutèce, 239–240
Théâtre des Nations, 238
Théâtre d’Haïti, 236–237
Théâtre Royal, 55
Théâtre Sarah Bernhardt, 238
Théodat, Jean-Marie, 303–304
Thoby-Marcelin, Philippe, 228–229, 256–257, 291, 326–327, 347–349, 376
La Bête de Musseau, 372, 375
Canapé-Vert, 372, 374–375
Le Crayon de Dieu, 372, 375, 377–378
“Les Héroines,” 257
Tous les hommes sont fous, 375
Tinsley, Omise’eke Natasha, 133–135, 480–481, 492
tonton macoute, 12–13, 240, 279, 414, 472, 504
totalitarianism, 333–334
Toussaint, Deisy, 317, 324
“Las muertes de Deisy Toussaint,” 304–305, 323–324
Toussaint, Hérold, 347–348
Tout-Monde approach, 304–305
tragedy, 367, 374
“tragic mulatto,” literary trope of, 154–155
transcorporeality, 138
transfiguration, 232–233
translation, 231, 374, 378–379
transvocality, 204
traveling theater, 236–237
travel narrative, 102–104
Tropfort, Staloff, 245–249
La Trouée: revue d’intérêt général, 260–261, 291–292
Trouillot, Évelyne, 28, 241, 469, 472
Rosalie l’infâme, 444, 455–457, 470
Trouillot, Hénock, 50–51, 59, 75, 162–163, 181–182, 218, 276
Dessalines ou Le Sang du Pont-Rouge, 232–233
Trouillot, Lyonel, 28, 197, 205–206, 212–213, 224, 260, 428–429, 449–457
Agase Lesperans, 226–227, 228–229
Bicentenaire, 388–389
C’est avec mains qu’on fait chansons: Anthologie poétique, 430–438, 442–443
“Désir,” 433
“Il n’y a plus de poème,” 430–431
“JeanJean,” 435–436
La Mémoire aux abois, 473–474
“Nous sommes des villes disparues,” 434, 436–437
Trouillot, Michel-Rolph, 129, 149, 167, 325–326
Silencing the Past, 102–104, 111
Ti Dife Boule sou istwa Ayiti, 15–16
Trujillo, Rafael Leónidas, 303, 305–306, 307–310, 311, 313, 314, 315, 321–322, 330, 331
assassination of, 309–310
imperialism and, 313–314
nationalism and, 313–314
Turits, Richard, 313–314
“Twa fèy, Twa rasin o,” 201
twins, trope of, 318–320
Ulysse, Gina Athena, 2, 23, 231, 244–245, 494, 496
UNESCO, 242–243
L’Union, recueil commercial et littéraire, 90–91, 92–94, 128, 129–130, 131, 136, 140–141
United Nations
challenges to sovereignty by, 10
“peacekeepers” from, 13–14
United States, 26, 91–92, 191–192, 255–256, 305–306, 423–424, 494. See also US imperialism; US Occupation
challenges to sovereignty by, 10
Duvalier governments and, 268–269
expatriate Haitian writers in, 13–14, 16, 259–260
identarian movement in, 303–304
identity turn in, 304–305
lynching in, 300, 305, 358–359, 420–421
racism in, 358–359, 420–421, 423–425
recognition of Haiti by, 158
Trujillo and, 305
unity, 90–91, 154–155
nationalist, 142
racial, 154–155
rhetorical, 128–130, 131, 142
universalism, 12
unoriginality, claims of, 6–7, 9–10
US imperialism, 2, 8–9, 251–252, 328, 339–341, 342, 414. See also US Occupation
US marines, departure of, 11–12
US Occupation, 2–3, 10–12, 24–26, 95–96, 124–125, 196–197, 232, 255–256, 262–263, 284–285, 290–302, 303, 326–328, 343, 344–346, 349–350, 370, 372, 385–386, 398–399, 412, 419–420, 422–425, 445–446, 448, 460–461
Caco resistance to, 448
colorism and, 445–446
of Dominican Republic, 309–311
identarian movement and, 349–350
literature of, 24–25, 290–302
movements inspired by, 385–386
periodicals during, 290–294, 301–302
racism and, 326–327, 345–346, 460–461
resistance to, 327–328
sugar industry and, 412
turn to peasant culture and, 398–399
Vodou religion and, 419–420, 422–425
US South, 420–421, 448
Valcin, Cléante Desgraves, 29, 264, 301, 460, 461
La Blanche Négresse, 297–298, 299–301, 371–372, 460
Cruelle destinée, 294–295, 371–372, 460, 479–480
Valmé, Jean, 272, 279
Les Variétés, 162–163
Vastey, Jean-Louis (Baron de), 5, 14–15, 64–65, 80–81, 108, 109, 110–111, 117–118
Le Cri de la conscience, 109
“Un épisode de la Révolution,” 14–15
Essai sur les causes de la révolution et des guerres civiles d’Hayti, 106
Isalina, ou une scène créole, 14–15
“Le Lambi,” 14–15
Vatican, 158, 314
Vaval, Duraciné, 9–10, 17, 59, 171–172, 364
Vendôme, 107–108
Verdier, Cardinal Jean, 358–359
Vérité sou tanbou, 263
Viau, Jacques, 309–310
Sólo el llanto permanece, 310–311, 318–319
Victor, Gary, 29, 231–232, 282, 503, 510
Masi, 497, 507–509
Victor, René, 205–206
Victoriano-Martínez, Arturo, 321
viejo figures, 328, 330–331
Vieux, Antonio, 256, 349–350
Vieux, Damoclès, 253–254
Vieux Chauvet, Marie, 462–463. See also Chauvet, Marie
Vilaire, Etzer, 22, 175–176, 186–187, 189, 190–191, 254–255
“Credo Littéraire,” 189–190
Poèmes de la mort, 187–188
Poésies completes, tome i, 185–186
Poésies completes, tome ii, 189
Poésies completes, tome iii, 189–190
Villon, François, 11
Vincent, General Karl Freiherr von, 115
Vincent, Patrick, 178–179
Vincent, Sténio, 261–262, 305–306, 314, 322, 327, 339–341, 355
Vincent General, 114–115
violence, 430
“Virgins of Galindo,” 316–317
Vodou, 8–9, 20–21, 27–28, 50–51, 59–60, 61, 142, 317–318, 325, 332, 336–338, 358–359, 372–373, 374, 398–399, 428–429, 437–438, 461, 475
anti-Vodou laws, 129
Bois Caïman/Bwa Kayiman ceremony of 1791 and, 133–136, 140–141
Catholicism and, 138
chante pwent (epigram) and, 206–207
cosmology of, 448–449
Depestre and, 417–427
Duvalier, François “Papa Doc” and, 398–399
Duvalier’s manipulation of Vodou beliefs, 445–446
enslaved people and, 419
female and gender fluid leadership in, 133–135, 140–141
gender and, 133–135, 140–141, 142
Haitian identity and, 419–420
Haitian independence and, 417–427
Haitian Revolution and, 235, 418
indigénisme and, 399
Kanaval and, 138–139
lack of engagement with, 136
matrilineal power and, 140–141
memory and, 140–141
nationalism and, 419–420
pantheon of, 421–422, 423–425 (see also lwas; specific figures)
poetry and, 431
politics and, 136–137, 445–446
power and, 417–427
rasanblaj and, 249–250
rehabilitation of, 399
resistance and, 417–427
resistance to slavery and, 419
as revolutionary history, 139
Romanticism and, 126–142
sites of, 377
theater and, 235, 236–237, 240
US Occupation and, 419–420, 422–425
vodou lwa, 28, 336–337 (see also lwa)
Vodou song, 197–203
zonbi and, 397–398
La Voix des femmes, 264–265
Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet), 38–39, 43–44, 76, 98–99, 113–114, 121–122
Alzire, ou les Américains, 43, 96–97, 112–113, 124
Chanlatte and, 82, 112–113
on colonialism, 43
Le Fanatisme, ou Mahomet le Prophète, 79–80
La Henirade, 113–114
La Mort de César, 52
Mahomet, 113
Mérope, 79–80, 113
Tancrède, 79–80, 82, 113
von Kleist, Heinrich Wilhelm, 471–472
Wagner, Laura, 24
Wainwright, Frantz
Bonifas ak malefis, 225–226
Nan Tan Malouk, 225–226
Wainwright, Kiki, Pikliz, 224–225
Walsh, John Patrick, 18–19
War in the South, 48–49
warning, 26
War of Independence, 458
War of the South, 47, 48–50
Wedo, Aida, 424
Wedo, Damballah, 421–422, 423, 424–425
Werleigh, Christian, 292
Le Palmiste dans l’ouragan, 292
Whiteness, 322, 389–390
white racial purity, 330
White supremacy, 314, 322, 397–398
Williams, Chayanne, 244–245
Wilson, Edmund, 375
women, 20–21, 371–372. See also feminism; women writers
drama and, 233–239
education and, 140–141, 265
Haitian Revolution and, 141, 142, 235
zonbi and, 407–412
women’s fiction, 458–476
women writers, 13–14, 28–29. See also specific writers
contemporary, 472–476
eroticism and, 29
historical fiction and, 469–471
history of, 460–462
LGBTQ themes and, 492, 493–510
narratives of maternal loss and, 493–510
newspaper publishing and, 140–141
periodical culture and, 263–264
world literature, 257
Wright, Richard, 325
writing, 35, 393–394, 395
as anchor, 394
as form of exile, 394
written culture, vs. oral tradition, 23, 229, 230–231
Wrubel, Laura, 252–253
Wynter, Sylvia, 132
Yayou, 444
Yorùbáland, 439–440
Yoruban ethics, 429
Zaka, Cousin, 421–422, 423
Zamore, 96–97
Zavitz, Erin, 49, 130
Zéphir, Clorinde, 265
Zombi, Captain, 421–422, 423
zombification, 403–404, 406–407, 409–412
zonbi, 27, 237, 238, 239, 388–389, 395–416
“aesthetics of degradation” and, 399–400
caste and, 407–412
colorism and, 407–412
definitions of, 396–397
dialectical nature of, 407–412
in diaspora, 412–416
as figure of revolt, 396
metaphorical, 413, 416
revolutionary, 399–407
women and, 407–412

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  • Index
  • Edited by Marlene L. Daut, Yale University, Kaiama L. Glover, Yale University
  • Book: A History of Haitian Literature
  • Online publication: 07 November 2024
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009485142.029
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  • Index
  • Edited by Marlene L. Daut, Yale University, Kaiama L. Glover, Yale University
  • Book: A History of Haitian Literature
  • Online publication: 07 November 2024
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009485142.029
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  • Index
  • Edited by Marlene L. Daut, Yale University, Kaiama L. Glover, Yale University
  • Book: A History of Haitian Literature
  • Online publication: 07 November 2024
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009485142.029
Available formats
×