Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-m9kch Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-14T22:53:45.237Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

12 - Grammaticalization in Arabic

from Part III - Theoretical and Descriptive Studies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 September 2021

Karin Ryding
Affiliation:
Georgetown University, Washington DC
David Wilmsen
Affiliation:
American University of Beirut
Get access

Summary

This chapter discusses state-of-the-art research in Arabic grammaticalization studies, providing an extensive review of literature, periodizing the growth of research in this field, and outlining research challenges as well as future possibilities. Grammaticalization in Arabic reflects the processes of grammaticalization in general as it refers to the gradual shift and transformation of major parts of speech into particles, function words, or even bound morphemes with little semantic content but important and even necessary syntactic functions. Key questions are raised about the validity and importance of diachronic reconstruction for Arabic, the relation between written and spoken Arabic, the availability of suitable corpora for analysis, and the lack of an overall agreed framework or venue for Arabic grammaticalization research.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

arabiCorpus: http://arabicorpus.byu.edu

Tunisian Arabic Corpus: www.tunisiya.org

Agius, D. A. and Harrak, A. (1987). Auxiliary preceding the imperfective aspect in Arabic dialects. Arabica, 34(2), 164–80.Google Scholar
Al-Najjar, B. (1991). Grammaticalization of lexical markers in Kuwaiti Arabic. Folia Linguistica, 25(3–4), 665–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alsaeedi, M. O. M. (2015). The rise of new couplas in Arabic. Unpublished MA thesis, Arizona State University.Google Scholar
Anghelescu, N. (1999). Modalities and grammaticalization in Arabic. In Suleiman, Y., ed., Arabic Grammar and Linguistics. London: Routledge, 130–42.Google Scholar
Antilla, R. (1989). Historical and Comparative Linguistics, 2nd revised ed. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baalbaki, R. M. (1990). Dictionary of Linguistic Terms: English–Arabic. Beirut: Dar El-Ilm Lil-Malayen.Google Scholar
Bakir, M. J. (2014). The multifunctionality of fii in Gulf Pidgin Arabic. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Language, 29(2), 410–36.Google Scholar
Brockelmann, C. (1966 [1908–13]). Syntax, vol. 2: Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik der semitischen Sprachen. Berlin: Georg Olms Verlagbuchhandlung Hildesheim.Google Scholar
Brustad, K. E. (2000). The Syntax of Spoken Arabic: A Comprehensive Study of Moroccan, Egyptian, Syrian, and Kuwaiti Dialects. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Bybee, J. (1985). Morphology: A Study of the Relations Between Meaning and Form. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bybee, J. (2015). Language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bybee, J. and Pagliuca, W. (1985). Cross linguistic comparison and the development of grammatical meaning. In Fisiak, J., ed., Historical Semantics: Historical Word Formation. Berlin: Mouton, 5983.Google Scholar
Bybee, J., Perkins, R., and Pagliuca, W. (1994). The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Camilleri, M. and Sadler, L. (2017). Posture verbs and aspect: A view from vernacular Arabic. In Butt, M. and King, T. H., eds., Proceedings of the LFG’17Conference, University of Konstanz. California, CA: CSLI Publications, 168–87.Google Scholar
Croft, W. (2003). Typology and Universals, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Diessel, H. (2011). Grammaticalization and language acquisition. In Narrog, H. and Heine, B., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Grammaticalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 130–41.Google Scholar
Drower, E. S. and Macuch, R. (1963). A Mandaic Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Eades, D. (2012). Grammaticalization and the irrealis b- prefix in an Arabic dialect of Oman. In Eades, D., ed., Grammaticalization in Semitic (Journal of Semitic Studies Supplement). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 4966.Google Scholar
Erwin, W. (1969). A Basic Course in Iraqi Arabic. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Esseesy, M. (2006). Grammaticalization. In Versteegh, K., Eid, M, Elgibali, A., Woidich, M., and Zaborski, A., eds., Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, vol. II. Leiden: Brill, 191–8.Google Scholar
Esseesy, M. (2009a). Reanalysis. In Versteegh, K., Eid, M, Elgibali, A., Woidich, M., and Zaborski, A., eds., Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, vol. IV. Leiden: Brill, 3743.Google Scholar
Esseesy, M. (2009b). Semantic bleaching. In Versteegh, K., Eid, M, Elgibali, A., Woidich, M., and Zaborski, A., eds., Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, vol. IV. Leiden: Brill, 160–4.Google Scholar
Esseesy, M. (2009c). Semantic extension. In Versteegh, K., Eid, M, Elgibali, A., Woidich, M., and Zaborski, A., eds., Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, vol. IV. Leiden: Brill, 164–9.Google Scholar
Esseesy, M. (2010). Grammaticalization of Arabic Prepositions and Subordinators: A Corpus-Based Study. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Fischer, O. (2011). Grammaticalization as analogically driven change? In Narrog, H. and Heine, B., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Grammaticalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3142.Google Scholar
Fischer, W. (2002). A Grammar of Classical Arabic. Rodgers, Jonathan (trans.). New Haven, NY: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
von der Gabelentz, G. (1891). Die Sprachwissenschaft: Ihre Aufgaben, Methoden, und bisherigen Ergebnisse. Leipzig: Weigel.Google Scholar
Gebreyes, A. S. (2014). Grammaticalization of body-part terms in Ethiosemitic. In Brenzinger, M. and Kraska-Szlenk, I., eds., The Body in Language. Leiden: Brill, 3351.Google Scholar
Givón, T. (1973). The time axis phenomenon. Language, 49, 890925.Google Scholar
Haspelmath, M. (1998). Does grammaticalization need reanalysis? Studies in Language, 22, 315–51.Google Scholar
Heine, B. (1993). Auxiliaries: Cognitive Forces and Grammaticalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heine, B. (2011). Grammaticalization in African languages. In Narrog, H. and Heine, B., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Grammaticalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 696707.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heine, B. (2014). The body in language: Observations from grammaticalization. In Brenzinger, M. and Kraska-Szlenk, I., eds., The Body in Language: Comparative Studies of Linguistic Embodiment. Leiden: Brill, 1332.Google Scholar
Heine, B. and Kuteva, T. (2002). World Lexicon of Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Heine, B. and Reh, R. (1982). Patterns of Grammaticalization in African Languages. Arbeiten des Kölner Universalien-Projekts 47. Cologne: Universität zu Köln, Institut für Sprachwissenschaft.Google Scholar
Heine, B. and Reh, R. (1984). Grammaticalization and Reanalysis in African Languages. Hamburg: Helmut Buske.Google Scholar
Heine, B., Claudi, U., and Hünnemeyer, F. (1991). Grammaticalization: A Conceptual Framework. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hopper, P. J. (1991). On some principles of grammaticalization. In Traugott, E. C. and Heine, B., Approaches to Grammaticalization, vol. 1. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1735.Google Scholar
Hopper, P. J. and Traugott, E. C. (1993). Grammaticalization, 1st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hopper, P. J. and Traugott, E. C. (2003). Grammaticalization, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
von Humboldt, W. (1825). Über das Einstehen grammatikalischen Formen und ihren Einfluss auf die Ideenentwicklung. Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 401–30.Google Scholar
Manẓūr, Ibn, Mukarram, Muḥammad Ibn. (n.d.). Lisān Al- ʿArab. 6 vols. Cairo: Dar Al-Maʿarif.Google Scholar
Jarad, N. I. (2013). The evolution of the b-future marker in Syrian Arabic. Lingua Posnaniensis, 55(1), 6985.Google Scholar
Jarad, N. I. (2014). The grammaticalization of the motion verb ‘raḥ’ as a prospective aspect marker in Syrian Arabic. Al-ʿArabiyya, 47, 101–18.Google Scholar
Jarad, N. I. (2015). From bodily posture to progressive aspect marker. Lingua Posnaniensis, 57(1), 89111.Google Scholar
Jarad, N. I. (2017). Grammaticalization in Emirati Arabic. Arabica, 64, 742–60.Google Scholar
Kuryrłowicz, J. ([1965] 1976). The evolution of grammatical categories. Reprinted in Kuryrłowicz, J. in Esquisses Linguistques, vol. 2. Munich: Fink, 3854.Google Scholar
Langacker, R. W. (1977). Syntactic reanalysis. In Li, C., ed., Mechanisms of Syntactic Change. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 57139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehmann, C. (1995). Thoughts on Grammaticalization. Munich: Lincom Europa.Google Scholar
Lehmann, C. (2004). Theory and method in grammaticalization, Zeitschrift für Germanistische Linguistik, 32(2), 152–87.Google Scholar
McNeil, K. (2019). Tunisian Arabic corpus: Creating a written corpus of an ‘unwritten’ language. In McEnery, T., Hardie, A., and Younis, N., eds., Arabic Corpus Linguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 3055.Google Scholar
Mair, C. (2014). Corpus linguistics and grammaticalization theory: Statistics, frequencies, and beyond. In Lindquist, H. and Mair, C., eds., Corpus Approaches to Grammaticalization in English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 121–50.Google Scholar
Medea-García, L. (2017). Grammaticalización y cambio lingüístico en árabe: El caso de hattà en lengua clasica dialectal. Unpublished dissertation, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.Google Scholar
Meillet, A. ([1912]1958). L’évolution des Formes Grammaticales. Scientia (Revista di Scienza), 6(12), 130–48.Google Scholar
Narrog, H. and Heine, B. (2011). Introduction. In Narrog, H. and Heine, B., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Grammaticalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 116.Google Scholar
Nöldeke, T. (1899). Die semitischen Sprachen. Leipzig: Tauchnitz.Google Scholar
Norde, M. (2006a). Demarcating degrammaticalization: The Swedish s-genitive revisited. Nordic Journal of Linguistics, 29(2), 201–38.Google Scholar
Norde, M. (2006b). Van suffix tot telwoord tot bijwoord: Degrammaticalisering en (re)grammaticalisering van tig. TABU, 351(2), 3360.Google Scholar
Norde, M. (2009). Degrammaticalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Norde, M. (2011). Degrammaticalization. In Narrog, H. and Heine, B., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Grammaticalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 475–87.Google Scholar
Ouhalla, J. (2012a). Lexical change and the architect of the lexicon. In Torrego, E., ed., Of Grammar, Word and Verses. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 4166.Google Scholar
Ouhalla, J. (2012b). The development of future markers in root-frames and satellite-frames: Arabic and French GO(ING) versus English and Berber GO(ING)+TO. In Eades, D., ed., On Grammaticalization in Semitic (Journal of Semitic Studies Supplement). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 329.Google Scholar
Ouhalla, J. (2014). The development of future participles and future tense markers from motion predicates. In Khamis-Dakwar, R. and Froud, K., eds., Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics, XXVI . Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 927.Google Scholar
Parkinson, D. (2019). Under the hood of arabiCorpus. In McEnery, T., Hardie, A., and Younis, N., eds., Arabic Corpus Linguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1729.Google Scholar
Payne Smith, R. (1957). A Compendious Syriac Dictionary, Founded Upon the Thesaurus Syriacus of R. Payne Smith. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Perkins, M. R. (1983). Modal Expressions in English. New Jersey: Ablex.Google Scholar
Persson, M. (2008). The role of the ‘b’-prefix in Gulf Arabic dialects: A marker of future, intent and/or irrealis. Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies, 8, 2652.Google Scholar
Plank, F. (1995). Entgrammatisierung: Spiegelbild der Grammatisierung? In Boretzky, N. et al. eds., Natürlichkeitstheorie und Sprachwandel. Bochum: Brockmeyer, 199219.Google Scholar
Rescher, N. (1968). Topics in Philosophical Logic. Dordrecht: Reidel (Synthese Library).Google Scholar
Rosenthal, F. (1974). A Grammar of Biblical Aramaic. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Rubba, J. (1994). Grammaticalization as semantic change: A case study of prepositions development. In Pagliuca, W., ed., Perspectives on Grammaticalization. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 81101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubin, A. D. (2005). Studies in Grammaticalization. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Sun, C. and Traugott, E. C. (2011). Grammaticalization and word order change. In Narrog, H. and Heine, B., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Grammaticalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 378–88.Google Scholar
Svorou, S. (1994). The Grammar of Space. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Taine-Cheikh, C. (2013). Grammaticalization of the verb ṛa(a) in Arabic: A Meghrebian specificity. In Lafkioui, M., ed., African Arabic: Approaches to Dialectology. (Trends in Linguistics, no. 258). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 121–59.Google Scholar
Talmy, L. (1985). Lexicalization patterns: Semantic structure and lexical forms. In Shopen, T., ed., Language Typology and Syntactic Description, vol. 3: Grammatical Categories and the Lexicon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 57149.Google Scholar
Talmy, L. (2000). Toward a Cognitive Semantics: Typology and Process in Concept Structuring. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Timberlake, A. (1977). Reanalysis and actualization in syntactic change. In Li, C.. , ed., Mechanisms of Syntactic Change. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 141–77.Google Scholar
Traugott, E. C. (2011). Grammaticalization and mechanisms of change. In Narrog, H. and Heine, B., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Grammaticalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1930.Google Scholar
Traugott, E. C. and Dasher, R. (2002). Regularity in Semantic Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Versteegh, K. (2014). The Arabic Language, 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Versteegh, K., Eid, M., Elgibali, A., Woidich, M., and Zaborski, A. (eds.) (2006–2009). Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Wilmsen, D. (2013a). The interrogative origin of the Arabic negator -š: Evidence from copular interrogation in Andalusi Arabic, Maltese, and modern spoken Egyptian and Moroccan Arabic. Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik, 58, 531.Google Scholar
Wilmsen, D. (2013b). Grammaticalization of the demonstrative iyyā- as a pronominal object marker in ditransitive verbs: an answer to Bravmann. Journal of Semitic Studies, 58(1), 149–67.Google Scholar
Wilmsen, D. (2014). Arabic Indefinites, Interrogatives, and Negators: A Linguistic History of Western Dialects. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wilmsen, D. (2017). Grammaticalization and degrammaticalization in an Arabic existential particle šay. Folia Orientalia, 54, 279307.Google Scholar
Wischer, I. (2006). Grammaticalization. In Brown, K., ed., Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd ed., vol. 5. Boston, MA: Elsevier, 129–35.Google Scholar
Woidich, M. (1995). Some cases of grammaticalization in Egyptian Arabic. In Cremona, J., Holes, C., and Khan, G., eds., Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of L’Association Internationale Pour La Dialectologie Arabe. Cambridge: Faculty of Oriental Studies, 259–68.Google Scholar

Corpora

arabiCorpus: http://arabicorpus.byu.edu

Tunisian Arabic Corpus: www.tunisiya.org

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×