The Body of Christ and the Immaculate Conception involved diverse groups of Africans, Indigenous Americans, Europeans, and their descendants in dynamic, often contested, roles and positions within the Hispanic Monarchy. Deliberately incorporating women and men of different ethnicities or “nations,” the crown and church needed them. The Empire, understood as a long-distance framework for government, communication, exchange, evangelization, and profit, depended upon the far-flung populations that informed and transformed it. Origins, gender roles, legal status, relations, and experience shaped, without determining, interactions, rootedness, and mobility.