This chapter focuses on the historical relationship between nationalism and conspiracy theories in times of pandemic. It argues that premodern conspiratorial narratives were mostly focused on eschatological and theological images, aiming to blame and delegitimise the religious Other. In these imaginary plots, the spread of disease was interpreted as an attack on one’s religious beliefs. With the rise of nation-states and the decline of empires and patrimonial kingdoms, periodic outbursts of epidemics gradually attained more nationalist interpretations. In these narratives, the threatening Other was usually nationalised, and even traditional religious groups became reinterpreted as a threat to one’s national security