Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-77f85d65b8-45ctf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-04-15T21:04:27.135Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

4 - Palmyrene Iconographic Traditions and Their Mediterranean Connections

A Note on Some Signet Seal Impressions on the Palmyrene Tesserae

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 October 2025

Rubina Raja
Affiliation:
Aarhus Universitet, Denmark
Get access

Summary

The Palmyrene banqueting tesserae, clay entrance tickets to religious banquets, have been revisited over and over again since the publication of the RTP in 1955. These small but often elaborate objects have been used as lenses into Palmyra’s religious life and the general organization of social, cultural and religious life in the city. However, only in recent years have they become the object of new detailed studies, which aim to systematically examine this unique group of objects within their local context. In this contribution, the focus is on disentangling the tesserae as physical objects to be used, touched and looked at; in particular it seeks to understand a facet of their rich iconographic repertoire, which in so many ways stands in contrast to the otherwise allegedly streamlined visual art repertoire found at Palmyra, namely that of the signet seal impressions. These signet seal impressions were impressed on many of the tesserae, most likely by the sponsor of the banquet, who left his personal mark on the tickets. The seal impressions give us insight into the images circulating in Palmyra in the Roman period in a material group, which today is almost lost to us, namely the glyptic art.

Information

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

al-Asʿad, K., Briquel-Chatonnet, F. and Yon, J.-B. 2005, The Sacred Banquets at Palmyra and the Functions of the Tesserae: Reflections on the Tokens Found in the Arṣu Temple, in Cussini, E. (ed.), A Journey to Palmyra: Collected Essays to Remember Delbert R. Hillers, Leiden, 110.Google Scholar
Colledge, M. A. R. 1976, The Art of Palmyra, London.Google Scholar
Delaporte, L. 1920, Musée du Louvre: catalogue des cylindres, cachets et pierres gravées de style oriental, vol. II, Paris.Google Scholar
Delaporte, L. 1923, Catalogue des cylindres, cachets et pierres gravées de style oriental. 2: Acquisitions, Paris.Google Scholar
Dentzer-Feydy, J., Pic, M. and Teixidor, J. 1993, Les antiquités de Palmyre au Musée du Louvre, Paris.Google Scholar
Eristov, H. and Vibert-Guigue, C. 2019, Le tombeau des Trois Frères à Palmyre, Eidola 16, 87106.Google Scholar
Gawlikowski, M. 1983a, Le sanctuaire d’Allat à Palmyre: aperçu préliminaire, Annales archéologiques arabes syriennes 33, 179–98.Google Scholar
Gawlikowski, M. 1983b, Réflexions sur la chronologie du sanctuaire d’Allat à Palmyre, Damaszener Mitteilungen 1, 5967.Google Scholar
Gawlikowski, M. 1990, Le premier temple d’Allat, in van Loon, M. and Weiss, H. (eds.), Resurrecting the Past: A Joint Tribute to Adnan Bounni, Leiden, 101–8.Google Scholar
Gawlikowski, M. 1996, The Athena of Palmyra, Archaeologia 46, 2132.Google Scholar
Gawlikowski, M. 2006, Palmyra: Excavations in the Allat Sanctuary, 2005–2006, Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 18, 531–1.Google Scholar
Gawlikowski, M. 2008, The Statues of the Sanctuary of Allat in Palmyra, in Eliav, Y. Z., Friedland, E. A. and Herbert, S. C. (eds.), The Sculptural Environment of the Roman Near East: Reflections on Culture, Ideology, and Power, Leuven, 397411.Google Scholar
Gawlikowski, M. 2017, Le sanctuaire d’Allat à Palmyre, Warsaw.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henning, A. 2013, Die Turmgräber von Palmyra: Eine lokale Bauform im kaiserzeitlichen Syrien als Ausdruck kultureller Identität, Orient-Archäologie 29, Rahden.Google Scholar
Heyn, M. K. and Raja, R. 2019, Male Dress Habits in Roman Period Palmyra, in Cifarelli, M. (ed.), Fashioned Selves: Dress and Identity in Antiquity, Oxford, 4154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hvidberg-Hansen, F. O. and Ploug, G. 1993, Palmyra Samlingen, Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Ingholt, H. 1935, Five Dated Tombs from Palmyra, Berytus 2, 57120.Google Scholar
Ingholt, H., Seyrig, H., Starcky, J. and Caquot, A. 1955, Recueil des tessères de Palmyre, Paris.Google Scholar
Kaizer, T. 2002, The Religious Life of Palmyra: A Study of the Social Patterns of Worship in the Roman Period, Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Kaizer, T. and Raja, R. 2019, Divine Symbolism on the Tesserae from Palmyra: Considerations about the So-Called ‘Symbol of Bel’ or ‘Signe de la pluie’, Syria 95, 297315.Google Scholar
Kubiak-Schneider, A., Raja, R., Steding, J. and Yon, J.-B. (eds.) in press, The Palmyrene Tesserae: An Update to the RTP, Turnhout.Google Scholar
Lans, B. van der, Seland, E. H. and Teigen, H. F. 2017, Journeys to Tadmor: History and Cultural Heritage in Palmyra and the Middle East, Bergen.Google Scholar
Lidzbarski, M. 1898, Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik, Weimar.Google Scholar
Lidzbarski, M. 1908, Ephemeris für semitische Epigraphik, vol. II, Giessen.Google Scholar
Lidzbarski, M. 1915, Ephemeris für semitische Epigraphik, vol. III, Giessen.Google Scholar
Mesnil du Buisson, R. du 1944, Cabinet des médailles: tessères et monnaies de Palmyre, Paris.Google Scholar
Mesnil du Buisson, R. du 1962, Les tessères et les monnaies de Palmyre, Paris.Google Scholar
Meyer, M. 2006, Die Personifikation der Stadt Antiocheia: Ein neues Bild für eine neue Gottheit, Berlin.Google Scholar
Milik, J. T. 1972, Dedicaces faites par des Dieux (Palmyre, Hatra, Tyr) et des thiases sémitiques à l’époque romaine, Paris.Google Scholar
Mordtmann, A. D. 1875, Neue Beiträge zur Kunde Palmyra’s, Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-philologischen und historischen Classe der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München 2, 4872.Google Scholar
Oppen, B. E. van and Wallenfels, R. (eds.) 2021, Hellenistic Sealings and Archives: Proceedings of the Edfu Connection, an International Conference, 23–24 January 2018, Allard Pierson Museum, Amsterdam, Turnhout.Google Scholar
Raja, R. 2015a, Cultic Dining and Religious Patterns in Palmyra: The Case of the Palmyrene Banqueting Tesserae, in Faust, S., Seifert, M. and Ziemer, L. (eds.), Antike. Architektur. Geschichte: Festschrift für Inge Nielsen zum 65. Geburtstag, Aachen, 181200.Google Scholar
Raja, R. 2015b, Palmyrene Funerary Portraits in Context: Portrait Habit between Local Traditions and Imperial Trends, in Fejfer, J., Moltesen, M. and Rathje, A. (eds.), Tradition: Transmission of Culture in the Ancient World, Acta Hyperborea 14, Copenhagen, 329–62.Google Scholar
Raja, R. 2015c, Staging ‘Private’ Religion in Roman ‘Public’ Palmyra: The Role of the Religious Dining Tickets (Banqueting Tesserae), in Rüpke, J. and Ando, C. (eds.), Public and Private in Ancient Mediterranean Law and Religion: Historical and Comparative Studies, Berlin, 165–86.Google Scholar
Raja, R. 2016, In and Out of Contexts: Explaining Religious Complexity through the Banqueting Tesserae from Palmyra, Religion in the Roman Empire 2, 340–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raja, R. 2019a, Catalogue: The Palmyra Collection. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Raja, R. 2019b, Funerary Portraiture in Palmyra: Portrait Habit at a Crossroads or a Signifier of Local Identity?, in Blömer, M. and Raja, R. (eds.), Funerary Portraiture in Greater Roman Syria, Turnhout, 95110.Google Scholar
Raja, R. 2019c, Religious Banquets in Palmyra and the Palmyrene Banqueting Tesserae, in Nielsen, A. M. and Raja, R. (eds.), The Road to Palmyra, Copenhagen, 221–34.Google Scholar
Raja, R. 2019d, Stacking Aesthetics in the Syrian Desert: Displaying Palmyrene Sculpture in the Public and Funerary Sphere, in Draycott, C. M., Raja, R., Welch, K. and Wootton, W. T. (eds.), Visual Histories of the Classical World: Essays in Honour of R. R. R. Smith, Turnhout, 281–98.Google Scholar
Raja, R. 2022a, Revisiting the Palmyrene Banqueting Tesserae: Conceptualization, Production, Usage, and Meaning of the Palmyrene, in Raja, R. (ed.), The Small Stuff of the Palmyrenes: Coins and Tesserae from Palmyra, Turnhout, 567.Google Scholar
Raja, R. (ed.) 2022b, The Small Stuff of the Palmyrenes: Coins and Tesserae from Palmyra, in Raja, R. (ed.), The Small Stuff of the Palmyrenes: Coins and Tesserae from Palmyra, Turnhout, 13.Google Scholar
Raja, R. and Sørensen, A. H. 2015a, Harald Ingholt & Palmyra, Aarhus [in English].Google Scholar
Raja, R. and Sørensen, A. H. 2015b, Harald Ingholt & Palmyra, Aarhus [in Danish].Google Scholar
Rostovtzeff, M. I. 1933, Hadad and Atargatis at Palmyra, American Journal of Archaeology 37, 5863.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seyrig, H. 1934, Antiquités syriennes, vol. I, Paris.Google Scholar
Seyrig, H. 1938, Antiquités syriennes, vol. II, Paris.Google Scholar
Seyrig, H. 1940, Les tessères palmyréniennes et le banquet rituel, in Vincent, H. (ed.), Mémorial LaGrange, Paris, 51–8.Google Scholar
Seyrig, H. 1946, Antiquités syriennes, vol. III, Paris.Google Scholar
Seyrig, H. 1953, Antiquités syriennes, vol. IV, Paris.Google Scholar
Smith, A. M. I. 2013, Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spoer, H. H. 1905, Palmyrene Tesserae, Journal of the American Oriental Society 26, 113–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spoer, H. H. 1906, Notes on Some Palmyrene Tesserae, Journal of the American Oriental Society 27, 397–9.Google Scholar
Starcky, J. 1949, Le dieu Shadrafa, Syria 26, 6781.Google Scholar
Vogüe, M. de 1877, Syrie centrale: inscriptions sémitiques, Paris.Google Scholar
Yon, J.-B. 2002, Les notables de Palmyre, Beirut.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×