Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-45l2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-28T10:48:48.177Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 2 - ECT: Patient Selection and Preparation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 December 2018

Charles H. Kellner
Affiliation:
New York Community Hospital
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Handbook of ECT
A Guide to Electroconvulsive Therapy for Practitioners
, pp. 19 - 48
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abrams, R. (1989). ECT in the high-risk patient. Convuls Ther, 5(1), 12.Google ScholarPubMed
Abrams, R. (2002). Electroconvulsive therapy (4th edn). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Acharya, D., Harper, D. G., Achtyes, E. D., Seiner, S. J., Mahdasian, J. A., Nykamp, L. J., … Forester, B. P. (2015). Safety and utility of acute electroconvulsive therapy for agitation and aggression in dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry, 30(3), 265273. doi: 10.1002/gps.4137CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alexopoulos, G. S., Young, R. C., & Abrams, R. C. (1989). ECT in the high-risk geriatric patient. Convuls Ther, 5(1), 7587.Google ScholarPubMed
Allman, P., & Hawton, K. (1987). ECT for post-stroke depression: beta blockade to modify rise in blood pressure. Convuls Ther, 3(3), 218221.Google ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association. Committee on Electroconvulsive Therapy & Weiner, R. D. (2001). The practice of electroconvulsive therapy: recommendations for treatment, training, and privileging: a task force report of the American Psychiatric Association (2nd edn). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Andersen, K., Balldin, J., Gottfries, C. G., Granerus, A. K., Modigh, K., Svennerholm, L., & Wallin, A. (1987). A double-blind evaluation of electroconvulsive therapy in Parkinson's disease with “on-off” phenomena. Acta Neurol Scand, 76(3), 191199.Google Scholar
Anderson, E. L., & Reti, I. M. (2009). ECT in pregnancy: a review of the literature from 1941 to 2007. Psychosom Med, 71(2), 235242. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e318190d7caGoogle Scholar
Bailine, S. H., Safferman, A., Vital-Herne, J., & Bernstein, S. (1994). Flumazenil reversal of benzodiazepine-induced sedation for a patient with severe pre-ECT anxiety. Convuls Ther, 10(1), 6568.Google ScholarPubMed
Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 4, 561571.Google Scholar
Birkenhager, T. K., & Pluijms, E. M. (2016). Possible synergy between electroconvulsive therapy and imipramine: a case report. J Psychiatr Pract, 22(6), 478480. doi: 10.1097/PRA.0000000000000192CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boere, E., Birkenhager, T. K., Groenland, T. H., & van den Broek, W. W. (2014). Beta-blocking agents during electroconvulsive therapy: a review. Br J Anaesth, 113(1), 4351. doi: 10.1093/bja/aeu153Google Scholar
Bolwig, T. G., Hertz, M. M., Paulson, O. B., Spotoft, H., & Rafaelsen, O. J. (1977). The permeability of the blood-brain barrier during electrically induced seizures in man. Eur J Clin Invest, 7(2), 8793.Google Scholar
Borisovskaya, A., Bryson, W. C., Buchholz, J., Samii, A., & Borson, S. (2016). Electroconvulsive therapy for depression in Parkinson's disease: systematic review of evidence and recommendations. Neurodegener Dis Manag, 6(2), 161176. doi: 10.2217/nmt-2016-0002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, G. L., & Wilson, W. P. (1972). Parkinsonism and depression. South Med J, 65(5), 540545.Google Scholar
Brown, W. A. (2007). Treatment response in melancholia. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl (433), 125129. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.00970.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruce, B. B., Henry, M. E., & Greer, D. M. (2006). Ischemic stroke after electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT, 22(2), 150152.Google Scholar
Bryson, E. O., Aloysi, A. S., Popeo, D. M., Bodian, C. A., Pasculli, R. M., Briggs, M. C., & Kellner, C. H. (2012). Methohexital and succinylcholine dosing for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): actual versus ideal. J ECT, 28(3), e2930. doi: 10.1097/YCT.0b013e3182503bc9Google Scholar
Burgut, F. T., Popeo, D., & Kellner, C. H. (2010). ECT for agitation in dementia: is it appropriate? Med Hypotheses, 75(1), 56. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.04.013CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carroll, B. J., Feinberg, M., Smouse, P. E., Rawson, S. G., & Greden, J. F. (1981). The Carroll rating scale for depression. I. Development, reliability and validation. Br J Psychiatry, 138, 194200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chiou, Y. J., Lee, Y., Lin, C. C., & Huang, T. L. (2015). A case report of Catatonia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome with multiple treatment modalities: short communication and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore), 94(43), e1752. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000001752CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cline, J. S., & Roos, K. (2007). Treatment of status epilepticus with electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT, 23(1), 3032. doi: 10.1097/01.yct.0000263260.36915.2aCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coffey, C. E. (1993). The clinical science of electroconvulsive therapy (1st edn). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.Google Scholar
Coffey, C. E., Lucke, J., Weiner, R. D., Krystal, A. D., & Aque, M. (1995). Seizure threshold in electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) II. The anticonvulsant effect of ECT. Biol Psychiatry, 37(11), 777788. doi: 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00053-JCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cumper, S. K., Ahle, G. M., Liebman, L. S., & Kellner, C. H. (2014). Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in Parkinson's disease: ECS and dopamine enhancement. J ECT, 30(2), 122124. doi: 10.1097/YCT.0000000000000142CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
D'Agati, D., Chang, A. D., Wachtel, L. E., & Reti, I. M. (2017). Treatment of severe self-injurious behavior in autism spectrum disorder by neuromodulation. J ECT, 33(1), 711. doi: 10.1097/YCT.0000000000000346Google Scholar
Dolenc, T. J., Habl, S. S., Barnes, R. D., & Rasmussen, K. G. (2004). Electroconvulsive therapy in patients taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors. J ECT, 20(4), 258261.Google Scholar
Dolenc, T. J., & Rasmussen, K. G. (2005). The safety of electroconvulsive therapy and lithium in combination: a case series and review of the literature. J ECT, 21(3), 165170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubovsky, S. L. (1986). Using electroconvulsive therapy for patients with neurological disease. Hosp Community Psychiatry, 37(8), 819825.Google Scholar
Ducharme, S., Murray, E. D., Seiner, S. J., Tayeb, H., Legesse, B., & Price, B. H. (2015). Retrospective analysis of the short-term safety of ECT in patients with neurological comorbidities: a guide for pre-ECT neurological evaluations. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 27(4), 311321. doi: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.14080195Google Scholar
Dybedal, G. S., Tanum, L., Sundet, K., & Bjolseth, T. M. (2015). The role of baseline cognitive function in the neurocognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy in depressed elderly patients. Clin Neuropsychol, 29(4), 487508. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2015.1050457CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
el-Ganzouri, A. R., Ivankovich, A. D., Braverman, B., & McCarthy, R. (1985). Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: should they be discontinued preoperatively? Anesth Analg, 64(6), 592596.Google Scholar
Figiel, G. S., Hassen, M. A., Zorumski, C., Krishnan, K. R., Doraiswamy, P. M., Jarvis, M. R., & Smith, D. S. (1991). ECT-induced delirium in depressed patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 3(4), 405411. doi: 10.1176/jnp.3.4.405Google Scholar
Fink, M. (1994). Indications for the use of ECT. Psychopharmacol Bull, 30(3), 269275; discussion 276280.Google ScholarPubMed
Fink, M., Kellner, C. H., & McCall, W. V. (2014). The role of ECT in suicide prevention. J ECT, 30(1), 59. doi: 10.1097/YCT.0b013e3182a6ad0dCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fink, M., Fricchione, G., Rummans, T., & Shorter, E. (2016a). Catatonia is a systemic medical syndrome. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 133(3), 250251. doi: 10.1111/acps.12510Google Scholar
Fink, M., Kellner, C. H., & McCall, W. V. (2016b). Optimizing ECT technique in treating Catatonia. J ECT, 32(3), 149150. doi: 10.1097/YCT.0000000000000345Google Scholar
Fink, M., & Taylor, M. A. (2003). Catatonia: a clinician's guide to diagnosis and treatment. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fochtmann, L. (1988). A mechanism for the efficacy of ECT in Parkinson's disease. Convuls Ther, 4(4), 321327.Google ScholarPubMed
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res, 12(3), 189198.Google Scholar
Glass, O. M., Forester, B. P., & Hermida, A. P. (2017). Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for treating agitation in dementia (major neurocognitive disorder) – a promising option. Int Psychogeriatr, 29(5), 717726. doi: 10.1017/S1041610216002258Google Scholar
Goldstein, M. Z., & Richardson, C. (1988). Meningioma with depression: ECT risk or benefit? Psychosomatics, 29(3), 349351. doi: 10.1016/S0033-3182(88)72377-4Google Scholar
Good, M. S., Dolenc, T. J., & Rasmussen, K. G. (2004). Electroconvulsive therapy in a patient with glaucoma. J ECT, 20(1), 4849.Google Scholar
Griesemer, D. A., Kellner, C. H., Beale, M. D., & Smith, G. M. (1997). Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment of intractable seizures. Initial findings in two children. Neurology, 49(5), 13891392.Google Scholar
Grinspoon, L., & Greenblatt, M. (1963). Pharmacotherapy combined with other treatment methods. Compr Psychiatry, 4, 256262.Google Scholar
Grover, S., Hazari, N., & Kate, N. (2015). Combined use of clozapine and ECT: a review. Acta Neuropsychiatr, 27(3), 131142. doi: 10.1017/neu.2015.8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, M. (1960). A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 23, 5662.Google Scholar
Harmandayan, M., Romanowicz, M., & Sola, C. (2012). Successful use of ECT in post-stroke depression. Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 34(1), 102 e105106. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2011.08.006Google Scholar
Haskett, R. F., & Loo, C. (2010). Adjunctive psychotropic medications during electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of depression, mania, and schizophrenia. J ECT, 26(3), 196201. doi: 10.1097/YCT.0b013e3181eee13fCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hausner, L., Damian, M., Sartorius, A., & Frolich, L. (2011). Efficacy and cognitive side effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in depressed elderly patients with coexisting mild cognitive impairment or dementia. J Clin Psychiatry, 72(1), 9197. doi: 10.4088/JCP.10m05973gryGoogle Scholar
Horn, P. J., Reti, I., & Jayaram, G. (2010). Transdermal selegiline in patients receiving electroconvulsive therapy. Psychosomatics, 51(2), 176178. doi: 10.1176/appi.psy.51.2.176CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Husain, M. M., Rush, A. J., Fink, M., Knapp, R., Petrides, G., Rummans, T., … Kellner, C. H. (2004). Speed of response and remission in major depressive disorder with acute electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): a Consortium for Research in ECT (CORE) report. J Clin Psychiatry, 65(4), 485491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iancu, I., Pick, N., Seener-Lorsh, O., & Dannon, P. (2015). Patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder who receive multiple electroconvulsive therapy sessions: characteristics, indications, and results. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 11, 853862. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S78919Google Scholar
Jacobowski, N. L., Heckers, S., & Bobo, W. V. (2013). Delirious mania: detection, diagnosis, and clinical management in the acute setting. J Psychiatr Pract, 19(1), 1528. doi: 10.1097/01.pra.0000426324.67322.06Google Scholar
Jenkins, L. C., & Graves, H. B. (1965). Potential hazards of psychoactive drugs in association with anaesthesia. Can Anaesth Soc J, 12, 121128.Google Scholar
Kamel, H., Cornes, S. B., Hegde, M., Hall, S. E., & Josephson, S. A. (2010). Electroconvulsive therapy for refractory status epilepticus: a case series. Neurocrit Care, 12(2), 204210. doi: 10.1007/s12028-009-9288-7Google Scholar
Kellner, C. H. (1995). Is ECT the treatment of choice for first-break psychosis? Convuls Ther, 11(3), 155157.Google Scholar
Kellner, C. H., Ahle, G. M., & Geduldig, E. T. (2015). Electroconvulsive therapy for bipolar disorder: evidence supporting what clinicians have long known. J Clin Psychiatry, 76(9), e11511152. doi: 10.4088/JCP.14com09498CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kellner, C. H., Beale, M. D., Pritchett, J. T., Bernstein, H. J., & Burns, C. M. (1994). Electroconvulsive therapy and Parkinson's disease: the case for further study. Psychopharmacol Bull, 30(3), 495500.Google Scholar
Kellner, C. H., Burns, C. M., Bernstein, H. J., Monroe, R. R. Jr., & George, M. S. (1991). Safe administration of ECT in a patient with a calcified frontal mass. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 3(3), 353354. doi: 10.1176/jnp.3.3.353Google Scholar
Kellner, C. H., Fink, M., Knapp, R., Petrides, G., Husain, M., Rummans, T., … Malur, C. (2005). Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. Am J Psychiatry, 162(5), 977982. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.5.977Google Scholar
Kellner, C. H., Husain, M. M., Knapp, R. G., McCall, W. V., Petrides, G., Rudorfer, M. V., … Group, C. P. W. (2016). Right unilateral ultrabrief pulse ECT in geriatric depression: phase 1 of the PRIDE study. Am J Psychiatry, 173(11), 11011109. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15081101Google Scholar
Kellner, C. H., Knapp, R., Husain, M. M., Rasmussen, K., Sampson, S., Cullum, M., … Petrides, G. (2010). Bifrontal, bitemporal and right unilateral electrode placement in ECT: randomised trial. Br J Psychiatry, 196(3), 226234. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.109.066183Google Scholar
Kellner, C. H., Knapp, R. G., Petrides, G., Rummans, T. A., Husain, M. M., Rasmussen, K., … Fink, M. (2006). Continuation electroconvulsive therapy vs pharmacotherapy for relapse prevention in major depression: a multisite study from the Consortium for Research in Electroconvulsive Therapy (CORE). Arch Gen Psychiatry, 63(12), 13371344. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.63.12.1337Google Scholar
Kellner, C. H., Nixon, D. W., & Bernstein, H. J. (1991). ECT–drug interactions: a review. Psychopharmacol Bull, 27(4), 595609.Google Scholar
Krystal, A. D., Watts, B. V., Weiner, R. D., Moore, S., Steffens, D. C., & Lindahl, V. (1998). The use of flumazenil in the anxious and benzodiazepine-dependent ECT patient. J ECT, 14(1), 514.Google Scholar
Kumar, D. R., Han, H. K., Tiller, J., Loo, C. K., & Martin, D. M. (2016). A brief measure for assessing patient perceptions of cognitive side effects after electroconvulsive therapy: the subjective assessment of memory impairment. J ECT, 32(4), 256261. doi: 10.1097/YCT.0000000000000329Google Scholar
Lally, J., Tully, J., Robertson, D., Stubbs, B., Gaughran, F., & MacCabe, J. H. (2016). Augmentation of clozapine with electroconvulsive therapy in treatment resistant schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res, 171(1–3), 215224. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.01.024CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lauritzen, L., Odgaard, K., Clemmesen, L., Lunde, M., Ohrstrom, J., Black, C., & Bech, P. (1996). Relapse prevention by means of paroxetine in ECT-treated patients with major depression: a comparison with imipramine and placebo in medium-term continuation therapy. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 94(4), 241251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, K. (2006). Acute embolic stroke after electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT, 22(1), 6769.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leiknes, K. A., Cooke, M. J., Jarosch-von Schweder, L., Harboe, I., & Hoie, B. (2015). Electroconvulsive therapy during pregnancy: a systematic review of case studies. Arch Womens Ment Health, 18(1), 139. doi: 10.1007/s00737-013-0389-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, E. H., Bryson, E. O., & Kellner, C. H. (2016). Muscle relaxation with succinylcholine in electroconvulsive therapy. Anesth Analg, 123(5), 1329. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000001475Google Scholar
Lisanby, S. H., Sampson, S., Husain, M. M., Petrides, G., Knapp, R. G., McCall, W. V., … Kellner, C. H. (2008). Toward individualized post-electroconvulsive therapy care: piloting the Symptom-Titrated, Algorithm-Based Longitudinal ECT (STABLE) intervention. J ECT, 24(3), 179182. doi: 10.1097/YCT.0b013e318185fa6bGoogle Scholar
Lutz, A. S. F. (2014). Each day I like it better: autism, ECT and the treatment of our most impaired children. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.Google Scholar
Maltbie, A. A., Wingfield, M. S., Volow, M. R., Weiner, R. D., Sullivan, J. L., & Cavenar, J. O. Jr. (1980). Electroconvulsive therapy in the presence of brain tumor. Case reports and an evaluation of risk. J Nerv Ment Dis, 168(7), 400405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKinney, P. A., Beale, M. D., & Kellner, C. H. (1998). Electroconvulsive therapy in a patient with a cerebellar meningioma. J ECT, 14(1), 4952.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mehta, V., Mueller, P. S., Gonzalez-Arriaza, H. L., Pankratz, V. S., & Rummans, T. A. (2004). Safety of electroconvulsive therapy in patients receiving long-term warfarin therapy. Mayo Clin Proc, 79(11), 13961401. doi: 10.4065/79.11.1396Google Scholar
Miras Veiga, A., Moreno, D. C., Menendez, A. I., Siscart, I. M., Fernandez, M. D., Sanchez, E. G., … Saez, F. G. (2017). Effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy for refractory status epilepticus in febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome. Neuropediatrics, 48(1), 4548. doi: 10.1055/s-0036-1584939Google Scholar
Mirzakhani, H., Guchelaar, H. J., Welch, C. A., Cusin, C., Doran, M. E., MacDonald, T. O., … Nozari, A. (2016). Minimum effective doses of succinylcholine and rocuronium during electroconvulsive therapy: a prospective, randomized, crossover trial. Anesth Analg, 123(3), 587596. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000001218Google Scholar
Mizen, L., Morton, C., & Scott, A. (2015). The cardiovascular safety of the empirical measurement of the seizure threshold in electroconvulsive therapy. BJ Psych Bull, 39(1), 1418. doi: 10.1192/pb.bp.112.038695Google ScholarPubMed
Montgomery, S. A., & Asberg, M. (1979). A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry, 134, 382389.Google Scholar
Mueller, P. S., Schak, K. M., Barnes, R. D., & Rasmussen, K. G. (2006). Safety of electroconvulsive therapy in patients with asthma. Neth J Med, 64(11), 417421.Google Scholar
Mukherjee, S., Sackeim, H. A., & Schnur, D. B. (1994). Electroconvulsive therapy of acute manic episodes: a review of 50 years’ experience. Am J Psychiatry, 151(2), 169176.Google ScholarPubMed
Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bedirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., … Chertkow, H. (2005). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc, 53(4), 695699. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.xGoogle Scholar
Oudman, E. (2012). Is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) effective and safe for treatment of depression in dementia? A short review. J ECT, 28(1), 3438. doi: 10.1097/YCT.0b013e31823a0f5aGoogle Scholar
Oulis, P., Florakis, A., Markatou, M., Tzanoulinos, G., & Masdrakis, V. G. (2011). Corrected QT interval changes during electroconvulsive therapy-antidepressants-atypical antipsychotics coadministration: safety issues. J ECT, 27(1), e46. doi: 10.1097/YCT.0b013e3181d77632CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parab, A. L., Chaudhari, L. S., & Apte, J. (1992). Use of nitroglycerin ointment to prevent hypertensive response during electroconvulsive therapy – a study of 50 cases. J Postgrad Med, 38(2), 5557.Google Scholar
Perugi, G., Medda, P., Toni, C., Mariani, M. G., Socci, C., & Mauri, M. (2017). The role of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in bipolar disorder: effectiveness in 522 patients with bipolar depression, mixed-state, mania and catatonic features. Curr Neuropharmacol, 15(3), 359371. doi: 10.2174/1570159X14666161017233642Google Scholar
Petrides, G., & Fink, M. (1996). Atrial fibrillation, anticoagulation, and electroconvulsive therapy. Convuls Ther, 12(2), 9198.Google Scholar
Petrides, G., Fink, M., Husain, M. M., Knapp, R. G., Rush, A. J., Mueller, M., … Kellner, C. H. (2001). ECT remission rates in psychotic versus nonpsychotic depressed patients: a report from CORE. J ECT, 17(4), 244253.Google Scholar
Petrides, G., Malur, C., Braga, R. J., Bailine, S. H., Schooler, N. R., Malhotra, A. K., … Mendelowitz, A. (2015). Electroconvulsive therapy augmentation in clozapine-resistant schizophrenia: a prospective, randomized study. Am J Psychiatry, 172(1), 5258. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13060787Google Scholar
Pettinati, H. M., Stephens, S. M., Willis, K. M., & Robin, S. E. (1990). Evidence for less improvement in depression in patients taking benzodiazepines during unilateral ECT. Am J Psychiatry, 147(8), 10291035. doi: 10.1176/ajp.147.8.1029Google Scholar
Pier, K. S., Briggs, M. C., Pasculli, R. M., & Kellner, C. H. (2012). Successful electroconvulsive therapy for major depression misdiagnosed as Alzheimer dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 20(10), 909910. doi: 10.1097/JGP.0b013e318254619aGoogle Scholar
Popeo, D., & Kellner, C. H. (2009). ECT for Parkinson's disease. Med Hypotheses, 73(4), 468469. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.06.053Google Scholar
Pritchett, J. T., Bernstein, H. J., & Kellner, C. H. (1993). Combined ECT and antidepressant drug therapy. Convuls Ther, 9(4), 256261.Google Scholar
Rakesh, G., Thirthalli, J., Kumar, C. N., Muralidharan, K., Phutane, V. H., & Gangadhar, B. N. (2017). Concomitant anticonvulsants with bitemporal electroconvulsive therapy: a randomized controlled trial with clinical and neurobiological application. J ECT, 33(1), 1621. doi: 10.1097/YCT.0000000000000357Google Scholar
Raskin, D. E. (1984). Cardiac irritability, tricyclic antidepressants, and electroconvulsive therapy. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 4(4), 237238.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, K., & Abrams, R. (1991). Treatment of Parkinson's disease with electroconvulsive therapy. Psychiatr Clin North Am, 14(4), 925933.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, K. G., Ryan, D. A., & Mueller, P. S. (2006). Blood glucose before and after ECT treatments in Type 2 diabetic patients. J ECT, 22(2), 124126.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, K. G., & Zorumski, C. F. (1993). Electroconvulsive therapy in patients taking theophylline. J Clin Psychiatry, 54(11), 427431.Google Scholar
Rubner, P., Koppi, S., & Conca, A. (2009). Frequency of and rationales for the combined use of electroconvulsive therapy and antiepileptic drugs in Austria and the literature. World J Biol Psychiatry, 10(4 Pt 3), 836845. doi: 10.1080/15622970902838242CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rush, A. J., Trivedi, M. H., Ibrahim, H. M., Carmody, T. J., Arnow, B., Klein, D. N., … Keller, M. B. (2003). The 16-Item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS), clinician rating (QIDS-C), and self-report (QIDS-SR): a psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic major depression. Biol Psychiatry, 54(5), 573583.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sackeim, H. A., Decina, P., Prohovnik, I., Malitz, S., & Resor, S. R. (1983). Anticonvulsant and antidepressant properties of electroconvulsive therapy: a proposed mechanism of action. Biol Psychiatry, 18(11), 13011310.Google Scholar
Sackeim, H. A., Dillingham, E. M., Prudic, J., Cooper, T., McCall, W. V., Rosenquist, P., … Haskett, R. F. (2009). Effect of concomitant pharmacotherapy on electroconvulsive therapy outcomes: short-term efficacy and adverse effects. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 66(7), 729737. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.75Google Scholar
Sadananda, S. K., Narayanaswamy, J. C., Srinivasaraju, R., & Math, S. B. (2013). Delirium during the course of electroconvulsive therapy in a patient on lithium carbonate treatment. Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 35(6), 678 e671672. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.01.011Google Scholar
Saito, S., Kadoi, Y., Iriuchijima, N., Obata, H., Arai, K., Morita, T., & Goto, F. (2000). Reduction of cerebral hyperemia with anti-hypertensive medication after electroconvulsive therapy. Can J Anaesth, 47(8), 767774.Google Scholar
Sajedi, P. I., Mitchell, J., Herskovits, E. H., & Raghavan, P. (2016). Routine cross-sectional head imaging before electroconvulsive therapy: a tertiary center experience. J Am Coll Radiol, 13(4), 429434. doi: 10.1016/j.jacr.2015.11.012Google Scholar
Sartorius, A., Wolf, J., & Henn, F. A. (2005). Lithium and ECT – concurrent use still demands attention: three case reports. World J Biol Psychiatry, 6(2), 121124.Google Scholar
Schak, K. M., Mueller, P. S., Barnes, R. D., & Rasmussen, K. G. (2008). The safety of ECT in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Psychosomatics, 49(3), 208211. doi: 10.1176/appi.psy.49.3.208Google Scholar
Schmidt, S. T., Lapid, M. I., Sundsted, K. K., Cunningham, J. L., Ryan, D. A., & Burton, M. C. (2014). Safety of electroconvulsive therapy in patients receiving dabigatran therapy. Psychosomatics, 55(4), 400403. doi: 10.1016/j.psym.2013.06.010Google Scholar
Schnur, D. B., Mukherjee, S., Silver, J., Degreef, G., & Lee, C. (1989). Electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of episodic aggressive dyscontrol in psychotic patients. Convuls Ther, 5(4), 353361.Google Scholar
Shao, E., Moore, R., & Linnane, J. (2017). Rivaroxaban for treatment of pulmonary embolism while receiving electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT, 33(3), e25e26. doi: 10.1097/YCT.0000000000000396Google Scholar
Shuman, M., Hieber, R., Moss, L., & Patel, D. (2015). Rivaroxaban for thromboprophylaxis in a patient receiving electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT, 31(1), e1920. doi: 10.1097/YCT.0000000000000206Google Scholar
Sienaert, P., & Peuskens, J. (2007). Anticonvulsants during electroconvulsive therapy: review and recommendations. J ECT, 23(2), 120123. doi: 10.1097/YCT.0b013e3180330059Google Scholar
Sinha, P., Goyal, P., & Andrade, C. (2017). A meta-review of the safety of electroconvulsive therapy in pregnancy. J ECT, 33(2), 8188. doi: 10.1097/YCT.0000000000000362CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Small, J. G., Klapper, M. H., Kellams, J. J., Miller, M. J., Milstein, V., Sharpley, P. H., & Small, I. F. (1988). Electroconvulsive treatment compared with lithium in the management of manic states. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 45(8), 727732.Google Scholar
Spodniakova, B., Halmo, M., & Nosalova, P. (2015). Electroconvulsive therapy in pregnancy – a review. J Obstet Gynaecol, 35(7), 659662. doi: 10.3109/01443615.2014.990427CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stromgren, L. S. (1997). ECT in acute delirium and related clinical states. Convuls Ther, 13(1), 1017.Google Scholar
Stromgren, L. S., Dahl, J., Fjeldborg, N., & Thomsen, A. (1980). Factors influencing seizure duration and number of seizures applied in unilateral electroconvulsive therapy. Anaesthetics and benzodiazepines. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 62(2), 158165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sundsted, K. K., Burton, M. C., Shah, R., & Lapid, M. I. (2014). Preanesthesia medical evaluation for electroconvulsive therapy: a review of the literature. J ECT, 30(1), 3542. doi: 10.1097/YCT.0b013e3182a3546fGoogle Scholar
Tancer, M. E., & Evans, D. L. (1989). Electroconvulsive therapy in geriatric patients undergoing anticoagulation therapy. Convuls Ther, 5(1), 102109.Google Scholar
Tang, V. M., Pasricha, A. N., Blumberger, D. M., Voineskos, D., Pasricha, S., Mulsant, B. H., & Daskalakis, Z. J. (2017). Should benzodiazepines and anticonvulsants be used during electroconvulsive therapy?: A case study and literature review. J ECT, 33(4), 237242. doi: 10.1097/YCT.0000000000000441CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teraishi, T., Nakatake, M., Hirano, J., Ide, M., Kuwahara, T., & Nomura, S. (2012). Electroconvulsive therapy and meningioma: a brief review. Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi, 32(2), 5761.Google Scholar
Tess, A. V., & Smetana, G. W. (2009). Medical evaluation of patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy. N Engl J Med, 360(14), 14371444. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra0707755CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thirthalli, J., Harish, T., & Gangadhar, B. N. (2011). A prospective comparative study of interaction between lithium and modified electroconvulsive therapy. World J Biol Psychiatry, 12(2), 149155. doi: 10.3109/15622975.2010.504860CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trollor, J. N., & Sachdev, P. S. (1999). Electroconvulsive treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a review and report of cases. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 33(5), 650659. doi: 10.1080/j.1440-1614.1999.00630.xGoogle Scholar
van den Broek, W. W., Birkenhager, T. K., Mulder, P. G., Bruijn, J. A., & Moleman, P. (2006). Imipramine is effective in preventing relapse in electroconvulsive therapy-responsive depressed inpatients with prior pharmacotherapy treatment failure: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry, 67(2), 263268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verdura Vizcaino, E. J., Ballesteros Sanz, D., & Sanz-Fuentenebro, J. (2011). Electroconvulsive therapy as treatment for malignant neuroleptic syndrome. Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment, 4(3), 169176. doi: 10.1016/j.rpsm.2011.04.005Google Scholar
Villalonga, A., Planella, T., Castillo, J., Hernandez, C., Cabrer, C., Manalich, M., … Nalda, M. A. (1989). [Nitroglycerin spray in the prevention of hypertension induced by electroconvulsive therapy]. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim, 36(5), 264266.Google Scholar
Virupaksha, H. S., Shashidhara, B., Thirthalli, J., Kumar, C. N., & Gangadhar, B. N. (2010). Comparison of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) with or without anti-epileptic drugs in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord, 127(1–3), 6670. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2010.05.008Google Scholar
Volpe, F. M., & Tavares, A. R. (2012). Lithium plus ECT for mania in 90 cases: safety issues. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 24(4), E33. doi: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.11110321CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wachtel, L. E., Jaffe, R., & Kellner, C. H. (2011). Electroconvulsive therapy for psychotropic-refractory bipolar affective disorder and severe self-injury and aggression in an 11-year-old autistic boy. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 20(3), 147152. doi: 10.1007/s00787-010-0155-zGoogle Scholar
Wachtel, L. E., Shorter, E., & Fink, M. (2018). Electroconvulsive therapy for self-injurious behaviour in autism spectrum disorders: recognizing catatonia is key. Curr Opin Psychiatry, 31(2), 116122. doi: 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000393CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiner, R. D., Whanger, A. D., Erwin, C. W., & Wilson, W. P. (1980). Prolonged confusional state and EEG seizure activity following concurrent ECT and lithium use. Am J Psychiatry, 137(11), 14521453. doi: 10.1176/ajp.137.11.1452Google Scholar
Xiang, Y. T., Ungvari, G. S., Correll, C. U., Chiu, H. F., Lai, K. Y., Wang, C. Y., … Shinfuku, N. (2015). Use of electroconvulsive therapy for Asian patients with schizophrenia (2001–2009): Trends and correlates. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 69(8), 489496. doi: 10.1111/pcn.12283Google Scholar
Yi, J., Torres, J., Azner, Y., Vaidya, P., Schiavi, A., & Reti, I. M. (2012). Flumazenil pretreatment in benzodiazepine-free patients: a novel method for managing declining ECT seizure quality. J ECT, 28(3), 185189. doi: 10.1097/YCT.0b013e3182507752Google Scholar
Zeiler, F. A., Matuszczak, M., Teitelbaum, J., Gillman, L. M., & Kazina, C. J. (2016). Electroconvulsive therapy for refractory status epilepticus: a systematic review. Seizure, 35, 2332. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2015.12.015CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zheng, W., Cao, X. L., Ungvari, G. S., Xiang, Y. Q., Guo, T., Liu, Z. R., … Xiang, Y. T. (2016). Electroconvulsive therapy added to non-clozapine antipsychotic medication for treatment resistant schizophrenia: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One, 11(6), e0156510. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156510Google Scholar
Zielinski, R. J., Roose, S. P., Devanand, D. P., Woodring, S., & Sackeim, H. A. (1993). Cardiovascular complications of ECT in depressed patients with cardiac disease. Am J Psychiatry, 150(6), 904909. doi: 10.1176/ajp.150.6.904Google ScholarPubMed
Zolezzi, M. (2016). Medication management during electroconvulsant therapy. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 12, 931939. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S100908Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×