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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 October 2018

Dóra Vargha
Dóra Vargha
Affiliation:
University of Exeter

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Chapter
Information
Polio Across the Iron Curtain
Hungary's Cold War with an Epidemic
 , pp. 249 - 254
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
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Index

airports and aeroplanes, 56, 63, 79–80, 92, 97
pilot, West German, unknown, 79–80, 101–102, 112
Albania, 162
Algeria, 59
Antarctic Treaty, 154
Argentina, 67
Austria, 45, 66, 104, 117
Austrian Red Cross see Red Cross, the
Vienna, 56, 63, 69, 86
Belgian Congo, 151, 160
Bornholm disease, 143–144
Brazil, 21, 149, 184, 190–191
Bulgaria, 103, 162, 170
Canada, 25, 100, 141
vaccine production by, 80, 105–106, 142
Connaught Laboratories, 100, 103, 135
cancer, 21, 205
cardiovascular diseases, 21
charities see children, charities for; Red Cross, the
children, 19, 27, 47, 161, 175
charities for
Rädda Barnen, 76
Save the Children Fund, the, 38
Declaration of the Rights of the Child, The, 38
definitions of, 38, 199
as future workers, 45–51
Parádi, Katalin, 1–3, 74, 133, 180, 194, 208
Vargha, György, 47
infantile paralysis see polio
innocence of, 36–42, 48, 51
obsession with, 22, 109, 112
paediatricians see physicians
as polio patients
Éva, 95
‘Ratkó’, 44
China, 162, 191, 206
cholera, 33
Cold War, the, 11–14
competition between East and West, 13, 114, 150, 178, see also polio, vaccination against
healthcare ideology, 93, 105–108, 125, 161, 172–173, 175, 177, 181, 191, 206, 208, 210–211
Hungarian revolution see Hungary, revolution in
international collaboration during, 3–4, 11–13, 61, 79–112, see also polio, research of; polio, treatment of
polio, research of, 21–27, 29–32, 36–39, 147–171, 207–211
polio, treatment of, 3, 36–39
politics of, 2–4, 8, 21, 31, 54, 102, 148, 161, 207
rhetoric of, 3, 42, 86, 101, 108, 171, 173
Colombia, 152
Costa Rica, 152
Cuba, 184, 189–192
Cutter incident, the see polio, vaccination against
Czechoslovakia, 10, 61, 67, 93, 141, 156–160, 177–178, 190
Health Ministry of, 98
Škovránek, Vilém, 158–160, 177, 187
membersip of WHO, 104
polio vaccination in, 84, 86, 103, 147, 164, 170–172, 189
vaccine production by, 84, 100–101, 142
Denmark, 84–87, 100, 136–137
Copenhagen, 20, 31, 69, 85, 87
polio vaccination in, 143
diphtheria, 88, 120, 205
disability, 38, 182, 199–204, see also polio, long-term effects of
blindness, 203
caused by war, 46, 48, 51
civil societies, 12, 48, 200–201
Cooperative Committee of Disabled Associations, the, 202
National Association of Disabled Societies, the, 201–203
International Year of Disabled Persons, 202–203
invisibility of, 48–51, 195, 204, 208
production, relationship to, 45–51
doctors see physicians; see also polio, researchers of
Dominican Republic, the, 191
East Germany, 10, 101
iron lung production of, 19, 61, 68
polio vaccination in, 103, 170
Ecuador, 67
First World War, the, 33, 38
France
Pasteur Institute, 87, 103
GDR, the see East Germany
genocide, 20, 42, 59, 191
Germany see East Germany; West Germany
Nazi, 191
Great Britain, 84, 103, 142
Belfast, 150
British Red Cross see Red Cross, the
Churchill, Winston, 206–207
Heine-Medin’s disease see polio
hepatitis, 21, 81–82
hospitals, 1–3
Blegdam, 69
Bókay János, 56, 72, 90
Central Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 193
Debrecen, 60–63
Tóth, Sándor, 125, 128, 133, 135, 138, 168
inadequate state of, 20, 90
László Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 20, 61, 72, 139, 143
polio, 11, 49, 53, 80, 87, 183
Heine-Medin, 2, 49–50, 52, 70–78, 180, 194, 197
shortage of, 55
teaching, 56, 90
Hungary
Abaúj-Zemplén, 111
American embassy of, 102, 105
Bács-Kiskun, 123
Békés County, 123
Borsod, 94–95, 111
Budapest, 1, 9, 54, 64, 73, 90
banned from, 8
conflict in, 6, 8, 55, 57–58, 79–80
Corvin Köz, 1
House of Terror museum, the, 14
polio cases in, 111, 117, 120–122, 126
polio vaccination in, 104, 126, 128–129, 169
Rózsadomb, 2, 73
Catholic church, the, 113
Actio Catholica, 57, 104
Mindszenty, Cardinal József, 8
Central Statistical Office, the (CSO), 128
collectivisation, 8, 10, 21, 65
Communist Youth Association, 168
Debrecen, 26, 60–63, 111, 125, 128, 133
economy of, 8, 15, 54
Fejér County, 123
Győr-Moson-Sopron County, 123, 160, 164
Hajdú-Bihar County, 94, 111
Hajdúszoboszló, 63
Health Ministry of, 79–81, 85, 88, 91–92, 115–116, 118–121, 129–132, 135, 137–138
Doleschall, Dr Frigyes, 99, 116, 126
Kátay, Dr Aladár, 98–99, 115
Public Health Control and Epidemiology Department (PHCED), 107, 119, 123, 128–130, 132, 134, 167, 170, 177
Román, József, 55
Heves County, 123
Hungarian Red Cross, 56–58, 67, 69, 81, 168
Kárász, Győző, 58
Hungarian Workers’ Party (HWP, Magyar Dolgozók Pártja, MDP), 7, 64
inequality in, 9, 54
international aid to, 56–59, 75, 78, 102
Jewish population of, 6, 9
Kapos, Vilmos, 119–120, 177
Kecskemét, 121
membership of WHO, 104, 209
Miskolc, 63, 94–95, 111
Mohács, 121
Nógrád County, 134
Nyíregyháza, 94
Pest County, 121, 123, 128
Phylaxia National Serum Production Institute, the, 88
polio epidemics in see polio, epidemics
polio vaccination in, 162, see also polio, vaccination against
Medimpex, 106, 113
pro-natalism, 10, 42–45
rationing, 8
revolution in, 1–2, 5, 8–9, 45, 52–59, 71–74, 87, 89–91
show trials, 7–8, 21, 43
Union of Worker Youth, 54
secret police of (ÁVO, later ÁVH), 7, 55, 64, 82–83
Péter, Gábor, 8
Somogy County, 129
State Hygienic Institute, the (SHI, Országos Közegészségügyi Intézet), 79, 84–85, 88–89, 115, 117–118, 130–133, 138–140, 169, 176, 192
Bakács, Tibor, 118, 123, 138–139, 143–145, 175
Rudnai, Dr Ottó, 34, 89, 115–116, 123, 135
Szabolcs-Szatmár County, 111, 123
Szeged, 121
Szolnok, 52, 94
Sztálinváros, 9, 132
under Imre Nagy, 2, 8–9, 44, 52, 54–55, 58, 72, 80, 87
under János Kádár, 5, 9, 45, 55, 80, 90, 98, 102, 111, 207
under Mátyás Rákosi, 8, 20–21, 54, 79
vaccine production by, 11–12, 88–89, 97, 101, 142–143, 159
Humán Vaccine Production and Research Institute, 84–86, 88, 120
Vas County, 129
Veszprém, 123
women see also parents
‘ideal’, 49, 94
reproductive rights of, 14, 43–44
Women’s Council, 168
Iceland, 66
India, 67
infantile paralysis see polio
influenza, 1, 5, 21, 36
epidemics, 119, 188
vaccination against, 88
International Committee of the Red Cross, the see Red Cross, the
International Geophysical Year, the (IGY), 154
International Statistical Institute, the, 32
Iron Curtain, the see Cold War, the
Israel, 141
Italy, 84
Italian Red Cross see Red Cross, the
Kádár, János see Hungary, under János Kádár
Khruschev, Nikita see Soviet Union, the
League of Nations, the, 33, 38, 172, 186
League of Red Cross societies see Red Cross, the
malaria, 31, 93
Malaria Eradication Programme, 186
measles, 81–82, 90, 185
migration, 40, 45, 99
Nagy, Imre see Hungary, under Nagy Imre
Netherlands, the, 62, 66, 84
Amsterdam, 80
New Zealand, 27
newspapers, journals and magazines, 55, 84–85, 88, 91, 94–96, 102, 109, 113–117, 138, 153, 168, 176
L’Humanité, 164
medical, 157, 161, 180, 196, 198
Acta Microbiologica, 116
British Medical Journal, 156
Népakarat, 104, 119
Népegészségügy, 90–91, 115–116
Népszabadság, 49, 99, 127, 140
Népszava, 116, 119, 121, 166–167, 169
Nők Lapja, 49
Orvosi Hetilap, 68, 122, 130, 135, 143–144
Szabad Nép, 84
TIME magazine, 9, 52
Nicaragua, 152, 191
North Atlantic Treary Organization (NATO), 8
nuclear war, threat of, 6, 19
Pan American Health Organization, 191
parents, 133
fears of, 36, 60, 91–98, 108–109, 112, 169, 180, 211
relationship with children, 37, 173
responsibilities of, 94, 114, 120–121, 124–127, 129–130, 133, 139–140, 145–146, 166–168, 211
pertussis, 88, 120
physicians, 9, 16, 47, 53, 114, 135, 196–199
Ákosné, Dr Kiss, 70
Bergenholtz, Dr Nils August, 23
doubts of, 108, 137–138, 167
knowledge of polio, 109–110, 114, 196–197
Lassen, Dr Alexander, 69
László, Dr Pál, 143
Lukács, Dr László, 72–76, see also hospitals
numbers of, 20, 67, 86
paediatricians, 29, 167
Boda, Dr Domokos, 70–71, 86, 165
Bókay, Dr János see also hospitals
Szekeres, Dr Vera, 121
private, 25, 107, 117–118
show trials of, 43
Szívós, Dr Anna, 72
thoroughness of, 34
Vikol, Dr János, 73
Poland, 54–55, 152, 159, 206
Gomulka, Wladyslaw, 54
membership of WHO, 104, 162
polio vaccination in, 160, 162, 170
vaccine production by, 84, 103
polio
‘abortive’, 26
contraction of, 1–3, 26–27, 37
vaccine-acquired paralytic polio (VAPP) see polio, vaccination against
vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) see polio, vaccination against
diagnosis of, 5, 33–35, 82, 180
epidemics, 2–7, 15–17, 19–36, 42, 44, 53, 78, 87, 89–96, 102–103, 111, 141, 161, 179, 181–182, 207–208, 211
Brazil (1979), 190
Canada (1937), 25
Denmark (1952-53), 19, 31, 137
end of, 10–11, 180, 183, 192, 194, 201–204
Hungary (1956), 56, 60, 62, 126
Hungary (1957), 64–67, 80, 98, 121–126, 128
Hungary (1959), 113–117, 121–125, 128–132, 134, 136–137, 139, 142–146, 159, 180
Israel (1958), 141
Netherlands, the (1956), 62
New York City (1916), 24, 26, 93
Singapore (1958), 151, 160
United States, the (1952), 19
Yugoslavia (1960), 170
eradication of, 15, 22, 147–148, 155, 162, 175, 179–194, 197, 204–205, 210
Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI), 147, 178, 185, 191, 193
hospitals for see hospitals
lay knowledge of, 12, 22, 97, 138, 196
long-term effects of, 1, 3, 17, 20
disability, 4–5, 12, 15, 22, 195
institutionalisation, 195, 198, 201
paralysis, 3–5, 10, 19–20, 26, 34–36, 80, 133, 143
post-polio syndrome, 182–184, 194, 196
medical knowledge of, 114, 196–197
prevention of, 10, 16, 21–23, 25–29
exhaustion, 95
films
Beware! (Vigyázz!), 92, 97
Parents, be careful!, 97
gamma globulin, 81–83, 89, 101, 122
houseflies, 93–94
nasal spray, 25
quarantine, 20, 25, 30
swimming, 17, 27, 91, 121–122, 180
travel restrictions, 95, 134
weather, 17, 186, 189
reporting of, 25, 32–36, 132, 134, 145
research of, 6–7, 10–11, 17–19, 24–32, 119
American Medical Association, the (AMA), 84, 108
conferences see polio, researchers of
ethical issues, 149, 151
European Association against Poliomyelitis, 31, 183
international collaboration see Cold War, the, international collaboration during, polio, research of
Lederle Laboratories, 149, 152
National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, the (NFIP), 24, 28, 30–31, 79, 108, 150
O’Connor, Basil, 162
National Institute for Health (NIH), 185
National Poliomyelitis Surveillance Program, 141
Pasteur Institute, 87, 103
Poliomyelitis Research Institute, 155
Rockefeller Foundation, the, 31, 88, 149, 157, 208
Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, 24
Swiss Serum and Vaccine Institute, 103
University of Michigan Poliomyelitis Vaccine Evaluation Centre, 28
researchers of, 174
Blaskovic, Dionyz, 158
Chumakov, Mikhail, 84, 153–156, 158–160, 172, 185
conferences, 17, 23, 29–32, 65, 114, 136, 140, 156, 159, 161–164, 168, 173, 183, 185, 191
Cox, H. R., 28, 149–152, 171, 174
Dane, David, 171, 188
Dömök, István, 192–193
Enders, John, 27
Farkas, Elek, 85
Flexner, Simon, 24–25, 29–30
Francis, Thomas, 28, 158
Horstmann, Dorothy M., 172–174, 192, 209
Ivánovics, György, 160
Koch, Sandor, 85–87, 143
Koprowski, Hilary, 28, 149–152, 160, 168, 171, 174, 188
Landsteiner, Karl, 24
Langmuir, Alexander, 140, 150
Lépine, Pierre, 103
Lwoff, André, 87
Medin, Karl-Oskar, 23, 26
Nagler, F. P., 141
Netter, Dr Arnold, 30
Paul, John R., 172, 174
Petrilla, Aladar, 116–118, 135
Popper, Erwin, 24
Sabin, Albert see polio, vaccination against
Salk, Jonas see polio, vaccination against
Seddon, Herbert J., 191
Smorodintsev, Anatoli, 153–156, 159
Theiler, Max, 149
Veres, Dr Gábor, 85, 87
von Heine, Jakob, 23
von Magnus, Herdis, 138, 142
Voroshilova, Marina, 153–154, 185
Wickman, Ivar, 26, 29
Zacek, Karel, 190
strains of, 2, 27–28, 123, 135, 149–150, 152, 155–156, 158, 160, 167, 188–190, 192, 204
treatment of, 3, 16–18, 21–24
definitions of, 4
orthopaedic, 1, 67, 194
physical therapy, 1–2, 180, 195–196
respiratory technologies, 197–200, 208, 210
Electrospirators, 69–71
Engström respirator, 70
intratracheal positive-pressure respiration, 60
iron lungs, 10–11, 20–21, 32, 53, 59–71, 80, 143, 197–199
multiple patients, 67–68
poliomats, 68
rocking beds, 60–61, 68, 71, 77
Silvester method, 70
surgery, 1, 47, 194, 196
Warm Springs, 24
vaccination against, 2–4, 7, 14–15, 27–29, 36, 39
‘Berna’ vaccine, 103
cards, 131–133, 169
compulsory 131, 133, 137, 167, 170, 208 see also Cold War, the, healthcare ideology
Cutter incident, the, 2, 83–84, 150, 164, 171
dosage, 135, 137–139, 142, 164
equipment, 133–135, 168, 176
free, 107–108, 136, 170, 175
intradermal, 109–110, 117, 124, 135–138, 141, 144
intramuscular, 117, 135, 137–138, 144
Lépine vaccine, 103
mass, 119–120, 148, 150–157, 159–161, 163–170, 175, 177, 184, 186–194, 201
National Immunisation Days (NIDs), 190–191
Sabin drops, 2, 4, 11–12, 28, 35, 83, 86, 124, 142
doubts of, 171–175
evaluation of, 150, 160, 170, 174
introduction of, 148, 151, 162–171, 179, 182
Salk vaccine, 2, 4, 11, 23, 28, 75, 79–89, 98–108, 111
evaluation of 113, 120, 126, 131, 136, 146, 167, 174 see also hospitals, Debrecen, Tóth, Sándor
smuggling of, 58, 211
vaccine-acquired paralytic polio (VAPP), 180, 183, 192–194
vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV), 184, 192–194
voluntary, 151, 170
victims of see children; Roosevelt, Franklin D.
rabies, 88, 151
radio, 53–54, 60, 67, 91, 95
Association of Hungarian Shortwave Radio Amateurs, 64
Radio Free Europe (RFE), 61–64, 98, 104
Voice of America, 64, 106
Rákosi, Mátyás see Hungary, under Mátyás Rákosi
Ratkó, Anna see children
Red Cross, the, 11, 38, 209
American, 67, 75–76
Austrian, 69
British, 68
German, 59
Hungarian see Hungary
International Committee of the Red Cross, the (ICRC), 12, 53, 56–59, 65–69, 71–78, 81, 85
Italian, 67
League of Red Cross societies, 59, 66
Swedish, 69, 76
Swiss, 67
West German, 63, 67
Romania, 43, 103, 117, 162, 170
Roosevelt, Franklin D. see United States, the
Ruanda-Urundi, 151
Rudnai, Dr Ottó see Hungary, State Hygienic Institute
Russia see Soviet Union, the
Sabin, Albert see polio, vaccination against
Salk, Jonas see polio, vaccination against
Save the Children Fund, the, 38
schistosomiasis, 185
Second World War, the
aftermath of, 5–7, 19, 65, 199
decolonisation, 6
development, 39
migration, 40
war veterans see disability
Singapore, 151, 160
smallpox, 182
eradication of, 205
vaccination against, 85, 88, 120, 149, 185–186, 206
Soviet Union, the, 40, 47–48, 172–173, 206
competition with the US see Cold War, the, competition between East and West
Health Ministry of, 156
Zhdanov, Viktor, 177, 185
ideals of hygiene see Cold War, the, healthcare ideology
KGB (Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti), 57
Khrushchev, Nikita, 8, 54, 153
Leningrad, 155
Malin notes, 55
membership of WHO, 104, 158–162, 185
military of, 6–9, 52, 56–57, 72, 80, 86, 207
Moscow, 155, 161, 165
polio vaccination in, 144, 147, 164, 170, 189, 192, see also polio, vaccination against, mass
Poliomyelitis Research Institute, 155
vaccine production by, 89, 165–167, 190
Spain, 32, 205
Stalin, Josip, 133
death of, 8, 44, 54, 153
Stalinism, 15–16, 21, 40, 54, 118, 191, see also Soviet Union, the
statues of, 54–55
Sweden, 22–23, 27, 67, 103, 162
Rädda Barnen, 76–78
‘Swedish blankets’, 77
Swedish Red Cross see Red Cross
Switzerland, 70
Bern, 104
Geneva, 62
Swiss Red Cross see Red Cross, the
Swiss Serum and Vaccine Institute, 103
tetanus, 88, 120
Tóth, Sándor see hospitals, Debrecen
tuberculosis, 36, 88, 172
typhus, 33, 84, 186
United Nations, the (UN), 30, 38, 75, 102
International Year of Disabled Persons, 202–203
United States, the, 22, 24, 28, 34, 36, 79–81, 84–85, 105–108, 141
American embassy in Hungary, 102, 105–106
American Medical Association, the (AMA), 84, 108
American Red Cross see Red Cross, the
competition with the Soviet Union see Cold War, the, competition between East and West
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 153
healthcare ideology see Cold War, the, healthcare ideology
National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, the (NFIP), 24, 28, 30–31, 79, 108, 150
O’Connor, Basil, 162
National Institute for Health (NIH), 185
New York City see polio, epidemics
polio vaccination in, 67, 102–103, 150, 162
‘Red Menace’, fear of, 84, 108, see also Soviet Union, the
Rockefeller Foundation, the, 31, 88, 149, 157, 208
Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, 24
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 22, 24, 184, 210
March of Dimes, 79, 171
University of Michigan Poliomyelitis Vaccine Evaluation Centre, 28
vaccine production by, 142, 147
Cutter Laboratories see polio, vaccination against
Eli Lilly and Co., 103, 135
Lederle Laboratories, 149, 152
Merck, 103
Parke-Davis, 110, 135
Voice of America, 64, 106
USSR see Soviet Union, the
Vietnam War, the, 39
Warsaw Pact, the, 8, 54–55
West Germany, 8, 68
Berlin Wall, fall of, 14
Munich, 61, 64
West German pilot, unknown see airports and aeroplanes
West German Red Cross see Red Cross, the
World Health Assembly, 185
World Health Organization, the (WHO), 65–66, 104–105, 155, 171–175, 208
formation of, 6, 33
Global Polio Eradication Initiative see polio, eradication of
membership of, 104, 162–163, 165, 185, 209
reports of, 30–34, 151, 162–163, 185–187
yaws, 185
yellow fever, 149, 186
Yugoslavia, 45, 170

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  • Index
  • Dóra Vargha, University of Exeter
  • Book: Polio Across the Iron Curtain
  • Online publication: 19 October 2018
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108355421.012
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  • Index
  • Dóra Vargha, University of Exeter
  • Book: Polio Across the Iron Curtain
  • Online publication: 19 October 2018
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108355421.012
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  • Index
  • Dóra Vargha, University of Exeter
  • Book: Polio Across the Iron Curtain
  • Online publication: 19 October 2018
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108355421.012
Available formats
×