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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 November 2017

Edited by
Jeroen Temperman  and
András Koltay
Jeroen Temperman
Affiliation:
Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam
András Koltay
Affiliation:
Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest

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Information

Type
Chapter
Information
Blasphemy and Freedom of Expression
Comparative, Theoretical and Historical Reflections after the Charlie Hebdo Massacre
 , pp. 719 - 750
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

Index

Abbas, Shemeem Burney, 177, 177n39, 179n44
Abrogated blasphemy laws
overview, 4, 18–19
Netherlands. (See Netherlands)
Norway. (See Norway)
United Kingdom. (See United Kingdom)
Accelerants
overview, 709
defined, 708
speaker affinity groups as, 710
speakers as, 709–710
victim affinity groups as, 710–711
victims as, 711
Accidental blasphemy, 168, 186
Achterbusch, Herbert, 360
Active blasphemy laws
overview, 15–16
Finland. (See Finland)
Germany. (See Germany)
Greece. (See Greece)
Italy. (See Italy)
Poland. (See Poland)
Actus reus of blasphemy, 122–123, 205, 468–469
Adams, John, 104
Affinity groups
speaker affinity groups
as accelerants, 710
as audience, 705–706
as decelerants, 712
victim affinity groups
as accelerants, 710–711
as audience, 705–706
as decelerants, 713
Afghanistan, blasphemy laws in, 575
African Union, 675–676
Ahern, Dermot, 466–467
Ahmed, Asad Ali, 176–177, 177n38, 188
Aikenhead, Thomas, 141n30
Akram, Zamir, 664, 669
Alekhina, Mariya Vladimirovna, 295, 296n5
Ali, Ayaan Hirsi, 171, 628
Alivizatos, Nicos, 406, 407–408
al Qaeda, 1, 73–74, 650–651
America Alone (Steyn), 484, 490n30, 499
Amnesty International, 512–513
Amor, Abdelfattah, 649
Amos, Tori, 194
Andorra, blasphemy laws in, 155n105
Androulakis, Mimis, 395–396, 403
Antinous, 579n10
Anti-Semitism
in Canada, 482–484
in Finland, 330
in France, 69
in Norway, 570–571
“Apocalypse” (art work), 284–285
Apostasy, 141–142
Aquinas, Thomas, 580n12, 582n23
Arab League, 675–676
Argentina
National Institute Against Discrimination, Xenophobia and Racism, 672
16/18 process in, 659, 672, 676
Årsheim, Helge, 19
Arthur, George, 513
Artistic expression
generally, 263n16
in Charlie Hebdo, 355
in ECtHR, 269–272, 279–281
gratuitous offence and, 272–273
in Greece, 394–401
justified blasphemy and, 423–424
Otto-Preminger-Institut v. Austria, 269–272
in Poland, 423–427
political speech versus, 279–281
Asad, Talal, 392n6
Ashraf, Sana, 172n18
Atheist Union of Greece, 403
Atkinson, Rowan, 613
Audience
overview, 702–703
captive audience problem, 687, 687n25, 687n28
fighting words and, 703–704
incitement to hatred laws and, 704–705
speaker affinity groups as, 705–706 (See also Speaker affinity groups)
speaker-audience-victim analysis, 701–702
victim affinity groups as, 705–706 (See also Victim affinity groups)
Augustine of Hippo (Saint), 171, 580n12
Australia
Australian Capital Territory
blasphemy laws in, 517–518
Law Reform (Abolition & Repeals) Act 1996, 517–518
blasphemy laws in
generally, 4
overview, 18, 510–512, 532–533
challenges posed by, 527–532
historical background, 513–514
reform proposals, 521–527
Broadcasting Act 1942, 521
Commission on Human Rights, 526–527
Constitution, 524–525
Criminal Code Act 1995, 514
definition of blasphemy in, 519
hate speech laws in, 527–528, 530–531
Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, 526–527
Human Rights Committee General Comment 34 and, 524
ICCPR and, 524, 526–527
insult and ridicule, protection against, 532–533
Law Reform Commission, 525–526
Model Criminal Code, 520
National Gallery of Victoria, 510–511
National Human Rights Consultation, 526–527
New South Wales
Blasphemous and Seditious Libels Act 1827, 513
blasphemy laws in, 512, 514
Crimes Act 1900, 514, 519
Defamation Act 1974, 514
hate speech laws in, 530–531
Imperial Acts Application Act 1969, 514
insult and ridicule, protection against, 528
Law Reform Commission, 526
Religious Opinions Act 1871 (proposed), 522
Norfolk Island, blasphemy laws in, 514
Northern Territory, blasphemy laws in, 517
Queensland
blasphemy laws in, 516–517
insult and ridicule, protection against, 527
Objectionable Literature Act 1954, 518
Rationalist Society, 523
sacrilege laws in, 520n40
South Australia
blasphemy laws in, 514, 517
Classification of Theatrical Performances Act 1978, 517
Criminal Law and Penal Methods Reform Committee, 525
insult and ridicule, protection against, 528
Tasmania
blasphemy laws in, 513, 519
Criminal Code Act 1924, 515–516
insult and ridicule, protection against, 527
Police Offences Act 1935, 516
Victoria
blasphemy laws in, 514
Crimes Act 1958, 515
insult and ridicule, protection against, 527
Racial and Religious Tolerance Act 2001, 527–528, 529–530, 529n85, 531–532, 531n94
Western Australia
blasphemy laws in, 517
insult and ridicule, protection against, 528
Jetties Regulations 1940, 518
Austria
blasphemy laws in, 96–97, 118–119, 173–174, 181
Copyright Act, 285
in ECtHR, 97
Freedom Party, 284–285, 285n108
16/18 process in, 676
Avebury, Lord, 130, 601–602
Äystö, Tuomas, 15
Bakewell, Joan, 126n61
Bangstad, Sindre, 564
Ban Ki-Moon, 174–175
Barelwis sect, 176–177, 188
Barendt, Eric, 614
de la Barre, Chevalier, 29
Baudelaire, Charles, 35n30
Baumgartner, Christoph, 170
Bazian, Hatem, 160
Beard, Mary, 579n10
Behemoth (band), 425–426
Benedict XVI (Pope), 89, 350, 367
Benesch, Susan, 702
Berger, Peter, 170–171
Bhatti, Shahbaz, 653, 671
Bhutto, Benazir, 178
Bible
Denmark, desecration in, 444, 445–446
Poland
blasphemy in, 96–97
desecration in, 425–426
as religious object, 414–415
as source of blasphemy laws, 199–200
United Kingdom, blasphemy in, 204, 227–228, 519, 577
Bielefeldt, Heiner, 439–441
Binderup, Lars Grassmé, 16–17
Black, Hugo, 108
Blackstone, William, 201–202, 227
Blair, Tony, 129n81
Blasphemy.See specific topic
Blasphemy: How the Religious Right is Hijacking Our Declaration of Independence (Dershowitz), 103–104
Blasphemy laws.See specific topic
Blunkett, David, 128, 601–602
Boko Haram, 73–74
Bolkestein, Frits, 628
Bonner, Hypatia Bradlaugh, 586n34
Book of Common Prayer, 121
Bouyeri, Mohammed, 628–629
Bradlaugh, Charles, 586, 586n34
Brandeis, Louis, 296n8
Breivik, Anders, 497, 498–499, 671
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 95, 123–124, 126, 126n61, 163n145, 600, 695n58
Burke, Edmund, 498
Bury, J.B., 190n91
Bush, George H.W., 107
Bush, George W., 107
de Cambacérès, Jean Jacques Regis, 33
Cameron, David, 92
Canada
Alberta Human Rights Code, 482, 484
anti-Semitism in, 482–484
blasphemy laws in
generally, 4
overview, 17–18, 480–481, 508–509
minority religions and, 481
British Columbia Human Rights Code, 482, 484, 495
Canada Human Rights Act, 482, 482n9, 483, 484
Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 482–483
Criminal Code
blasphemy under, 480–481, 480n1
hate speech under, 481–482, 482n8, 483, 485
hate speech laws in
overview, 481–482
challenges of, 485–487
Islam and, 484–485, 489–491
Mark Steyn case, 495–499
religion as target of hate speech laws, 482–485
Holocaust denial in, 483
Human Rights Tribunal, 483
incitement to hatred laws in, 481–482
insult and ridicule, protection against, 499–501
Inter-faith Bridging Programme, 676
New Brunswick Human Rights Code, 483–484
Northwest Territories Human Rights Code, 482
religious membership, attribution of belief and, 487–489
Saskatchewan Human Rights Code, 482, 483
16/18 process in, 659, 663, 673, 676
Western Guard Party, 483
Captive audience problem, 687, 687n25, 687n28
Carey, Lord, 162, 617–618
Carr, Bob, 528
CERD.See Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD)
Chait, Jonathan, 252, 253
Charbonnier, Stéphane, 1
Charles I (England), 201
Charles VII (France), 27
Charleston shooting (2015), 709–711, 709n21, 710n22, 714n35, 715–716
Charlie Hebdo (French magazine)
generally, 359–360
artistic expression in, 355
blasphemy case against, 46–48
British blasphemy laws and, 617
chilling effect on, 360
Danish Cartoon Controversy compared, 355–356
Dutch blasphemy laws and, 638–639
freedom of expression and, 251
Greek blasphemy laws and, 408–409
hate speech in, 248
immoral cartoons in, 55, 58–59
Islam versus Christianity and Judaism in, 341–342
Italy
blasphemy laws and, 353–356
defamation of religion laws and, 354
Muhammad, depictions of
generally, 56, 159n127
as artistic expression, 355
as blasphemy, 57–58, 341–342
ECtHR jurisprudence and, 286–287
Italian blasphemy laws and, 353–356
Norwegian blasphemy laws and, 573–574
refusal of other media to publish cartoons, 250
terrorism, linking Islam to, 58
terrorist attack against(See Charlie Hebdo attack (2015))
xenophobic cartoons in, 55, 58–59
Charlie Hebdo attack (2015)
generally, 1–2, 53, 139, 432, 455, 645, 702
overview, 12
blasphemy as cause of, 147–149, 223
Committee of Ministers and, 225
freedom of expression and, 81–82
German blasphemy laws and, 358
insult and ridicule as cause of, 194
Norwegian blasphemy laws and, 19
Parliamentary Assembly and, 225
public order and, 249
16/18 process and, 20, 667
workplace, effect on, 697–698
Chassan, Joseph Pierre, 37
Chatelain, R.T., 37
Chikh, Slimane, 664
Chile
blasphemy laws in, 559, 559n27
Oficina Nacional de Asuntos Religiosos, 672
16/18 process in, 659, 672
Chilling effect
of blasphemy laws
in Ireland, 456
in Pakistan, 175n28
in Poland, 427–428
on Charlie Hebdo, 360
Danish Cartoon Controversy and, 452
freedom of expression, chilling effect of terrorism on, 360
China, censorship in, 221
Christian V (Norway), 555–556
Christianity
Bible. (See Poland)
blasphemy in, 140–141, 199–200
Charlie Hebdo, Islam versus Christianity and Judaism in, 341–342
discrimination against, 225, 226, 358–360
European Union, attempts to enshrine Judeo-Christian heritage in, 87–88
hostility toward, 162n141
secularism versus, 225–226
Christodoulos (Archbishop), 396, 410
Christopoulos, Dimitris, 403, 406, 407
Christus mit der Gasmaske (art work), 360
Church Café (Finnish Internet forum), 329
Church of England
generally, 205, 609
British blasphemy laws limited to, 124–126, 131, 203, 597, 601–602, 603, 608, 614n114, 615
Church of Ireland, 603
Church of Norway, 560n30
Church of Scientology, 171, 301n33
Churches, protection against defamation as reason for restrictions on freedom of expression, 234–235
Cianitto, Cristiana, 16
City of God (Augustine), 580n12
Civility, 501–504
Cizik, Richard, 712
Clashing universalisms, 76–81
“Clash of civilisations”
generally, 224
overview, 168
blasphemy laws and, 175–178
human rights and, 224–225
The Clash of Civilisations (Huntington), 627
Clémenceau, Georges, 38
Clinton, Hillary, 91, 174, 214–215, 657
Coke, Lord, 587, 588n42
Coleman, Peter, 512, 524
Coleridge, Lord, 203–204, 589
Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR)
generally, 649
blasphemy laws and, 144–145
Declaration on Religious Intolerance and Discrimination and, 648–649
Defamation of Religion Resolutions, 2–3, 57, 67–69, 115, 208–209, 650–653
historical background, 646–647, 677
Otto-Preminger-Institut case, 144–145
Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 677
Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD), 403–404, 405, 570
Committee of Ministers
blasphemy laws and, 5
Charlie Hebdo attack and, 225
ECHR and, 475
Ireland and, 473, 475
Communitarianism versus individualism, blasphemy laws and, 212–215
Conscience, freedom of.See Freedom of conscience
Constantine (Rome), 579–580
Context
of blasphemy, 302
of blasphemy laws, 217–219
of expression, 305–306
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 567
Convention against Torture, 648
Conversion blasphemy, 187–188
Copenhagen attack (2015), 1, 358, 432, 447, 455
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 215–216
de Cordier, Thierry, 396–398
Cornils, Matthias, 15–16, 17
Corpus Christi (play), 400–401, 400n33, 402, 404n43, 406
Council of Europe
Committee of Ministers
blasphemy laws and, 5
Charlie Hebdo attack and, 225
Ireland and, 473, 475
ECtHR. (See European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR))
Parliamentary Assembly. (See Parliamentary Assembly)
Venice Commission(See Venice Commission)
Cox, Neville, 12, 170, 179, 226, 229, 243–244, 460
Cram, Ian, 13, 287n113
The Crisis of Rights (Christopoulos), 409
Criticism of religion, right of, 375–377
Croatia, blasphemy laws in, 96–97
Crucifixes, 351n36
Cruz, Ted, 91
“Cultural racism,” 492n41
Cumper, Peter, 13–14
Curtis Culwell Center attack (2015), 1, 358
Cyprus, blasphemy laws in, 96–97
Czech Republic, blasphemy laws in, 96–97
Dacey, Austin, 142
Dalloz (publisher), 37
Danish Cartoon Controversy
generally, 139, 179n44, 194, 223, 250, 286–287, 341, 359, 432, 452–453, 455, 702
attempts to prosecute regarding, 436–437
Charlie Hebdo compared, 355–356
chilling effect and, 452
Copenhagen attack and, 1
differential treatment of Islam and Christianity, 162n144
ECtHR and, 146
in Finland, 327, 333, 336
freedom of expression and, 251
incitement to hatred laws and, 187
insult and ridicule, cartoons as, 499–500
lack of prosecution regarding, 173
in Netherlands, 639
in Norway, 562, 573
protests regarding, 707–708
refusal of other media to publish cartoons, 250
self-censorship and, 452
self-restraint model and, 161–162
16/18 process and, 672, 675
workplace, effect on, 697–698
Danish PEN (NGO), 432, 441–442, 447, 453
Danish People's Church (Folkekirke), 448–449, 450
Dansk Muslimsk Forening, 450
Darski, Adam “Nergal,” 415n13, 425–426
Darwin, Charles, 588–589
Das Liebeskonzil (film), 269, 273
Dawkins, Richard, 507
Death penalty for blasphemy, 182
Death to Prison, Freedom to Protest (Pussy Riot song), 310
Debate-speech, 287–293
Decelerants
after provocation, 715–716
defined, 708–709
before provocation, 714
during provocation, 714–715
speaker affinity groups as, 712
speakers as, 712
victim affinity groups as, 713
victims as, 713
Declaration on Religious Intolerance and Discrimination, 646–649, 651, 677
Defamation of religion laws
overview, 207–210
blasphemy laws compared, 150n74
changes in blasphemy laws and, 117–120
in Finland, 322–323, 324
freedom of conscience and, 207–208, 651–653
freedom of expression, protection of churches against as reason for restrictions on, 234–235
in Germany
basic principles, 367–369
fundamental rights analysis, 373–374
public order as argument for prohibition of, 370–373
hate speech laws compared, 68–69
Human Rights Council and, 115
incitement to hatred laws and, 208
in Italy
overview, 346–347
Charlie Hebdo, depictions of Muhammad in, 354
individuals, 348–350
religious denominations, 350–352
mens rea in, 349, 352
in Norway, 571–573
public morality and, 80n59
Special Rapporteur and, 652–653
Defamation of Religion Resolutions, 2–3, 57, 67–69, 115, 208–209, 650–653
Deference by European Court of Human Rights, 143–147, 146n55, 264–266, 265n21, 271–272, 275–277, 288–289, 290, 420
Defining characteristics, religion and, 71–72
Definitions
blasphemy, 57, 140–142, 198–199, 203–204, 227–228, 459–460, 519, 577–578
religion, 207
Deliberative democracy, 213
Denmark
abolition, 432
Alien's Act, 17, 432, 438–439
blasphemy laws in
generally, 4, 97, 173–174, 181
overview, 16–17, 431–432, 451–455
arguments for abolishing, 442–444
arguments for retaining, 444–445
conformity with other countries, 443
dormant nature of, 434–439
freedom of expression versus, 442–443
historical background, 433
minority religions, effect on, 453, 454
narrow construction of, 444
as outdated, 442
prosecutions under, 434–437, 444
public order and, 433, 444, 445, 453–455
rarity of use, 173
religious community requirement, 443
religious promulgators and, 438–439, 450–451
status of offence and, 434–439
Conservative People's Party, 446, 451
Copenhagen attack (2015), 1, 358, 432, 447, 455
Criminal Law Council report, 442–445
generally, 432, 441, 451
arguments for abolishing blasphemy laws, 442–444
arguments for retaining blasphemy laws, 444–445
Danish PEN and, 447
political parties, views of, 445–447
religious communities, views of, 448–451
Danish Cartoon Controversy. (See Danish Cartoon Controversy)
Danish PEN (NGO), 432, 441–442, 447, 453
Danish People's Party, 441–442, 447, 451
freedom of expression in, 442–443
hate speech laws in, 434, 444, 452, 454
Institute for Human Rights, 432, 439, 441
insult and ridicule, protection against, 433–434, 444–445, 452
Jesus, depictions of, 435–436
Jews in, 449–450, 453
Liberal Alliance, 441–442, 446–447
Ministry of Justice, 435–436, 448
multiculturalism in, 443
Penal Code of 1866, 433
Penal Code of 1933
Article 140 generally, 431–432
Article 266b, 434, 444, 452, 454
Criminal Law Council report and, 442–445
dormant nature of, 434–439
historical background, 433
Institute for Human Rights and, 441
political parties, views of, 445–447
recent developments, 441–442
religious communities, views of, 448–451
Special Rapporteur and, 440
Quran, desecration of, 453–454
Red-Green Alliance, 446
religious sensitivities, protection of, 433–434, 452
Roman Catholicism in, 449
16/18 process in, 670–671, 672, 676
Social Democratic Party, 445–446, 451
Socialist People's Party, 446
Social-Liberal Party, 446
Special Rapporteur and, 17, 432, 439–441, 453
Venice Commission and, 443
Venstre Party, 446
“Your Faith—My Faith,” 676
Denning, Lord, 166, 600
Dershowitz, Alan, 103–104
Dialogue (Dutch magazine), 625
Dignity
freedom of expression and, 286n109
hate speech laws and, 246–247
religious sensitivities, protection of, 255
Dimitras, Panayote, 404–405, 404n45, 406
Discourses on Livy (Machiavelli), 109–112
Disruption of religious proceedings
in Finland, 322–323
in Italy, 352–353
in Poland, 415–416
Doe, Norman, 117, 119, 601, 602, 603, 604, 605, 606–607
Donahoe, Eileen, 658
Donatist Schism, 579–580
Dormant blasphemy laws
overview, 4, 16–18
Australia. (See Australia)
Canada. (See Canada)
Denmark. (See Denmark)
Ireland. (See Ireland)
United States. (See United States)
Double standards regarding blasphemy laws, 2–4
Douglas, Lawrence, 243
Douglas, William O., 108
Douthat, Ross, 226
Dupin, André, 39
Dutch Association against Cursing, 626
Dworkin, Ronald, 152, 188, 246–247, 250
East India Company, 587–588
Ecclesiastical courts in England, 200–201, 584–586
ECHR.See European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
ECtHR.See European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)
Edmund-Davies, Lord, 205
Edward VI (England), 121
Eliot, T.S., 210, 221–222
Elizabeth I (England), 582n23
Ellis, Anthony, 229
Emanuel American Methodist Episcopal Church (Charleston) shooting (2015), 709–711, 709n21, 710n22, 714n35, 715–716
Employment, religious rights and.(See Workplace, religious rights in)
End Blasphemy Laws Now campaign, 403–405
England.See United Kingdom
English Reformation, 121–122, 201, 582
Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 358
Ergüven, Abdullah Riza, 300–301
Esposito, John L., 715
European Commission on Human Rights
generally, 421n36
Ireland and, 460–461
Otto-Preminger-Institut v. Austria, 270n40
Poland and, 420, 426
European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
actus reus of blasphemy and, 468
ambivalence regarding blasphemy laws, 97
Article 7, 603, 616
Article 8, 286
Article 9
generally, 426, 578n7
balancing with Article 10, 151–152, 235–236, 272, 286–287, 473–475, 598–599, 600
blasphemy under, 603
freedom of conscience and, 413–414, 460–461, 683–684, 685–686
gratuitous offence and, 273
insult and ridicule, protection against, 143–144, 271
political speech versus artistic expression, 279–281
private offence under, 146
public life, religion in, 234
Article 10
generally, 282, 283, 288, 416, 459, 605
balancing with Article 9, 151–152, 235–236, 272, 286–287, 473–475, 598–599, 600
France and, 42
freedom of expression under, 260–265, 267–268, 565–566, 683–684, 685–686
gratuitous offence and, 274–275
Halla-aho case and, 332
insult and ridicule, protection against, 97, 143–144
Otto-Preminger-Institut v. Austria, 270–271
political speech versus artistic expression, 279–281
religious sensitivities, protection of, 476, 605
satire and, 284–286
shift in jurisprudence under, 145
blasphemy laws and, 603–604, 616
Committee of Ministers and, 475
freedom of conscience in, 235–236
freedom of expression in, 260–265, 267–268, 565–566, 683–684, 685–686
immoral speech and, 54–55, 60–61, 62–63, 77, 80
insult and ridicule under, 363, 683
jurisdiction, 146
Muslim clothing under, 292n132
negative obligations under, 288n115
positive obligations under, 288n115
public manifestation of religious belief under, 89n8
restrictions on speech under, 54–55, 60–61, 62–63, 77, 80
resurrection of blasphemy laws and, 151–152
right to blasphemy in, 114, 133
United Kingdom and, 609
incorporation in, 597
workplace, applicability to, 686–688, 687n24
European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)
generally, 4–6
overview, 15, 259–260, 293
actus reus of blasphemy and, 468
artistic expression in, 269–272, 279–281
assimilationism in, 112–113
Austria in, 97
blasphemy laws and
generally, 416–417
overview, 143–147, 296–300, 591–593
divisions regarding, 300
flaws in reasoning regarding, 297
shift in jurisprudence of, 281, 286–287, 303–304
toleration of, 296–297, 298
Choudhury v. United Kingdom, 591, 684
Danish Cartoon Controversy and, 146
“deep end of pool” metaphor, 266n22, 269
deference by, 143–147, 146n55, 264–266, 265n21, 271–272, 275–277, 288–289, 290, 420
France in, 42–43, 45–48, 49
freedom of conscience in, 235–236
freedom of expression in, 265–266
Gay News v. United Kingdom, 598–599
Giniewski v. France, 281–282
gratuitous offence, 271, 272–275, 312–313, 504
Handyside v. United Kingdom, 262–265
hate speech laws in, 68–69, 245
Holocaust denial in, 243n44
Human Rights Committee compared, 55n4
İ.A. v. Turkey, 276–277, 300–303
immoral speech in, 62–63
insult and ridicule, protection against, 270–271, 683–684
Ireland in, 98, 473–475
Jersild v. Denmark, 267–268
Klein v. Slovakia, 283–284, 303
level of scrutiny in, 278–279
Lingens v. Austria, 266–267
margin of appreciation, 264–269, 265n21, 271–272, 275–277, 288–289, 290, 420
Mouvement Raeliën Suisse v. Switzerland, 288–293
Muslim clothing in, 292n132
Netherlands in, 636
Norway in, 565–566
offensive speech in, 238
Otto-Preminger-Institut v. Austria, 42–43, 144, 173, 269–272, 312, 683–684
political speech
artistic expression versus, 279–281
blasphemy versus, 304–311
“Pussy Riot” case. (See “Pussy Riot” case)
reform models in, 165
religious sensitivities, protection of, 270–271, 380
right to blasphemy in, 114
“rule of law” test, 416, 416n15
“shallow end of pool” metaphor, 265–269, 266n22
TV Vest AS & Rogaland Pensjonistparti v. Norway, 565–566
United Kingdom in, 19, 97–98, 126–127, 461, 591–593, 598–599, 604–606, 609, 616
Vereinigung Bildener Künstler v. Austria, 284–286
Wingrove v. United Kingdom, 275–276, 599–600, 604–605
European Humanist Federation, 404, 404n43
European UnionSee also specific country
blasphemy laws in, 3, 96–99
Charter of Fundamental Rights, 88
Judeo-Christian heritage, attempts to enshrine in, 87–88
16/18 process and, 675–676
Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, 320–321, 324
Evatt, Clive, 523
Expression, freedom of.(See Freedom of expression)
Facebook
Greece, blasphemous posts in, 399–400
Muhammad, offensive statements regarding on, 328–329
Family Guy (television program), 186
Farinacius, Prosper, 553
Feinberg, Joel, 59n15, 60, 278n77, 686
Fenwick, Helen, 280n83
Feuerbach, Ludwig, 391–392
Fielding, Henry, 124–125
Field of Dreams (film), 189
The Fifteen Plagues of Maidenhead (Read), 585
Fighting words, 185n70, 546–549, 703–704
Finland
anti-Semitism in, 330
blasphemy laws in
generally, 4, 97, 411n1
overview, 15, 317–318, 337–338
attempts to abolish, 337, 337n73
convictions under, 326–330
discussion of, 333–336
historical background, 318–322
legal analysis of, 322–326
Netherlands compared, 338n76
religious community requirement, 324–326
secularism and, 334
societal context, 318–322
uniqueness of religion and, 334–335
Constitution, 319, 321
Constitutional Law Committee, 323
Criminal Code, 317, 318, 318n3, 319, 334–335, 338
Danish Cartoon Controversy in, 327, 333, 336
defamation of religion laws in, 322–323, 324
disruption of religious proceedings in, 322–323, 324
Freedom of Religion Act, 319, 321–322, 324–326
“immigration criticism,” 322
incitement to hatred laws in, 326
independence of, 319
insult and ridicule, protection against, 323
Jesus, depictions of, 327–328
Legal Affairs Committee, 323
mosques, vandalism of, 329–330
Muhammad, depictions of, 327, 328
multiculturalism in, 321
Muslims in, 320–321
Parliamentary Assembly and, 332–333
Patent and Registration Office, 325
Perussoumalaiset Party, 322, 322n18, 330
Suomen Sisu (political organisation), 322, 330
Suomen Vastarintaliike (political organisation), 322
Vapaa-Ajattelijatry (association), 327–328
Finnish Orthodox Church, 324
Fitna (film), 632–633
Flaubert, Gustave, 35n30
Fletcher, Robin, 532
Fokas, Effie, 16
Forman, Miloš, 303
For the Freedom of Art (Takis), 406
Fortser, William, 522
Fortuyn, Pim, 628
Forum externum, 305, 312
Forum internum, 305, 312, 335
Fox, Jonathan, 99
Fragmentation of international law, 4–9
France
Act of 22 July 1791, 30–31
Act of 17 May 1819, 34–36, 35n30
Act of 25 March 1822, 36–37
Act of 29 July 1881, 38–40, 41–42, 46, 51–52
Act of 9 December 1905, 40, 50, 51
anti-Semitism in, 69
blasphemy laws in
overview, 12, 25, 52
in Alsace-Moselle, 50–52
general principles of contemporary law, 41–49
Pietists and, 35–36
pre-Revolution, 26–29
Revolution to Third Republic, 30–38
Third Republic, 38–40
Charlie Hebdo. (See Charlie Hebdo (French magazine))
Civil Code, 41
Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790), 30
Constitution, 39, 50–51
Constitutional Charter of 1814, 34
Criminal Code of 1791, 30
Criminal Code of 1810, 31–34
Déclaration des droits de l’homme (1789), 25, 41
in ECtHR, 42–43, 45–48, 49
German Criminal Code, applicability in Alsace-Moselle, 50–52
Marchandeau decree, 40
Paris attacks (2015), 68, 645
Pleven Act, 40
Francis (Pope), 11, 194–195
Frankfurt, Harry, 170
Frankfurter, Felix, 107–108
Frederickson, George M., 492
Frederiksen, Mette, 445–446
Freedom of conscience
blasphemy laws versus, 616
defamation of religion laws and, 207–208, 651–653
in ECHR, 235–236
Article 9, 413–414, 460–461, 683–684, 685–686
in ECtHR, 235–236
freedom of expression, protection as reason for restrictions on, 235–237
Human Rights Committee and, 77–78
ICCPR and, 208, 413–414
intellectual liberty and, 215–217
in Ireland, 464
in Poland, 413–414, 413n8
public morality and, 77–79
religious sensitivities, protection of, 151n86
Freedom of expression
artistic expression(See Artistic expression)
blasphemy laws versus, 168, 616
Charlie Hebdo attack and, 81–82
chilling effect of terrorism on, 360
criminalisation of speech, 207–208, 209
criticism of religion, right of, 375–377
Danish Cartoon Controversy and, 251
debate-speech, 287–293
democracy and, 262–263, 263n13, 265–269
in Denmark, 442–443
dignity and, 286n109
in ECHR, 260–265, 267–268, 565–566, 683–684, 685–686
in ECtHR, 265–269
fighting words, 185n70, 546–549
in Germany
criticism of religion, right of, 375–377
insult and ridicule, protection against as reason for restrictions on, 381–382
justification for restrictions on, 377
practice of religion, protection as reason for restrictions on, 378–379
religion-specific protection, 385–387
religious sensitivities, protection as reason for restrictions on, 380–381
tolerance, protection as reason for restrictions on, 382–385
gratuitous offence and, 271, 272–275, 312–313
hate speech laws versus, 497
ICCPR and, 78, 164n150, 197, 206, 209
individual and, 263, 287–293
in Ireland, 458–459, 468
Islam and, 147–148
“marketplace of ideas,” 296n8
in Poland, 416–421
political speech
artistic expression versus, 279–281
blasphemy versus, 304–311
public debate and, 312–313
public morality and, 76–77
restrictions on
churches, protection against defamation as reason for, 234–235
freedom of conscience, protection as reason for, 235–237
hate speech laws, 245–248, 255
Holocaust denial, 63–64, 242–245
offensive speech, 237–242
public order, protection as reason for, 248–249, 255
religious sensitivities, protection as reason for, 237–245
rights versus responsibilities, 249–253
satire, 284–286
self-restraint model and, 161–162
societal progress and, 263
in United Kingdom, 612–615
in United States, 545–549
viewpoint-based restrictions on, 549
weight of expression, 262–265
Freethinker (British magazine), 589
The Free Thinker (Norwegian magazine), 557–558
Future of blasphemy laws, 19–21
Gaenswein, Monsignor, 350
Galileo Galilei, 215–216
Garcia, Rodrigo, 359
Garcia Oliva, Javier, 599, 601
Gasparri, Alberto, 194
Gates, Robert M., 214–215
Gatti, Mauro, 96–97
Gay News (British magazine), 126n61, 589–590, 598–599
Gearty, Conor, 265, 266n22
Geller, Pamela, 1
German Law Association, 362
Germany
Basic Law
generally, 387
criticism of religion, right of, 375
fundamental rights analysis, 373–374
Holocaust denial under, 63
insult and ridicule, protection against, 362, 366, 369
practice of religion, protection as reason for restrictions on freedom of expression, 378
public order and, 363
religion-specific protection, 385, 386–387
restrictions on freedom of expression, 377
blasphemy laws in
generally, 4, 15–16, 97, 173–174, 181, 192–193
overview, 387–388
attempts to abolish, 361–362
changes in, 117, 118, 119
Charlie Hebdo attack and, 358
constitutional legitimacy of, 374–375
convictions under, 361
Holocaust denial compared, 63–64
public order as argument for, 363
support for, 363
Criminal Code
generally, 629
blasphemy in, 117, 358, 361, 362
defamation of religion laws in, 367–369, 370, 373–374
insult and ridicule, protection against, 364, 367
religious sensitivities, protection of, 364, 367
restrictions on freedom of expression under, 377
tolerance, protection of, 382–383
defamation of religion laws in
basic principles, 367–369
fundamental rights analysis, 373–374
public order as argument for prohibition of, 370–373
freedom of expression in
criticism of religion, right of, 375–377
insult and ridicule, protection against as reason for restrictions on, 381–382
justification for restrictions on, 377
practice of religion, protection as reason for restrictions on, 378–379
religion-specific protection, 385–387
religious sensitivities, protection as reason for restrictions on, 380–381
tolerance, protection as reason for restrictions on, 382–385
German Law Association, 362
hate speech laws in, 379
insult and ridicule, protection against, 364–367, 381–382, 411n1
Muhammad, depictions of, 361
Quran, desecration of, 370–371
religion-specific protection, 385–387
religious sensitivities, protection of, 364–367, 380–381
tolerance, protection of, 382–385
Ghanea, Nazila, 20
The Ghost (film), 360
Gil, Guilhem, 12
Giménez Barbat, María Teresa, 412n5
Godard, J.P., 43–44
God has no need of a public attorney: Church, Blasphemy, and Golden Dawn (HLHR book), 402–403
Golgota Picnic (art work), 359
Goodall, Kay, 604, 618
Gorgoroth (Norwegian band), 424–425
Gratuitous offence, 271, 272–275, 312–313, 504
Greece
artistic expression in, 394–401
Bavarian Code of 1813, 391–392
blasphemy laws in
generally, 4, 97
overview, 16, 389–391, 408–410
attempts to abolish, 401–405
Charlie Hebdo and, 408–409
debate regarding, 406–408
discriminatory application of, 408
historical background, 391–394
prosecutions under, 394–401
resurfacing of, 391
uniqueness of religion and, 407–408
Constitution, 390, 398, 402n37
Criminal Code
Article 198, 390, 403–404
Article 199, 390, 398, 403–404
Criminal Law of 1834, 391
Facebook, blasphemous posts on, 399–400
“God's Advocates,” 389
Golden Dawn Party, 400–401
Hellenic League for Human Rights (HLHR), 402–403
Human Rights Committee and, 404n42
insult and ridicule, protection against, 390, 411n1
Jesus, depictions of, 394–401
Ministry of Justice, 405
Ministry of Press and Tourism, 393
“Morality Police Force,” 392
Office of the Ombudsman, 402
Organization for the Promotion of Greek Culture, 402
self-censorship in, 406–407
Greece (Ancient), blasphemy laws in, 199
Greek Helsinki Monitor, 404–405, 404n43
Greek Orthodox Church, 408
Greve, Vagn, 454
Griffith, Samuel, 516–517
Grosz, George, 360
Habermas, Jürgen, 213
Haderer, Gerhard, 398–399
Hadrian (Rome), 579n10
Hagen, Carl I., 561, 562
Hail Mary (film), 43–44
Hajncel, Paweł, 427
Hale, Lord, 202–203, 581–582, 581n20, 583, 584, 586, 588, 589
Halla-aho, Jussi, 322, 330–333, 334, 336
Hambler, Andrew, 20
Handyside, Richard, 264
Hannaford, John, 530
Harassment in workplace, 688–691
Hare, Ivan, 19, 603–604, 607, 614
Harries, Richard, 160
Harris, Evan, 608–610
Hate speech laws.(See also Incitement to hatred laws)
generally, 14
overview, 20–21, 210–212
attribution of belief and, 487–489
in Australia, 527–528, 530–531
beliefs versus groups as targets of speech, 486–487
in Canada
overview, 481–482
challenges of, 485–487
Islam and, 484–485, 489–491
Mark Steyn case, 495–499
religion as target of hate speech laws, 482–485
civility versus, 502–503
conduct as speech, 701n1
defamation of religion laws compared, 68–69
in Denmark, 434, 444, 452, 454
dignity and, 246–247
in ECtHR, 68–69, 245
freedom of expression versus, 497
in Germany, 379
gratuitous offence and, 504
history of violence and, 497–498
ICCPR and, 68–69, 379
incitement to hatred laws versus, 247–248
misinformation and, 496
in Netherlands
blasphemy versus hate speech, 636–637, 638
criticism of religion versus, 638–640
homosexuality and, 635
in Norway
overview, 566–571
anti-Semitism and, 570–571
blasphemy versus hate speech, 571
disability and, 567
homosexuality and, 567, 569
Nazis and, 569–570
in Poland, 418
public debate and, 496–497
religious hate speech, 210–212
restrictions on speech, 245–248, 255
16/18 process and, 211
in United States, 549
violence, prevention of, 211–212
Havansi, Erkki, 335
Hayat, Farooq, 181n53
Hayat, Zahra, 177, 181n52, 182, 185n68, 192–193
Hellenic League for Human Rights (HLHR), 402–403
Henriksson, Anna-Maja, 333–334
Henry, Patrick, 105
Henry VIII (England), 121, 582, 582n23
Herrenberg, Tom, 174–175, 175n28
Herzfeld, Michael, 392n6
Hess, Rudolf, 569
Hill, Mark, 13, 19, 603
Hillgruber, Christian, 363
Historical background of blasphemy laws
overview, 199–200
in Australia, 513–514
in Denmark, 433
in Finland, 318–322
in Greece, 391–394
in Italy, 342–344
in Netherlands, 620–623
in Norway, 554–560
in Poland, 413
in United Kingdom, 94–96, 121–127, 199, 200–206, 596–601
in United States, 535–539
Hitchens, Christopher, 507
Hochmann, Thomas, 183
Holder, Cindy, 160
Holdsworth, William S., 588
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 217, 250–251, 296n8
Holocaust denial
generally, 14
blasphemy compared, 242–245
in Canada, 483
in ECtHR, 243n44
in Germany, 63
in Netherlands, 639
restrictions on, 63–64, 242–245
Honour killings, 340n4
Howard, Erica, 19
Humanist Union of Greece, 403–404
Human Rights Committee
overview, 6–7
blasphemy laws and, 76–77, 116, 132, 206, 298–299
ECtHR compared, 55n4
freedom of conscience and, 77–78
General Comment 34
Australia and, 524
blasphemy laws and, 76–77, 116, 132, 167, 206, 298–299
Ireland and, 471–472, 473, 477
Greece and, 404n42
incitement to hatred laws and, 705
Norway and, 564–565
public morality and, 79, 80
Human Rights Council
Declaration on Religious Intolerance and Discrimination and, 647
defamation of religion laws and, 115
Defamation of Religion Resolutions and, 209
incitement to hatred laws and, 115
Norway and, 565
16/18 process. (See 16/18 process)
Human Rights First, 674
Human Rights Watch, 512–513
Hungary, blasphemy laws in, 120
Huntington, Samuel, 164n149, 175n29, 627
Hussain, Abid, 472
Al Hussein, Zeid Ra’ad, 645
Huxley, Thomas, 588–589
ICCPR.See International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)
Iceland, blasphemy laws in, 153, 411–412
ICERD.See International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)
İhsanoğlu, Ekmeleddin, 653, 656–657
Illman, Mika, 331–332
Immoral speech.(See also Public morality)
in Charlie Hebdo cartoons, 55, 58–59
community, offensiveness to, 62–67
ECHR and, 54–55, 60–61, 62–63, 77, 80
ICCPR and, 54–55, 60–61, 77, 79–80
individuals, offensiveness to, 59–62
“N” word, 60, 61
political correctness and, 60n16
restrictions on, 55–56, 59–67
Immutability
religion and, 69–71
religious sensitivities, as argument for protection of, 230–232
Inadvertent blasphemy, 168, 186
Incitement to hatred laws.(See also Hate speech laws)
overview, 115, 704n12
arguments against model, 156–157
arguments for model, 155–156
audience and, 704–705
blasphemy versus incitement, 615–616
in Canada, 481–482
Danish Cartoon Controversy and, 187
defamation of religion laws and, 208
in Finland, 326
hate speech laws versus, 247–248
Human Rights Committee and, 705
Human Rights Council and, 115
ICCPR and, 197, 208, 704–705, 705n15
in Ireland, 462, 468
in Italy, 346, 356
in Netherlands, 632–635
“Pussy Riot” case and, 305, 313–314
Rabat Plan of Action and, 115–117, 115n6, 155, 171n13
as reform model, 154–158
religious sensitivities and, 167n3, 172
16/18 process, under, 155, 657–658, 673–674
in United Kingdom, 128–131, 610–612, 615–616
Venice Commission and, 155, 155n105
India
Penal Code, 172, 175–176, 182, 184–185, 189, 190, 592n62
religious conflict in, 172, 187–188
Individualism versus communitarianism, blasphemy laws and, 212–215
Indonesia
Ministry of Religious Affairs, 671–672
16/18 process in, 671–672, 676
Inequal power.See Powerlessness
The Innocence of Muslims (film), 174, 194, 341, 359–360, 675, 707n20
Innocent III (Pope), 580–581
Inquisition, 215–216, 580
Insult and ridicule, protection against
overview, 137–140
argument for, 99–103
in Australia, 532–533
as basis of blasphemy laws, 682–686
blasphemy distinguished, 596
in Canada, 499–501
Charlie Hebdo attack and, 194
civility and, 501–504
Danish Cartoon Controversy and, 499–500
in Denmark, 433–434, 444–445, 452
in ECHR, 363, 683
Article 9, 143–144, 271
Article 10, 97, 143–144
in ECtHR, 270–271, 683–684
in Finland, 323
in Germany, 364–367, 381–382, 411n1
in Greece, 390, 411n1
indirect insult, 630–632
in Ireland, 464–466
in Italy, 346–347, 354, 411n1
in Netherlands, 630–632
in Poland, 413–414, 417–421
public significance of religion and, 507–508
“Pussy Riot” case and, 305, 312
rational criticism versus, 505–506
in United Kingdom, 588–594, 596
in United States, 545–546
Venice Commission and, 6
Intellectual liberty, blasphemy laws and, 215–217
Intent to cause harm, blasphemy laws and, 182–183
Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 559, 559n27
Inter-faith disputes, 141
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD), 19, 354–355, 403–404, 526, 567, 570
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)
generally, 184, 578n7
overview, 6–8
abrogated blasphemy laws and, 19
Australia and, 524, 526–527
blasphemy laws and, 116, 206
freedom of conscience and, 208, 413–414
freedom of expression and, 78, 164n150, 197, 206, 209
hate speech laws and, 68–69, 379
immoral speech and, 54–55, 60–61, 77, 79–80
incitement to hatred laws and, 197, 208, 704–705, 705n15
Ireland and, 477–478
Norway and, 564
restrictions on speech under, 54–55, 60–61, 77, 79–80
16/18 process and, 664–665, 666, 667–668, 673
United States and, 197–198
International Crisis Group, 512–513
International Humanist and Ethical Union, 404
Internet, blasphemy laws and, 220–221
Intra-faith disputes, 141
Ioakeimidis, Christos, 396
Iran
blasphemy laws in, 173–174, 438
censorship in, 221
Ireland
bill to abolish blasphemy ban, 457
blasphemy laws in
generally, 4, 97, 192–193, 674
overview, 17, 456–457, 478–479
attempts to abolish, 456–457
chilling effect of, 456
Constitutional Convention, criticism by, 470
Constitution and, 458–461
Constitution Review Group, criticism by, 469–470
dearth of case law regarding, 460
freedom of expression versus, 468
Law Reform Commission, criticism by, 467–469
Pakistan compared, 64, 173
Censorship of Films Act 1923, 461
Committee of Ministers and, 475, 476–477
Constitutional Convention, 65n30, 461, 467, 470
Constitution of 1922, 459, 463–464
Constitution of 1937
Article 40.1, 464
Article 40.6.1, 458–459, 469, 470–471
Article 44, 460–461, 460n18, 464
blasphemy under, 64–65, 456–457, 458–461, 603
fundamental rights under, 458
promulgation of, 458
unenumerated rights under, 458
Constitution Review Group, 459, 461, 469–470
Corway v. Independent Newspapers (Ireland) Ltd., 603–604
Defamation Act 1961, 462–464, 471
Defamation Act 2009
generally, 65n29, 89–90, 90n14, 298, 456–457, 470–471, 674
overview, 64–66, 464–467
insult and ridicule, protection against, 17, 228, 464–466
Pakistan compared, 173
as reform model, 149–154
Section 36, 464–466
Section 37, 464–466
Department of Justice and Equality, 467
Director of Film Classification, 461
in ECtHR, 98, 473–475
equal treatment of religion in, 460–461, 460n18
European Commission on Human Rights and, 460–461
freedom of conscience in, 464
freedom of expression in, 458–459, 468
Human Rights Committee General Comment 34 and, 471–472, 473, 477
ICCPR and, 477–478
incitement to hatred laws in, 462, 468
insult and ridicule, protection against, 464–466
Law Reform Commission, 461, 462, 463, 464–465, 467–469
Law Reform Commission Act 1975, 467
Parliamentary Assembly and, 473, 475–477
Prohibition of Incitement to Hatred Act 1989, 462, 468
Rabat Plan of Action and, 473, 477–478
religious sensitivities, protection of, 475–477
Special Rapporteur and, 472
Stephen Fry incident, 462
Universal Periodic Review and, 472–473
Venice Commission and, 473, 476–477
Irish Faith Centre, 98
Irving, David, 63
ISIL.See Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)
Islam
Barelwis sect, 176–177, 188
blasphemy in, 80–81, 140–141, 164n151
blasphemy laws and, 197
Canada, hate speech laws in, 484–485, 489–491
Charlie Hebdo, Islam versus Christianity and Judaism in, 341–342
defining characteristics and, 71–72
in Denmark, 450
freedom of expression and, 147–148
Halla-aho case and, 330–332, 333
immutability and, 69–71
jihad, 74–75
Muslim clothing, 292n132
“Muslim Tide” and, 484, 489–491, 497, 498
as political ideology, 491
public morality and, 81, 82–83
Quran(See Quran)
race versus culture, 491–492
secularism versus, 225–226
sensitivity to blasphemy, 150–152, 334
shari'a law, 73–74, 75
terrorism, linking to, 58–59, 73–75, 491–495
Islamabad Declaration, 676
Islamic Council of Victoria, 531
Islamic Defence Council, 561
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), 1, 68, 73–74, 645
“Islamophobia”
OIC and, 649, 650–651
self-restraint model and, 160–161, 160n135
16/18 process in, 660–662, 664, 665, 666
Italy
Albertine Statute of 1848, 342–343, 345
blasphemy laws in
generally, 4, 97
overview, 16, 339–342, 356–357
Charlie Hebdo, depictions of Muhammad in, 353–356
confessional principle, 343–344
crucifixes and, 351n36
decriminalisation of, 346
historical background, 342–344
in Kingdom of Sardinia, 342
reform of, 346–347
religious denomination requirement, 347
secularity principle, 344
Constitution, 343–344, 345, 347, 357
Criminal Code
Article 402, 343, 344–346, 348n23
Article 403, 347, 348–350, 353, 354
Article 404, 347, 350–352
Article 405, 347, 352–353
Article 406, 343
Article 409, 353n40
Article 594, 346–347
Article 595, 346–347
Article 724, 343, 344, 345–346
defamation of religion laws in
overview, 346–347
Charlie Hebdo, depictions of Muhammad in, 354
individuals, 348–350
religious denominations, 350–352
disruption of religious proceedings in, 352–353
funerals, disruption of, 353n40
honour killings in, 340n4
incitement to hatred laws in, 346, 356
insult and ridicule, protection against, 346–347, 354, 411n1
Lateran Treaty of 1929, 343, 344, 345
multiculturalism in, 339, 340–341
National Institute for Statistics, 339n1
religious factor in culturally motivated crimes, 340
religious sensitivities, protection of, 346–347, 354
Rocco Criminal Code of 1932, 343–344
unification of, 342
Villa Madama Agreements of 1984, 344
Zanardelli Criminal Code of 1889, 342–343, 346, 516–517
Jackson, Robert H., 108
Jaeger, Hans, 557
Jahangir, Asma, 154, 208, 652–653
James I (England), 580n12
James II (England), 201
Janssen, Esther, 19
Jazairi, Idriss, 664
Jefferson, Thomas, 104, 107
Jensen, Siv, 562
Jeremy, Anthony, 614
Jerry Springer: the Opera (play), 95, 123–124, 163n145, 591n55, 600, 606–607, 695n58
“Je Suis Charlie,” 1, 53, 83, 148, 341, 408–409
Jesus
generally, 111
Denmark, depictions in, 435–436
Finland, depictions in, 327–328
Greece, depictions in, 394–401
hate speech regarding, 245
offensive depictions of, 162n144, 237, 252
workplace, blasphemy in, 692–694
Je vous salue, Marie (film), 519
Jihad, 74–75
John (England), 580–581
John Paul II (Pope), 281
Jones, Terry, 214–215, 706–707, 707n20, 712–713, 715
Jones, William Lorando, 512, 521–522
Judaism
anti-Semitism
in Canada, 482–484
in Finland, 330
in France, 69
blasphemy in, 140–141, 199–200
Charlie Hebdo, Islam versus Christianity and Judaism in, 341–342
in Denmark, 449–450, 453
European Union, attempts to enshrine Judeo-Christian heritage in, 87–88
Julius Caesar (Rome), 579–580
Juristikirje (Finnish magazine), 335
Justified blasphemy, 423–424
Jyllands-Posten (Danish newspaper), 58, 162n144, 286–287, 359, 360, 698n68. (See also Danish Cartoon Controversy)
Kahn, Robert, 14, 152n88, 225, 250
Kallinikos (Metropolitan), 396
Kamali, Mohammad Hashim, 150–151, 157
Kant, Immanuel, 191n94
Karzai, Hamid, 707n20
Kazantzakis, Nikos, 394
Keane, David, 159n127
Kearns, Paul, 142n38
Kekkonen, Urho, 320
Keller, Helen, 216
Khan, Muhammad Asif, 181n53, 182, 185n68
Khomeini, Ruhollah, 561
King, Martin Luther Jr., 594n67, 716–717
King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz International Centre for Inter-religious and Inter-cultural Dialogues, 676
Kirill (Patriarch), 308, 312
Kirkup, James, 685n14
Klinsmann, Jürgen, 367
Knechtle, John C., 14
Koch, Henning, 454
Koestler, Arthur, 330n52
Koltay, András, 14–15
Koskinen, Harro, 319, 320, 327, 338
Kostaras, Alexandros, 389
Kozak, Michael G., 665, 666
Kropotkin Vodka (Pussy Riot song), 309
Kulesza, Jan, 16
Kulesza, Joanna, 16
LaBute, Neil, 360
Laclau, Ernesto, 402
Lady Gaga, 194
LaNauze, John A., 525
Langer, Lorenz, 152n91
Lassen, Eva Maria, 16–17
The Last Days of the Romanovs (Wilton), 330
The Last Temptation of Christ (film), 44, 394–396, 403, 559
Laws, John, 578n7, 593
League of Defence Against Sects, 425
Legate, Bartholomew, 580n12
Leigh, Ian, 596
Lennon, Ann (Annie), 523
Lester, Anthony, 604
Lester, Lord, 613–614
Levy, Leonard, 143
Lewis, Tom, 15, 312–313
“Liberalism of fear,” 168, 179–185
“The Liberalism of Fear” (Shklar), 168
The Life of Jesus (Haderer), 398–399
Likelihood of harm from blasphemy, 302, 305
Limon, Marc, 20
Lintula, Oula-Antti, 337
Lisbon Treaty, 87
Lithuania, blasphemy laws in, 96–97
Little Red School Book, 264
Locke, John, 498, 587
Loizos, Phillipos, 399–400, 402–405, 406
Louis IX (France), 26
Louis XII (France), 27
Louis XIV (France), 28
“The Love Affairs of Jesus Christ” (film manuscript), 435
“The Love That Dares to Speak its Name” (Kirkup), 126, 126n62, 589–590, 598–599, 685, 685n14, 699n70
Lucius III (Pope), 580
Luther, Martin, 218
Macaulay, Lord, 175–176, 189, 190
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 13, 109–112
Machina (Polish magazine), 426
Maclean's (Canadian magazine), 484
Madison, James, 98, 105, 107
Madonna, 194, 426, 626
Mahmood, Saba, 148n70
Malaysia, 16/18 process in, 673
Malta, blasphemy laws in, 96–97
Mandela, Nelson, 716–717
Mansfield, Lord, 578n7, 588n42
The Many Faces of Jesus (film), 126
Margin of appreciation in European Court of Human Rights, 143–147, 146n55, 264–266, 265n21, 271–272, 275–277, 288–289, 290, 420
Maria Syndrome (play), 359, 374
“Marketplace of ideas,” 296n8
Márquez, Gabriel García, 457
Massacre (Siné), 126
McConnell, James, 153–154
McCrea, Ronan, 87
McGonagle, Tarlach, 17
McKellen, Ian, 699n70
McNally, Terrence, 400–401
Meischberger, Walter, 284–285, 286
“The Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments” (Madison), 105
Mens rea
of blasphemy, 125–126, 205, 206, 466
of defamation of religion, 349, 352
Metaxas, Ioannis, 393
Mexico
General Directorate for Religious Associations, 672
Interfaith Councils, 676
National Council to Prevent Discrimination, 672
16/18 process in, 672, 676
Michel, Albert Edward, 516
Midsummer Night’s Dance (Salama), 319
Mill, John Stuart, 61, 61n18, 231–232, 263
Milton, John, 505
Models of reform
overview, 163–166
incitement to hatred, 154–158
resurrection of blasphemy laws, 149–154
self-restraint, 158–163
Mohammed Gets a Boner (play), 360
Møller, Per Stig, 454
de Montesquieu, Baron, 541, 541n54
Monty Python's Flying Circus (television program), 186, 186n73, 188
Monty Python's Life of Brian (film), 126, 186, 186n73, 558–559, 626
Moon, Richard, 17–18
Moral objections to blasphemy laws, 179–180
Mortensen, Reid, 529
Mouffe, Chantal, 402
M to the power of N (Androulakis), 395–396, 403
Muhammad (Prophet)
Barelwis sect and, 176–177
blasphemy and, 150, 157, 178, 182, 183–184, 194
Charlie Hebdo, depictions in
generally, 56, 159n127
as artistic expression, 355
as blasphemy, 57–58, 341–342
ECtHR jurisprudence and, 286–287
Italian blasphemy laws and, 353–356
Danish Cartoon Controversy. (See Danish Cartoon Controversy)
Facebook, offensive statements regarding on, 328–329
Finland, depictions in, 327, 328
Germany, depictions in, 361
Halla-aho case and, 330–332, 333
hate speech regarding, 245
offensive depictions of, 237, 252
terrorism, cartoons linking to, 437
Yasak Tümceler, depiction in, 276–277, 300–301
YouTube video controversy, 223, 251–252
Mühl, Otto, 284–285
Muiznekis, Nils, 403
Muslim clothing, 292n132
“Muslimophobia,” 160–161, 160n135
“Muslim Tide,” 484, 489–491, 497, 498
Musri (Imam), 713
Nalliah, Daniel, 531
Narrow scope of blasphemy laws, 183–184
Nash, David, 190, 520
National Coalition Against Censorship, 402
National Gallery of Victoria, 510–511
National Secular Society, 126n62, 699n70
Nayler, James, 576n2
Nearer to Thee (Reve), 625
Necessity test for blasphemy laws, 421–423
Netherlands
blasphemy laws in
generally, 3n5, 4
overview, 19, 619–620, 640–641
Charlie Hebdo and, 638–639
Communism, in response to, 620–623
Finland compared, 338n76
hate speech laws versus, 636–637, 638
historical background, 620–623
intent element, 623–624
repeal of, 153, 298, 411–412, 635–638
Constitution, 636
Criminal Code of 1881
overview, 620
Article 137c, 630, 631–632, 633
Article 147(1), 621, 623–625
blasphemy under, 629
Danish Cartoon Controversy in, 639
Defamation of Islam case, 619, 630–632, 638
Democratic Party, 629, 635
Donkey trial, 619, 623–626
in ECtHR, 636
Freedom Party, 628
French Criminal Code and, 620
group defamation in, 630, 631–632, 633–634
hate speech laws in
blasphemy versus hate speech, 636–637, 638
criticism of religion versus, 638–640
homosexuality and, 635
Holocaust denial in, 639
incitement to hatred laws in, 632–635
insult and ridicule, protection against, 630–632
Labour Party, 628
Liberal Party, 628
Ministry of Justice, 629, 639–640
National Railway Company, 621
“new politics” in, 628
“pillar system” in, 627–628
Reformed Protestant Party, 625, 635–636
Scientific Research and Documentation Centre, 629, 639–640
VARA (broadcasting company), 626
Neuvonen, Riku, 318, 326
“New atheists,” 507
“New racism,” 492n41
New York Times, 224, 360
Nieznalska, Dorota, 423–424
Niinistö, Ville, 333–334
9/11 attacks, 650–651
Norway
blasphemy laws in
generally, 4, 439, 443
overview, 19, 553–554, 574–575
Charlie Hebdo and, 573–574
Charlie Hebdo attack and, 19
historical background, 554–560
reform proposals, 561–563
repeal of, 298, 411–412, 574
Boot Boys case, 569–570
Broadcast Act, 565–566
Christian Vs Norske Lov (Christian V’s Norwegian Law), 555–556
Church Ordinance, 555
Constitution, 556, 561, 564
Criminal Code of 1842, 556–557
Danish Cartoon Controversy in, 562, 573
defamation of religion laws in, 571–573
in ECtHR, 565–566
Film Board of Norway, 558–559
Freedom of Expression Commission, 562n44
Gulatingslov (canonical law), 554–555
hate speech laws in
overview, 566–571
anti-Semitism and, 570–571
blasphemy versus hate speech, 571
disability and, 567
homosexuality and, 567, 569
Nazis and, 569–570
Human Rights Committee and, 564–565
Human Rights Council and, 565
ICCPR and, 564
Law on Christian Dissenters of 1845, 557, 557n13, 559n29
Law on Faith Communities of 1969, 560
Norwegian Anti-Racist Centre, 570
Penal Code of 1902
generally, 553, 553n2
blasphemy under, 557–558
declaration of faith under, 562n44
defamation of religion under, 571–572
hate speech under, 566–569
reform proposals, 561–563
Progress Party, 561, 562
16/18 process in, 671
Vigrid case, 570–571
Norwegian Anti-Racist Centre, 570
Nuotio, Kimmo, 334
“N” word, 60, 61
Nygaard, William, 561
Oaths, 586–588
Obama, Barack, 214–215, 666, 712
Offensive speech, 237–242
Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights (OHCHR)
generally, 8
Rabat Plan of Action, 115–117, 115n6
16/18 process and, 660, 667–668, 673
Olav Haraldsson (Norway), 554
Olesen, Jens Arnfred, 557–558
Organisation of Islamic Co-Operation (OIC)
generally, 68, 83, 170, 174, 334
criticism of, 652–653
Defamation of Religion Resolutions and, 2–3, 152, 208, 577n3, 650–653
“Islamophobia” and, 649, 650–651
rapprochement with West, 653
16/18 process in, 209–210, 646, 653–654, 655–658, 659–668, 670, 675–676, 678–679
terrorism and, 74
Organisation of Islamic States, 97
Organization for the Promotion of Greek Culture, 402
Organization of the Islamic Conference.(See Organisation of Islamic Co-Operation (OIC))
Orhun, Ömür, 664
Otto-Preminger-Institut, 269–270
Outlook (art exhibition), 396–398, 401–402, 403, 406
Øverland, Arnulf, 558
Oxford English Dictionary, 207
Paisios, Elder, 399
Pakistan
blasphemy laws in
generally, 14, 66n32, 173–174, 179n44, 181, 189, 192–193, 438, 575, 674
overview, 175–177
chilling effect of, 175n28
death penalty, 182
draconian nature of, 173, 178
extra-judicial attacks and, 185n69
Ireland compared, 64, 173
overbreadth, 183–184
recommendations regarding, 184–185
religious identity and, 169–170
resistance to change, 191
standing, 182
vagueness, 183–184
Criminal Code, 182
Defamation of Religion Resolutions and, 115, 208, 650–651
National Conference on Interfaith Harmony, 676
Penal Code, 182
16/18 process in, 671, 675, 676
Pannick, David, 274
Pannizar, Oskar, 269
Papaioannou, Kostis, 404, 405
Paraskeoupoulos, Nikos, 404
Paris attacks (2015), 68, 645
Parker, Lord, 589
Parker, Thomas, 594n67
Parliamentary Assembly
overview, 4–6
blasphemy laws and, 4–6, 332–333, 416–417, 605, 616
Charlie Hebdo attack and, 225
Christianity, on discrimination against, 225
Finland and, 332–333
Ireland and, 473, 475–477
Poland and, 416–417
Passion (art work), 423–424, 424n39
Passive blasphemy, 191n96
Patrick, Jeremy, 10–11, 481
Paul III (Pope), 582n23
Pell, George, 510–511
Penalties for blasphemy, 182
The People vs. Larry Flynt (film), 44, 283, 303, 626
Petraeus, David, 214–215
Pew Forum, 3n5
Pew Research Center, 195, 512–513
Philippe de Valois, 26
Philipson, Gavin, 280n83
Piddington, Albert, 523
Pietists, 35–36
Pig Coat of Arms (art work), 320
Pig Messiah (art work), 320
Pilavakis, Marios, 396
Piss Christ (art work), 194, 510–511, 519
Platformes (Greek activist platform), 401–402
Poland
artistic expression in, 423–427
Bible
blasphemy of, 96–97
desecration of, 425–426
blasphemy laws in
generally, 4, 10, 97
overview, 16, 411–416, 427–428
chilling effect of, 427–428
freedom of expression versus, 416–421
frequency of use, 412–413, 412n6
historical background, 413
necessity test, 421–423
objects of religious worship, 414–415, 417–421
proportionality test, 421–423
public debate regarding, 416
Roman Catholicism and, 414n10
Constitution, 412–413, 413n8, 416, 418, 421, 421n37
Constitutional Tribunal, 418n22, 421n36
disruption of religious proceedings in, 415–416
European Commission on Human Rights and, 420, 426
freedom of conscience in, 413–414, 413n8
freedom of expression in, 416–421
hate speech laws in, 418
insult and ridicule, protection against, 413–414, 417–421
League of Defence Against Sects, 425
Parliamentary Assembly and, 416–417
Penal Code of 1932, 413
Penal Code of 1997
Article 26, 423n38
Article 195, 415–416
Article 196, 412n6, 413–415, 416–421, 424–428
Article 256, 418
Public Office for Statistics, 414n10
religious sensitivities, protection of, 413–414, 417–421
Political correctness, 60n16
Political speech
artistic expression versus, 279–281
blasphemy versus, 304–311
Pooley, Thomas, 583n24
Pope, blasphemy of in workplace, 691–692
Portalis, J.E., 30, 36
Portugal, blasphemy laws in, 96–97, 118
Post, Robert, 181–182, 191, 192, 235, 241–242
Power, Hilary, 20
Powerlessness
as argument in favor of legal protection against blasphemy, 101
religious sensitivities, as argument for protection of, 232–233
self-restraint model and, 160–161, 162
Practical objections to blasphemy laws, 180–182
Pringle, Helen, 18
Proportionality test for blasphemy laws, 421–423
Protestant Reformation, 200, 360, 555
Public debate
blasphemy versus
in Poland, 416
in United States, 538
freedom of expression and, 312–313
hate speech laws and, 496–497
Public morality.(See also Immoral speech)
blasphemy laws and, 56, 76–81
clashing universalisms and, 76–81
defamation of religion laws and, 80n59
freedom of conscience and, 77–79
freedom of expression and, 76–77
Human Rights Committee and, 79, 80
Islam and, 81, 82–83
secularism and, 82
Public order
blasphemy laws and
overview, 219–220
in Denmark, 433, 444, 445, 453–455
in Germany, 363
Charlie Hebdo attack and, 249
defamation of religion laws, as argument for, 370–373
freedom of expression, protection as reason for restrictions on, 248–249, 255
Punishment motive, blasphemy laws and, 168, 189–192
Punk Prayer: Virgin Mary, Drive Putin Away (Pussy Riot song), 15, 177–178, 294–295, 304
“Pussy Riot” case
generally, 15, 175, 191–192, 359–360
overview, 177–178, 294–296
context of expression in, 305–306
extremism and, 304, 309
gratuitous offence and, 312–313
incitement to hatred laws and, 305, 313–314
insult and ridicule, protection against, 305, 312
political speech versus blasphemy in, 304–311
religious sensitivities, protection of, 305, 312
sentences in, 310, 311–312
Putin, Vladimir, 15, 295, 305, 306–308, 309, 310, 311
Putin Wet Himself (Pussy Riot song), 308–309, 310
Pyysiäinen, Ilkka, 336
Qatar
Doha Conference for Interfaith Dialogue, 676
16/18 process in, 659, 665, 676
Quran
Denmark, desecration in, 453–454
Germany, desecration in, 370–371
group defamation and, 633
sensitivity to blasphemy and, 150
terrorism and, 74–75
United States, burnings in, 214–215, 706–707, 707n20, 712–713, 715
Rabat Plan of Action (RPA)
generally, 8n24, 181, 184, 187, 193
overview, 8, 155n104, 299n24
blasphemy laws and, 132, 167, 173, 299–300
incitement to hatred laws and, 115–117, 115n6, 155, 171n13
Ireland and, 473, 477–478
16/18 process and, 666, 667–668, 673
Rabczewska, Dorota “Doda,” 417–421
Racism
“cultural racism,” 492n41
“new racism,” 492n41
race versus culture, 491–492
Ramadan, Tariq, 158
Rational criticism, 505–506
Rationalist Society, 523
Ratzinger, Joseph.See Benedict XVI (Pope)
Rawls, John, 98, 111
Read, James, 585
Reagan, Ronald, 107
Reform models
overview, 163–166
incitement to hatred, 154–158
resurrection of blasphemy laws, 149–154
self-restraint, 158–163
Release the Cobblestones (Pussy Riot song), 309, 310
Religion, freedom of.(See Freedom of conscience)
Religious characteristics of blasphemy, 140–142
Religious identity, blasphemy laws and
overview, 168
overly restrictive view of, 169–172
Religious organisations, protection against defamation as reason for restrictions on freedom of expression, 234–235
Religious sensitivities, protection of
overview, 137–140, 254
argument for, 99–103
decline of religion in Europe and, 229–230
in Denmark, 433–434, 452
dignity and, 255
in ECHR, 476, 605
in ECtHR, 270–271, 380
free choice as argument against, 230–232
freedom of conscience and, 151n86
freedom of expression, as reason for restrictions on, 237–245
in Germany, 364–367, 380–381
immutability as argument for, 230–232
incitement to hatred laws and, 167n3, 172
in Ireland, 475–477
Islam, sensitivity to blasphemy in, 150–152
in Italy, 346–347, 354
offensive speech and, 237–242
in Poland, 413–414, 417–421
powerlessness as argument for, 232–233
public versus private nature of religion, 233–234
“Pussy Riot” case and, 305, 312
uniqueness of religion and, 229, 241
in United Kingdom, 588–594
Venice Commission and, 158–159
Republican theory, blasphemy laws and, 109–112
Resolution 16/18.See 16/18 process
Resurrection of blasphemy laws, 149–154
van het Reve, Gerard Kornerlis, 320n11, 625
Ridicule, protection against.(See Insult and ridicule, protection against)
Rigby, Lee, 671, 672
Right to blasphemy
overview, 13, 114–117
blasphemy laws and, 132–133
in ECHR, 114, 133
in ECtHR, 114
evolution of, 117–120
in United Kingdom
abolition of offence, 128–132
historical background, 121–127
Robinson, Phil, 189
Roman Catholicism
in Denmark, 449
Poland, blasphemy laws in, 414n10
Rome (Ancient)
blasphemy laws in, 190n91, 199
religion and state in, 579–580, 579n10
Romney, Mitt, 105n63
Roof, Dylan, 709–711, 709n21, 710n22, 714n35, 715–716
Rose, Flemming, 162n142, 251, 436, 452
Ross, Robert Samuel, 522–523
Ross’s Monthly (Australian magazine), 522–523
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 111n93
RPA.See Rabat Plan of Action (RPA)
Rubio, Marco, 91
Rumi, 163
Rushdie, Salman, 125, 139, 146, 184, 223, 359, 460–461, 499–501, 561, 564, 591n54, 599, 627, 684
Russia
blasphemy laws in, 177–178, 191–192
extremism in, 304, 309
“Pussy Riot” case. (See “Pussy Riot” case)
16/18 process in, 665
Russian Orthodox Church, 15, 304–309, 311–312, 313–314
Saarela, Anna, 326, 334–335
Sacrilege laws, 520n40, 544–545
Sajó, Andras, 88n7
Salama, Hannu, 319–320, 320n11, 327, 336, 338
Salvation Army, 532
Samutsevich, Yekaterina Stanislavovna, 295
Sandberg, Russell, 13, 19, 601, 602, 603, 604, 605, 606–607, 614
Sanders, Bernie, 91n17
San Marino, blasphemy laws in, 155n105
Sarafinos, Dimitris, 408
The Satanic Verses (Rushdie), 223, 359, 460–461, 499–501, 561, 591, 591n54, 599, 627, 684
Satire, 284–286
Satirical blasphemy, 168, 186, 195
Saudi Arabia
blasphemy laws in, 173–174
16/18 process in, 659, 665–666
Scarman, Lord, 204, 519, 590–591, 598
Scharffs, Brett, 20–21
Scheffer, Paul, 628
Schroeter, Werner, 269
Scorsese, Martin, 44, 394, 559
Scot, Daniel, 531
Secular-faith disputes, 141
Secularism
Christianity versus, 225–226
in Finland, 334
Islam versus, 225–226
public morality and, 82
Sedley, Charles, 585
Sedley, Steven, 584n28
Self-censorship
Danish Cartoon Controversy and, 452
in Greece, 406–407
in United States, 360
Self-restraint model, 158–163
de Sénancour, E., 37
Separation of powers, 541–542, 541n55
Seppo, Juha, 319
Seraphim (Bishop), 401, 405
Serrano, Andres, 510–511
Seutonius, 579n10
Sexual harassment, 696–698
Shadows of Humour (performance art group), 426–427
Shari’a law, 73–74, 75
Sharples, Eliza, 586n34
Sherwood, Yvonne, 575
Shklar, Judith, 168, 168n4, 179
Siddall, Nicholas, 698n67
Siddique, Osama, 177, 181n52, 182, 192–193
Simojoki, Martti, 319
Siné, 126
Singapore, 16/18 process in, 659, 666
Singleton, Chris, 715–716
16/18 process.(See also specific country implementing)
generally, 11, 115n8, 167
overview, 20, 209–210, 645–646, 677–680
African Union and, 675–676
appropriate mechanisms (paragraph 5(b)), 671–672
Arab League and, 675–676
blasphemy laws and, 673–674
Charlie Hebdo attack and, 20, 667
creation of, 653–654
Danish Cartoon Controversy and, 672, 675
debate, promotion of (paragraph 5(h)), 658, 676–677
domestic implementation of, 668–671
European Union and, 675–676
expectations for, 654–655
externalisation of, 669
“Geneva game,” 659–668, 669
hate speech laws and, 211
ICCPR and, 664–665, 666, 667–668, 673
implementation of, 654–655
incitement to hatred laws under (paragraph 5(f)), 155, 657–658, 673–674
intolerance, speaking out against (paragraph 5(e)), 657–658, 675–676
“Islamophobia” and, 660–662, 664, 665, 666
Istanbul Ministerial Meeting, 658–659
Istanbul Process, 659–668
objectives of, 660–662
Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights and, 660, 667–668, 673
OIC and, 209–210, 646, 653–654, 655–658, 659–668, 670, 675–676, 678–679
oversight, lack of, 669
policy and, 670
politics of, 655–658
Rabat Plan of Action and, 666, 667–668, 673
recommendations regarding, 679–680
reporting process, 660
as soft law, 668–669
Universal Periodic Review and, 670
Western Group and, 646, 657, 659–668, 670, 678–679
Skinner, Quentin, 111
Slovakia, blasphemy laws in, 96–97
Social characteristics of blasphemy, 140–142
The Social Contract (Rousseau), 111n93
South Park (television program), 186, 188
Spain
blasphemy laws in, 96–97, 119, 411n1
Penal Code, 411n1
Speaker affinity groups
as accelerants, 710
as audience, 705–706
as decelerants, 712
Speakers
as accelerants, 709–710
as decelerants, 712
speaker-audience-victim analysis, 701–702
Special Rapporteur
overview, 7–8
blasphemy laws and, 299
Declaration on Religious Intolerance and Discrimination and, 648–649, 651
defamation of religion laws and, 652–653
Denmark and, 17, 432, 439–441, 453
Ireland and, 472
Specific scope of blasphemy laws, 183–184
Speech, freedom of.(See Freedom of expression)
“The Splendour of Truth” (John Paul II), 281
Stability.See Public order
Stafford, Dwayne, 710–711
Standing in blasphemy laws, 182
Starry Messenger (Galileo), 215–216
Statistics on blasphemy laws, 195–197
Stephen’s Digest of the Criminal Law, 577
Steyn, Lord, 262–263
Steyn, Mark, 484, 490n30, 491–499, 492n40, 494n46
Stone, Harlan F., 108
Stop the Islamization of Norway, 572
Submission (film), 341, 628–629
Sue, Eugène, 35n30
Suhm, Anders, 556
Summa Theologica (Aquinas), 580n12, 582n23
Sumner, Lord, 219–220, 583
Sweden
blasphemy laws in, 118, 439, 443
16/18 process in, 665
Swift, Jonathan, 506
Switzerland, blasphemy laws in, 411n1
Takis, Andreas, 406
Taseer, Salman, 653, 671
Taylor, John, 202–203, 581–583
Taylor, John Ross, 483
Temperman, Jeroen, 15, 236–237, 701, 705n15
Terrorism
generally, 627
al Qaeda, 1, 73–74, 650–651
Boko Haram, 73–74
cartoons linking Islam to, 58
Charlie Hebdo attack(See Charlie Hebdo attack (2015))
chilling effect of, 360
Copenhagen attack (2015), 1, 358, 432, 447, 455
Curtis Culwell Center attack (2015), 1, 358
ISIL, 1, 68, 73–74, 645
Islam, linking to, 58–59, 73–75, 491–495
Muhammad, cartoons linking to, 437
9/11 attacks, 650–651
OIC and, 74
Paris attacks (2015), 68, 645
Thomas, Clarence, 183
Thorsen, Jens Jørgen, 435–436
Thrane, Marcus, 557
Thursby, Gene R., 189n87, 190n92
Tiberius (Rome), 190n91
Time (magazine), 251–252
Titanic (German magazine), 359–360
Tolerance, protection of, 382–385
Tolokonnikova, Nadezhda Andreyevna, 295
Tolvanen, Matti, 335
Tomasz D., 424–425
Tom Jones (Fielding), 124–125
Török, Bernát, 236, 237, 239, 248
Torture, 220
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, 412n5
Treby, George, 587–588, 588n42
Treilhard, Jean-Baptiste, 33
The Tribune (Dutch Communist newspaper), 621
Trump, Donald, 58, 68, 91
Tsakirakis, Stavros, 395
Tsapogas, Michael, 391, 392, 406–407, 408
Tulkki, Kaj-Erik, 335
Tumyr, Arne, 572–573
Turkey, 16/18 process in, 673
Tyndareus, 586n35
Uddin, Asma, 169–170, 172
UNCHR.See Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR)
United Kingdom
Act of the Six Articles 1539, 121
Acts of Uniformity 1549/1552, 121
Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Bill 2001 (proposed), 601–602, 610–611
Bible, blasphemy of, 204, 227–228, 519, 577
Bill of Rights (1689), 201
Blasphemy Abolition Bill 1995 (proposed), 601–602
Blasphemy Act 1697, 122n40, 584n29
blasphemy laws in
generally, 4
overview, 19, 90, 576–579, 594, 595–596, 616–618
abolition of offence, 128–132, 153
alternative offences, 610–615
case law regarding, 597–598
changes in, 117, 118, 119, 123–124, 298
Charlie Hebdo and, 617
Church of England, limitation to, 124–126, 131, 203, 597, 601–602, 603, 608, 614n114, 615
definition of blasphemy, 227–228
discriminatory nature of, 615
dissolution of government and, 582–583
extralegal prosecutions, 123–124, 126–127
freedom of conscience and, 616
freedom of expression and, 616
historical background, 94–96, 121–127, 199, 200–206, 596–601
incitement to hatred laws versus, 615–616
oaths and, 586–588
overbreadth, 616
repeal of, 96, 130n87, 131, 206, 276n64, 591, 591n55, 595, 601, 602, 608–610, 685n16
as strict liability offence, 597
vagueness, 616
Bowman v. Secular Society, 589, 589n47
British Board of Film Classification, 126–127, 461
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 95, 123–124, 126, 126n61, 163n145, 600, 695n58
British Social Attitudes Surveys, 92n24
Broadcasting Act 1990, 606–607
Calvin's Case, 587, 588, 588n42
Communications Act 2003, 153–154
Coroners and Justice Act 2009, 130n87
Court of High Commission, 200–201
Crime and Disorder Act 1998, 595–596
Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008, 96, 130n87, 131, 206, 276n64, 591, 595, 601, 602, 608–610, 685n16
Criminal Law Act 1967, 122n40
definition of blasphemy in, 577–578
Denmark, desecration in, 444, 445–446
ecclesiastical courts in, 200–201, 584–586
ECHR, incorporation of, 597
in ECtHR, 19, 97–98, 126–127, 461, 591–593, 598–599, 604–606, 609, 616
Employment Equality (Religion and Belief) Regulations 2003, 610
Equality Act 2010, 93, 688, 688n29, 691, 694–695, 700, 700n73
Equality Commission for Northern Ireland, 93–94
freedom of expression in, 612–615
Gabriels v. Lambeth, 698–700
Green (R. on application of) v. Westminster Magistrates Court, 95, 123–124, 602, 606–607
Heafield v. Times Newspapers, 691–692
House of Lords Select Committee on Religious Offences in England and Wales, 596, 600–601, 602, 604–606
Human Rights Act 1998, 93, 265, 597, 609, 688n30
Human Rights and Equality legislation, 93
incitement to hatred laws in, 128–131, 610–612, 615–616
influence of English law, 578–579
insult and ridicule, protection against, 588–594, 596
Inter-Faith Network, 676
Law Commission, 601
libel in, 199, 297n12
Magna Carta, 580–581, 580n14
Monopolies of East India Co. v. Sandys, 587–588
Muir v. Penisarwaun Care Home Ltd., 692–694
National Secular Society, 126n62, 699n70
Oaths Act 1888, 586n34
Obscene Publications Act 1959, 607
Public Order Act 1986, 96n40, 129, 206, 595, 610
Race Relations Act 1976, 611n99
Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006
generally, 602, 606, 610, 616–618
overview, 128–132
freedom of expression under, 612–615
incitement to hatred under, 96, 610–612
inctment to hatred under, 155, 206, 276n64, 595
16/18 process and, 673
Ramsey and Foote, R. v., 589
Religious Offences Bill 2002 (proposed), 602
religious sensitivities, protection of, 588–594
renewed prominence of religion in public sphere, 92–94
Richmond Pharmacology v. Dhaliwal, 688–691
right to blasphemy in
abolition of offence, 128–132
historical background, 121–127
Sacrament Act 1547, 121
secularism in, 89
See of Rome Act 1536, 122
Serious Organised Crime and Police Bill 2004-2005 (proposed), 610–611
Sex Discrimination Act 1975, 696n61
16/18 process in, 659, 663, 671, 673, 676
Star Chamber, 584–586
Stewart v. Cleveland Guest (Engineering) Ltd., 696–697
Taylor's Case, 202–203, 581–582, 581n20
Theatres Act 1968, 606–607
Weeks v. Newham College of Further Education, 697
Whitehouse and Lemon v. Gay News, 204–206, 589–590
United Nations
generally, 512–513
Commission on Human Rights. (See Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR))
Declaration on Religious Intolerance and Discrimination, 646–649, 651, 677
Defamation of Religion Resolutions, 2–3, 57, 67–69, 115, 208–209
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), 646–647, 677
fragmentation within, 8–9
Human Rights Committee. (See Human Rights Committee)
Human Rights Council. (See Human Rights Council)
ICCPR. (See International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR))
OHCHR. (See Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights (OHCHR))
Rabat Plan of Action(See Rabat Plan of Action)
Special Rapporteur. (See Special Rapporteur)
Universal Periodic Review, 472–473
United States
assimilationism in, 107–109, 113
Bill of Rights, 541–542
blasphemy laws in
generally, 4
overview, 18, 90, 534–535, 549–550
case law regarding, 543–544
Constitutional restrictions on, 197–198, 197n16
current status of, 540
First Amendment and, 536, 591n56
freedom of expression versus, 545–549
historical background, 535–539
prosecutions under, 535–539
public debate versus, 538
state statutes, 173–174, 173n23, 192
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 694
Colorado, blasphemy laws, 536
Curtis Culwell Center attack (2015), 1, 358
Declaration of Independence (1776), 104
Delaware, blasphemy laws in, 538–539
fighting words in, 185n70, 546–549, 703–704
First Amendment
generally, 525n64
overview, 103–109
Australia compared, 525
blasphemy laws and, 536, 591n56
captive audience problem, 687, 687n25
Establishment Clause, 91–92, 105, 542–543, 544, 546, 549–550
freedom of expression and, 171, 545–549
Free Exercise Clause, 105, 542, 543, 546
historical background, 540–541
jurisprudence regarding, 105–109
offensive speech and, 241–242
restrictions on blasphemy laws and, 197–198, 197n16
sacrilege laws and, 544–545
Fourteenth Amendment, 543
freedom of expression in, 545–549
Griffin v. City of Portland, 694–695
hate speech laws in, 549
ICCPR and, 197–198
immoral speech in, 62
incorporation to states, 543
insult and ridicule, protection against, 545–546
intent to cause harm in, 183n62
judicial review in, 192
Justice Department, 672
Massachusetts, blasphemy laws in, 173–174, 173n23, 192, 535, 578n8
National Coalition Against Censorship, 402
New York
blasphemy laws in, 536–537, 543, 545–546
establishment of religion in, 542
9/11 Backlash Taskforce, 672
Office of Faith-Based Community Initiatives, 676
Oklahoma, blasphemy laws in, 173–174
Pennsylvania, blasphemy laws in, 173–174, 534n3, 537–538, 543–544
Quran, burnings of, 214–215, 706–707, 707n20, 712–713, 715
religious tests in, 92, 104–105
renewed prominence of religion in public sphere, 91–92
Republican Party, 107
sacrilege laws in, 544–545
self-censorship in, 360
separation of powers in, 541–542, 541n55
16/18 process in, 209–210, 659, 662, 665, 672, 673, 675, 676
South Carolina, blasphemy laws in, 173–174
State Department, 512–513
viewpoint-based restrictions on freedom of expression in, 549
Wyoming, blasphemy laws in, 173–174
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 114–115, 207–208, 648, 705n15
Universal Periodic Review, 472–473, 565, 670
Universal Rights Group, 655
Unsworth, Clive, 143
Valls, Manuel, 25
Van Gogh, Theo, 139, 341, 619, 628–629
Vapaa-Ajattelijat ry (Finnish association), 327–328
VARA (Dutch broadcasting company), 626
Vaz, Keith, 617
Venice Commission
blasphemy laws and, 153
Denmark and, 443
freedom of conscience versus freedom of expression, 165
incitement to hatred laws and, 155, 155n105
insult and ridicule, protection against, 6
Ireland and, 473, 476–477
religious sensitivities, protection of, 158–159
Veraart, Wouter, 631
Verdens Gang (Norwegian newspaper), 573
Vermeulen, Ben, 631
Vespasian (Rome), 579n10
Victim affinity groups
as accelerants, 710–711
as audience, 705–706
as decelerants, 713
Victims
as accelerants, 711
as decelerants, 713
speaker-audience-victim analysis, 701–702
Vilification laws.See Insult and ridicule, protection against
Vilks, Lars, 1
Violence, hate speech laws and, 211–212
Virolainen, Jyrki, 336
Visconsi, Elliott, 203
Visions of Ecstasy (film), 97–98, 126–127, 127n66, 275–276, 461, 599–600
Voltaire, 29
Waldron, Jeremy, 246–247, 506
Wallin, Elisabeth Ohlson, 327
Warsi (Baroness), 93
Watson, Alan, 180
Weaver, Russell, 18
Weigel, George, 87–88
Westergaard, Kurt, 437
Western Group, 16/18 process in, 646, 658, 659–668, 670, 678–679
Western legal doctrine, 9–12, 13–15
Western Standard (Canadian magazine), 484
West Nickel Mines School shooting, 715, 716
Whitehouse, Mary, 126, 589–590, 685
Wilders, Geert, 1, 619, 628, 632–635
Wildhaber, Luzius, 281n87
Williams, Rowan, 13, 90, 99–103, 222
Wilton, Robert, 330
Wingrove, Nigel, 97–98, 126–127
Workplace, religious rights in
overview, 20, 681–682, 700
captive audience problem, 687, 687n25
Charlie Hebdo attack, effect of, 697–698
Danish Cartoon Controversy, effect of, 697–698
ECHR, applicability of, 686–688, 687n24
harassment and, 688–691
offensive imagery or slogans, 696–698
profane language involving sacred, 691–695
sexual harassment, 696–698
written materials, circulation of, 698–700
Wprost (Polish magazine), 426
Xenophobic speech
overview, 67–69, 76
in Charlie Hebdo cartoons, 55, 58–59
Defamation of Religion Resolutions and, 67–69
defining characteristics and, 71–72
immutability and, 69–71
religion, linking race to, 69–73
restrictions on, 55–56, 67–69
terrorism, linking Islam to, 58–59, 73–75
Yale University Press, 161–162
Yasak Tümceler (Ergüven), 276–277, 300–301
YouTube, Muhammad video controversy, 223, 251–252
Zero tolerance toward blasphemy laws
overview, 168
limits of, 173–175
Zia-ul-Haq, Muhammad, 176, 178, 182, 189
Zizek, Slavo, 402

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