Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety Disorders

doi:10.1017/9781108355605.003

Part One - Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety Disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 January 2022

Edited by

Gillian Todd and

Rhena Branch

Show author details

Gillian Todd: Affiliation:
University of East Anglia
Rhena Branch: Affiliation:
University of East Anglia

Book contents

Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'

Type: Chapter
Information: Evidence-Based Treatment for Anxiety Disorders and Depression
A Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Compendium
, pp. 27 - 174

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108355605.003 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Further Recommended Reading

This is the definitive guide on CBT for specific phobias. The first part of

the book gives an extensive background on the phenomenology and

assessment of specific phobias; it also gives an overview of the evidence

for various treatments for specific phobias. The second part of the book

focuses on one-session treatment for specific phobias with adults and

children. It gives detailed instructions and treatment plans and materials

on how to conduct one-session treatments. The last part of the book

addresses special topics in CBT for specific phobias, including how to

train therapists and assess their competence, how to adapt the treatment

for specialist populations (e.g., people with learning or developmental

difficulties), ethical issues, research evidence, and use of technologies.

Davis, T. E. III., Ollendick, T. H., & Ost, L. G. (2012). Intensive one-session treatment of specific phobias. Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar

Öst, L.‐G., & Reuterskiöld, L. (2013). Specific phobias. In Gregoris, S. & Hofmann, S. G. (Eds.), CBT for anxiety disorders: A practitioner book (pp. 107–133). Wiley Online Publishing.Google Scholar

References

Abramowitz, J. S., Deacon, B. J., & Whiteside, S. P. H. (2011). Exposure therapy for anxiety: Principles and practice. Gilford PressGoogle Scholar

Ayala, E. S., Meuret, A. E., & Ritz, T. (2009). Treatments for blood-injury-injection phobia: A critical review of current evidence. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43(15):1235–1242.Google Scholar

Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. International Universities Press.Google Scholar

Bennett-Levy, J., Butler, G., Fennell, M., Hackmann, A., Mueller, M., & Westbrook, D. (Eds). (2004). Oxford guide to behavioural experiments in cognitive therapy. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Blakey, S. M., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2016). The effects of safety behaviors during exposure therapy for anxiety: Critical analysis from an inhibitory learning perspective. Clinical Psychology Review, 49, 1–15.Google Scholar

Blakey, S. M., Abramowitz, J. S., Buchholz, J. L., Jessup, S. C., Jacoby, R. J., Reuman, L., & Pentel, K. Z. (2019). A randomized controlled trial of the judicious use of safety behaviors during exposure therapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 112, 28–35.Google Scholar

Boschen, M. J., Veale, D., Ellison, N., & Reddell, T. (2013). The emetophobia questionnaire (EmetQ-13): Psychometric validation of a measure of specific phobia of vomiting. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(7), 670–677.Google Scholar

Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (2014). Anxiety and related disorders interview schedule for DSM-5 (ADIS-5): Client interview schedule. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Butler, G. (1989). Phobic disorders. In Hawton, K., Salkovskis, P. M., Kirk, J., & Clark, D. M. (Eds.), Cognitive behaviour therapy for psychiatric problems: A practical guide (pp. 97–128). Oxford University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Cutshall, C., & Watson, D. (2004). The phobic stimuli response scales: A new self-report measure of fear. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 1193–1201.Google Scholar

Davis, T. E. III, Ollendick, T. H., & Ost, L. G. (2012). Intensive one-session treatment of specific phobias. Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar

First, M. B., Williams, J. B. W., Karg, R. S., & Spitzer, R. L. (2015). Structured clinical interview for DSM-5: Research version. American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar

Freeman, D., Haselton, P., Freeman, J., et al. (2018). Automated psychological therapy using immersive virtual reality for treatment of fear of heights: A single-blind, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Psychiatry, 5(8), 625–632.Google Scholar

Freud, S. (1909). Analysis of a phobia of a five-year old boy. In Case Histories, vol. 8 (pp. 169–306). Pelican Library.Google Scholar

Helbig-Lang, S., & Petermann, F. (2010). Tolerate or eliminate? A systematic review on the effects of safety behavior across anxiety disorders. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 17(3), 218–233.Google Scholar

Hood, L., Fenwick, J., & Butt, J. (2010). A story of scrutiny and fear: Australian midwives' experiences of an external review of obstetric services, being involved with litigation and the impact on clinical practice. Midwifery, 26(3), 268–285.Google Scholar

Lang, P. J. (1968). Fear reduction and fear behavior: Problems in treating a construct. In Shiler, J. M. (Ed.), Research in psychotherapy (Vol. 3) (pp. 90–102). American Psychological Association.Google Scholar

Marks, I. M. (1987). Fears, phobias and rituals. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Marks, I. M. (1997). Behaviour therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a decade of progress. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 42(10), 1021–1027.Google Scholar

Marks, I. M., & Mathews, A. M. (1979). Brief standard self-rating for phobic patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 17, 263–267.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Muris, P., & Merckelbach, H. (1996). A comparison of two spider fear questionnaires. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 27(3), 241–244.Google Scholar

Öst, L. G. (1989). One-session treatment for specific phobias. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 27(1), 1–7.Google Scholar

Öst, L. G. (2007). The claustrophobia scale: A psychometric evaluation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(5), 1053–1064.Google Scholar

Öst, L. G., Salkovskis, P. M., & Hellstrom, K. (1991). One-session therapist-directed exposure vs self-exposure in the treatment of spider phobia. Behavior Therapy, 22(3), 407–422.Google Scholar

Ost, L. G., & Sterner, U. (1987). Applied tension: A specific behavioural method for treatment of blood phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 25, 25–30.Google Scholar

Ovanessian, M. M., Fairbrother, N., Vorstenbosch, V., McCabe, R. E., Rowa, K., & Antony, M. M. (2019). Psychometric properties and clinical utility of the specific phobia questionnaire in an anxiety disorders sample. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 41, 36–52.Google Scholar

Page, A. C., Bennett, K. S., Carter, O., Smith, J., & Woodmore, K. (1997). Assessing a structure of phobic symptoms elicited by blood and injections. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(5), 457–464.Google Scholar

Rachman, S., Radomsky, A. S., & Shafran, R. (2008). Safety behaviour: A reconsideration. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(2), 163–173.Google Scholar

Radomsky, A. S., Rachman, S., Thordarson, D. S., McIsaac, H. K., & Teachman, B. A. (2001). The Claustrophobia Questionnaire. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 15(4), 287–297.Google Scholar

Salkovskis, P. M. (1991). The importance of behaviour in the maintenance of anxiety and panic: A cognitive account. Behavioural Psychotherapy, 19(1), 6–19.Google Scholar

Silverman, W. K., & Ollendick, T. H. (2005). Evidence-based assessment of anxiety and its disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34(3), 380–411.Google Scholar

Steinman, S., & Teachman, B. (2011). Cognitive processing and acrophobia: Validating the Heights Interpretation Questionnaire. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 896–902.Google Scholar

Van Gerwen, L. J., Spinhoven, P., Van Dyck, R., & Diekstra, R. F. W. (1999). Construction and psychometric characteristics of two self-report questionnaires for the assessment of fear of flying. Psychological Assessment, 11(2), 146–158.Google Scholar

Veale, D., Ellison, N., Boschen, M. J., Costa, A., Whelan, C., Muccio, F., et al. (2013). Development of an inventory to measure specific phobia of vomiting (emetophobia). Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37(3), 595–604.Google Scholar

Vernon, L. L. (2007). Specific phobia. In Hersen, M. & Thomas, J. C. (Eds.), Handbook of clinical interviewing with adults. Sage Publications, 247–270.Google Scholar

Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Horowitz, J. D., Powers, M. B., & Telch, M. J. (2008). Psychological approaches in the treatment of specific phobias: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 1021–1037.Google Scholar

Wolpe, J. (1961). The systematic desensitization of neurosis. Journal of Nervous Mental Disorder, 132(March), 189–203.Google Scholar

Wolpe, J., & Lang, P. J. (1964). A fear survey schedule for use in behaviour therapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 2, 27–30.Google Scholar

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.) (DSM-5). American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar

Barlow, D. H. (1988). Anxiety and its disorders. Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Barlow, D. H., Gorman, J. M., Shear, M. K., & Woods, S. W. (2000). Cognitive-behavioral therapy, imipramine, or their combination for panic disorder: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 283(19), 2529–2536.Google Scholar

Beck, A. T., Emery, G., & Greenberg, R. L. (1985). Anxiety disorders and phoblas: A cognitive perspective. Basic Books.Google Scholar

Bennett-Levy, J. (2003). Mechanisms of change in cognitive therapy: The case of automatic thought records and behavioral experiments. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 31(3), 261–277.Google Scholar

Bernstein, A., Zvolensky, M. J., Sachs-Ericsson, N., Schmidt, N. B., & Bonn-Miller, M. O. (2006). Associations between age of onset and lifetime history of panic attacks and alcohol use, abuse, and dependence in a representative sample. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 47(5), 342–349.Google Scholar

Casey, L. M., Oei, T. P., & Newcombe, P. A. (2004). An integrated cognitive model of panic disorder: The role of positive and negative cognitions. Clinical Psychology Review, 24(5), 529–555.Google Scholar

Chambless, D. L., Caputo, G. C., Bright, P., & Gallagher, R. (1984). Assessment for fear of fear in agoraphobics: The Body Sensations Questionnaire and the Agoraphobia Cognitions Questionnaire. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 1090–1097.Google Scholar

Chambless, D. L., Caputo, G. C., Jasin, S. E., Gracely, E. J., & Williams, C. (1985). The mobility inventory for agoraphobia. Behavior Research and Therapy, 23, 35–44.Google Scholar

Clark, D. M. (1986). A cognitive approach to panic. Behavior Research and Therapy, 24(4), 461–470.Google Scholar

Clark, D. M. (1988). A cognitive model of panic attacks. In Rachman, S. & Maser, J. D. (Eds.), Panic: Psychological perspectives (pp. 71–89). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar

Clark, D. M. (1996). Panic disorder: From theory to therapy. In: Salkovskis, P. M. (Ed.), Frontiers of cognitive therapy. Guilford Publications, 318–344.Google Scholar

Clark, D. M., & Salkovskis, P. (2009). Cognitive therapy for panic disorder: Manual for IAPT high intensity therapists.Google Scholar

Clark, D. M., Salkovskis, P. M., Hackmann, A., Wells, A., Ludgate, J., & Gelder, M. (1999). Brief cognitive therapy for panic disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67(4), 583.Google Scholar

De Cort, K., Hermans, D., Noortman, D., Arends, W., Griez, E. J., & Schruers, K. R. (2013). The weight of cognitions in panic: The link between misinterpretations and panic attacks. PloS One, 8(8).Google Scholar

De Jonge, P., Roest, A. M., Lim, C. C., Florescu, S. E., Bromet, E. J., Stein, D. J., & Al‐Hamzawi, A. O. (2016). Cross‐national epidemiology of panic disorder and panic attacks in the world mental health surveys. Depression and Anxiety, 33(12), 1155–1177.Google Scholar

Deacon, B., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2008). Is hypochondriasis related to obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, or both? An empirical evaluation. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 22(2), 115–127.Google Scholar

Flynn, D., Ford, G. A., Rodgers, H., Price, C., Steen, N., & Thomson, R. G. (2014). A time series evaluation of the FAST national stroke awareness campaign in England. PLoS One, 9(8).Google Scholar

Furukawa, T. A., Watanabe, N., & Churchill, R. (2007). Combined psychotherapy plus antidepressants for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (1).Google Scholar

Goodwin, R. D., Brook, J. S., & Cohen, P. (2005). Panic attacks and the risk of personality disorder. Psychological Medicine, 35(2), 227–235.Google Scholar

Goodwin, R. D., Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2004a). Panic attacks and psychoticism. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(1), 88–92.Google Scholar

Goodwin, R. D., Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2004b). Panic attacks and the risk of depression among young adults in the community. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 73(3), 158–165.Google Scholar

Goodwin, R. D., & Gotlib, I. H. (2004). Panic attacks and psychopathology among youth. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 109(3), 216–221.Google Scholar

Hiller, W., Leibbrand, R., Rief, W., & Fichter, M. M. (2005). Differentiating hypochondriasis from panic disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19(1), 29–49.Google Scholar

Hoffart, A. (2016). Cognitive models for panic disorder with agoraphobia: A study of disaggregated within-person effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(9), 839.Google Scholar

Hoffart, A., Sexton, H., Hedley, L. M., & Martinsen, E. W. (2008). Mechanisms of change in cognitive therapy for panic disorder with agoraphobia. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 39(3), 262–275.Google Scholar

Houck, P. R., Spiegel, D. A., Shear, M. K., & Rucci, P. (2002). Reliability of the self‐report version of the panic disorder severity scale. Depression and Anxiety, 15(4), 183–185.Google Scholar

Huppert, J. D., Kivity, Y., Barlow, D. H., Gorman, J. M., Shear, M. K., & Woods, S. W. (2014). Therapist effects and the outcome–alliance correlation in cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder with agoraphobia. Behavior Research and Therapy, 52, 26–34.Google Scholar

Kim, Y. W., Lee, S. H., Choi, T. K., Suh, S. Y., Kim, B., Kim, C. M., … & Song, S. K. (2009). Effectiveness of mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy as an adjuvant to pharmacotherapy in patients with panic disorder or generalized anxiety disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 26(7), 601–606.Google Scholar

King, M., Nazareth, I., Levy, G., Walker, C., Morris, R., Weich, S., … & Rifel, J. (2008). Prevalence of common mental disorders in general practice attendees across Europe. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 192(5), 362–367.Google Scholar

Lewis-Fernández, R., Hinton, D. E., Laria, A. J., Patterson, E. H., Hofmann, S. G., Craske, M. G., … & Liao, B. (2011). Culture and the anxiety disorders: Recommendations for DSM-V. Focus, 9(3), 351–368.Google Scholar

NICE. (2011). Common Mental Health Disorders: Identification and Pathways to Care. Clinical Guideline 123. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.Google Scholar

Noyes, R., Reich, J., Clancy, J., & O’Gorman, T. W. (1986). Reduction in hypochondriasis with treatment of panic disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 149(5), 631–635.Google Scholar

Olatunji, B. O., Deacon, B. J., Abramowitz, J. S., & Valentiner, D. P. (2007). Body vigilance in nonclinical and anxiety disorder samples: Structure, correlates, and prediction of health concerns. Behavior Therapy, 38(4), 392–401.Google Scholar

Pergamin-Hight, L., Naim, R., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Bar-Haim, Y. (2015). Content specificity of attention bias to threat in anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 35, 10–18.Google Scholar

Pompoli, A., Furukawa, T. A., Efthimiou, O., Imai, H., Tajika, A., & Salanti, G. (2018). Dismantling cognitive-behavior therapy for panic disorder: A systematic review and component network meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 48(12), 1945–1953.Google Scholar

Pompoli, A., Furukawa, T. A., Imai, H., Tajika, A., Efthimiou, O., & Salanti, G. (2016). Psychological therapies for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia in adults: A network meta‐analysis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4).Google Scholar

Reinecke, A., Cooper, M., Favaron, E., Massey-Chase, R., & Harmer, C. (2011). Attentional bias in untreated panic disorder. Psychiatry Research, 185(3), 387–393.Google Scholar

Reiss, S., & McNally, R. J. (1985). The expectancy model of fear. In Reiss, S. & Bootzin, R. R. (Eds.), Theoretical issues in behavior therapy (pp. 107–122). Academic Press.Google Scholar

Salkovskis, P. M. (1991). The importance of behavior in the maintenance of anxiety and panic: A cognitive account. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 19(1), 6–19.Google Scholar

Salkovskis, P. M., & Clark, D. M. (1993). Panic disorder and hypochondriasis. Advances in Behavior Research and Therapy, 15(1), 23–48.Google Scholar

Salkovskis, P. M., Clark, D. M., & Gelder, M. G. (1996). Cognition-behavior links in the persistence of panic. Behavior Research and Therapy, 34(5–6), 453–458.CrossRef Google Scholar

Salkovskis, P. M., Clark, D. M., Hackmann, A., Wells, A., & Gelder, M. G. (1999). An experimental investigation of the role of safety-seeking behaviors in the maintenance of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Behavior Research and Therapy, 37(6), 559–574.Google Scholar

Salkovskis, P. M., Hackmann, A., Wells, A., Gelder, M. G., & Clark, D. M. (2007). Belief disconfirmation versus habituation approaches to situational exposure in panic disorder with agoraphobia: A pilot study. Behavior Research and Therapy, 45(5), 877–885.Google Scholar

Shear, M. K., Brown, T. A., Barlow, D. H., Money, R., Sholomskas, D. E., Woods, S. W., … & Papp, L. A. (1997). Multicenter collaborative panic disorder severity scale. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(11), 1571–1575.Google Scholar

Teachman, B. A., Marker, C. D., & Clerkin, E. M. (2010). Catastrophic misinterpretations as a predictor of symptom change during treatment for panic disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(6), 964.Google Scholar

Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar

Wells, A. (1997). Cognitive therapy of anxiety disorders: A practice manual and conceptual guide. John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar

Williams, P. G. (2004). The psychopathology of self-assessed health: A cognitive approach to health anxiety and hypochondriasis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28(5), 629–644.Google Scholar

Wolpe, J., & Rowan, V. C. (1988). Panic disorder: A product of classical conditioning. Behavior Research and Therapy, 26(6), 441–450.Google Scholar

Zickgraf, H. F., Chambless, D. L., McCarthy, K. S., Gallop, R., Sharpless, B. A., Milrod, B. L., & Barber, J. P. (2016). Interpersonal factors are associated with lower therapist adherence in cognitive-behavioral therapy for panic disorder. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 23(3), 272–284.Google Scholar

References

American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.) (DSM-5). American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar

Arnow, D. A., Taylor, C. B., Agras, W. S., & Telch, M. I. (1985). Enhancing agoraphobia treatment outcome by changing couple communication patterns. Behavior Therapy, 16, 452–467.Google Scholar

Aronson, T. A., & Logue, C. M. (1987). On the longitudinal course of panic disorder: Development history and predictors of phobic complications. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 28, 344–355.Google Scholar

Bandelow, B. (1995). Assessing the efficacy of treatments for panic disorder and agoraphobia: II. The Panic and Agoraphobia Scale. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 10, 73–81.Google Scholar

Bandelow, B. (1997). Panic and Agoraphobia Scale (PAS). Hogrefe & Huber.Google Scholar

Bandura, A. (1977). Self efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–205.CrossRef Google Scholar

Barlow, D. H. (2002). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Barlow, D. H., O’Brien, G. T., & Last, C. G. (1984). Couples treatment of agoraphobia. Behavior Therapy, 15, 41–58.Google Scholar

Barlow, D. H., Gorman, J. M., Shear, M. K., & Woods, S. W. (2000). Cognitive behavioral therapy, imipramine, or their combination for panic disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 283, 2529–2536.Google Scholar

Basoglu, M., Marks, I. M., Kilic, C., Brewin, C. R., & Swinson, R. P. (1994). Alprazolam and exposure for panic disorder with agoraphobia attribution of improvement to medication predicts subsequent relapse. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 652–659.Google Scholar

Botella, C., Villa, H., Garcia Palacios, A., Quero, S., Banos, R. M., & Alcaniz, M. (2004). The use of VR in the treatment of panic disorders and agoraphobia. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 99, 73–90.Google Scholar

Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss, vol. 2: Separation: Anxiety and anger. Penguin Books.Google Scholar

Cerny, J. A., Barlow, D. H., Craske, M. G., & Himadi, W. G. (1987). Couples treatment of agoraphobia: A two-year follow-up. Behavior Therapy, 18, 401–415.Google Scholar

Chambless, D. L., Caputo, G. C., Bright, P., & Gallagher, R. (1984). Assessment of fear in agoraphobics: The Body Sensations Questionnaire and the Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 1090–1097.Google Scholar

Chambless, D. L., Caputo, G. C., Jasin, S. E., Gracely, E. J., & Williams, C. (1985). The Mobility Inventory for Agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 35–44.Google Scholar

Clark, D. M. (1986). A cognitive approach to panic. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 461–470.Google Scholar

Constantino, M. J. (2012). Believing is seeing: An evolving research program on patients’ psychotherapy expectations. Psychotherapy Research, 22, 127–138.Google Scholar

Cox, B. J., Endler, N. S., & Swinson, R. P. (1995). An examination of levels of agoraphobic severity in panic disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 57–62.Google Scholar

Craske, M. G., & Barlow, D. H. (1988). A review of the relationship between panic and avoidance. Clinical Psychology Review, 8, 667–685.Google Scholar

Craske, M. G., Kircanski, K., Zelikowsky, M., Mystkowski, J., Chowdhury, N., & Baker, A. (2008). Optimizing inhibitory learning during exposure therapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(1), 5–27.Google Scholar

Craske, M. G., Rapee, R. M., & Barlow, D. H. (1988). The significance of panic-expectancy for individual patterns of avoidance. Behavior Therapy, 19, 577–592.Google Scholar

Crowe, R. R., Noyes, R., Pauls, D. L., & Sylmen, D. (1983). A family study of panic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 1065–1069.Google Scholar

El-Baalbaki, G., Bélanger, C., Perreault, M., Fredman, S. J., & Baucom, D. (2010). Marital interactions in predicting treatment outcome in panic disorder with agoraphobia. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 5, 671–681.Google Scholar

Fava, G. A., Rafanelli, C., Grandi, S., Conti, S., Ruini, C., Mangelli, L., & Belluardo, P. (2001). Long-term outcome of panic disorder with agoraphobia treated by exposure. Psychological Medicine, 31, 891–898.Google Scholar

First, M. B., Williams, J. B. W., Karg, R. S., & Spitzer, R. L. (2015). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders, Clinician Version (SCID-5-CV). American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar

Gloster, A. T., Sonntag, R., Hoyer, J., Meyer, A. H., Heinze, S., Strohle, A., Eifert, G., & Wittchen, H.-U. (2015). Treating treatment-resistant patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia using psychotherapy: A randomized controlled switching trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 84, 100–109.Google Scholar

Gloster, A. T., Wittchen, H.-U., Einsle, F., Helbig-Lang, S., Hamm, A. O., Richter, J., Gerlach, A. L., Kircher, T., Zwanzger, P., Lang, T., Fydrich, T., Fehm, L., Alpers, G. W., Ströhle, A., Deckert, J., Höfler, M., & Arolt, V. (2011). Psychological treatment for panic disorder with agoraphobia: A randomized controlled trial to examine the role of therapist-guided exposure in situ in CBT. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(3), 406–420.Google Scholar

Goisman, R. M., Warshaw, M. G., Peterson, L. G., Rogers, M. P., Cuneo, P., Hunt, M. F., Tomlinalbanese, J. M., Kazim, A., Gollan, J. K., Epsteinkaye, T., Reich, J. H., & Keller, M. B. (1994). Panic, agoraphobia, and panic disorder with agoraphobia: Data from a multicenter anxiety disorders study. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 182(2), 72–79.Google Scholar

Goldstein, A. J., & Chambless, D. L. (1978). A reanalysis of agoraphobia. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 1, 305–313.Google Scholar

Gould, R. A., Otto, M. W., & Pollack, M. H. (1995). A meta-analysis of treatment outcome for panic disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 15, 819–844.Google Scholar

Greenberg, P., Sisitsky, T., Kessler, R., & Finkelstein, S. (1999). The economic burden of anxiety disorders in the 1990s. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60(7), 427–435.Google Scholar

Hahlweg, K., Fiegenbaum, W., Frank, M., Schroeder, B., & von Witzleben, I. (2001). Short- and long-term effectiveness of an empirically supported treatment for agoraphobia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69 (3), 375–382.Google Scholar

Issakidis, C., & Andrews, G. (2004). Pretreatment attrition and dropout in an outpatient clinic for anxiety disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 109, 426–433.Google Scholar

Keefe, J. R., McCarthy, K. S., Dinger, U., Zilcha-Mano, S., & Barber, J. P. (2014). A meta-analytic review of psychodynamic therapies for anxiety disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 34, 309–323.Google Scholar

Kessler, R., Chiu, W., & Jin, R. (2006). The epidemiology of panic attacks, panic disorder, and agoraphobia in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63(4), 415–424.Google Scholar

Kuch, K., & Swinson, R. P. (1992). Agoraphobia: What Westphal really said. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 37(2), 133–136.Google Scholar

Lepine, J.-P. (2003). The epidemiology of anxiety disorders: Prevalence and societal costs. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63(Suppl. 14), 4–8.Google Scholar

Marcaurelle, R., Bélanger, C., Marchand, A., Katerelos, T. E., & Mainguy, N. (2005). Marital predictors of symptom severity in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19, 211–232.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Markowitz, J. S., Weissman, M. M., Quellette, R., Lish, J. D., & Klerman, G. L. (1989). Quality of life in panic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 984–992.Google Scholar

Mattick, R. P., Andrews, G., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., & Christensen, H. (1990). Treatment of panic and agoraphobia: An integrative review. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 178, 567–576.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

McNally, R. J., & Foa, E. B. (1987). Cognition and agoraphobia: Bias in the interpretation of threat. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 11, 567–582.Google Scholar

McPherson, F. M., Brougham, L., & McLaren, S. (1980). Maintenance of improvement in agoraphobic patients treated by behavioral methods: Four year follow-up. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 18, 150–152.Google Scholar

Michelson, L., Mavissakalian, M., & Marchione, K. (1985). Cognitive and behavioral treatments of agoraphobia: Clinical, behavioral and psychophysiological outcomes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 913–925.Google Scholar

Munby, J., & Johnston, D.W. (1980). Agoraphobia: Long-term follow-up of behavioural treatment. British Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 418–427.Google Scholar

Perreault, M., Julien, D., White, N. D., Bélanger, C., Marchand, A., Katerelos, T., & Milton, D. (2014). Treatment modality preferences and adherence to group treatment for panic disorder with agoraphobia. Psychiatric Quarterly, 85, 121–132.Google Scholar

Rapee, R. M., & Murrell, E. (1988). Predictors of agoraphobic avoidance. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 2, 203–218.Google Scholar

Reiss, S., Peterson, R. A., Gursky, D. M., & McNally, R. J. (1986). Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency and the prediction of fearfulness. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 1–8.Google Scholar

Robins, L. N., & Regier, D. A. (1991). Psychiatric disorders in America. Macmillan.Google Scholar

Sanchez-Meca, J., Rosa-Alcazar, A. I., Marin-Martinez, F., & Gomez-Conesa, A. (2010). Psychological treatment of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 37–50.Google Scholar

Scupi, B. S., Maser, J. D., & Uhde, T. W. (1992). The National Institute of Mental Health Panic Questionnaire: An instrument for assessing clinical characteristics of panic disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180, 566–572.Google Scholar

Swift, J. K., & Greenberg, R. P. (2012). Premature discontinuation in adult psychotherapy: A meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80, 547–559.Google Scholar

Telch, M. J., Brouillard, M., Telch, C. F., Agras, W. S., & Taylor, C. B. (1989). Role of cognitive appraisal in panic-related avoidance. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 27, 373–383.Google Scholar

Teusch, L., & Boehme, H. (1999). Is the exposure principle really crucial in agoraphobia? The influence of client-centered ‘nonprescriptive’ treatment on exposure. Psychotherapy Research, 9, 115–123.Google Scholar

Turgeon, L., March, A., & Dupuis, G. (1998). Clinical features in panic disorder with agoraphobia: A comparison of men and women. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 12, 539–553.Google Scholar

White, K. S., Allen, L. B., Barlow, D. H., Gorman, J. M., Shear, M. K., & Woods, S. W. (2010). Attrition in a multicenter clinical trial for panic disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198, 665–671.Google Scholar

World Health Organisation. (2018). International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (11th Revision). https://icd.who.int/browse11/1-m/en Google Scholar

Yonkers, K. A., Zlotnick, C., Allsworth, J., Warshaw, M., Shea, T., & Keller, M. B. (1998). Is the course of panic disorder the same in women and men? American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 596–602.Google Scholar

Zarate, R., Craske, M., & Barlow, D. H. (1990). Situation exposure treatment versus panic control treatment for agoraphobia: A case study. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 21(3), 211–224.Google Scholar

References

Acarturk, C., Smit, F., de Graaf, R., van Straten, A., ten Have, M., & Cuijpers, P. (2009). Economic costs of social phobia: A population-based study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 115, 421–429. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.10.008Google Scholar

Aderka, I. M., Hofmann, S. G., Nickerson, A., Hermesh, H., Gilboa-Schechtman, E., & Marom, S. (2012). Functional impairment in social anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 393–400. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.01.003Google Scholar

Alden, L. E., Taylor, C. T., Mellings, T. M. J. B., & Laposa, J. M. (2008). Social anxiety and the interpretation of positive social events. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 577–590. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.05.007Google Scholar

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar

Amir, N., Foa, E. B., & Coles, M. E. (1998). Automatic activation and strategic avoidance of threat-relevant information in social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 285–290. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.107.2.285Google Scholar

Barkowski, S., Schwartze, D., Strauss, B., Burlingame, G. M., Barth, J., & Rosendahl, J. (2016). Efficacy of group psychotherapy for social anxiety disorder: A meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 39, 44–64. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.02.005CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Beck, J. S. (2011). Cognitive behavior therapy: Basics and beyond (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Blanco, C., Heimberg, R. G., Schneier, F. R., Fresco, D. M., Chen, H., Turk, C. L., … & Liebowitz, M. R. (2010). A placebo-controlled trial of phenelzine, cognitive behavioral group therapy, and their combination for social anxiety disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 286–295. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.11Google Scholar

Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (2014). Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5 (ADIS-5L): Client interview schedule. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Brown, T. A., Di Nardo, P. A., & Barlow, D. H. (1994). Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV): Client interview schedule. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Brown, T. A., Di Nardo, P. A., Lehman, C. L., & Campbell, L. A. (2001). Reliability of DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders: Implications for the classification of emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 49–58. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.110.1.49Google Scholar

Bruce, S. E., Yonkers, K. A., Otto, M. W., Eisen, J. L., Weisberg, R. B., Pagano, M., … & Keller, M. B. (2005). Influence of psychiatric comorbidity on recovery and recurrence in generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder: A 12-year prospective study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1179–1187. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.6.1179Google Scholar

Clark, D. M. (2001). A cognitive perspective on social phobia. In Crozier, W. R. & Alden, L. E. (Eds.), International handbook of social anxiety: Concepts, research and interventions relating to the self and shyness (pp. 405–430). John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar

Connor, K. M., Davidson, J. R. T., Churchill, L. E., Sherwood, A., Foa, E., & Weisler, R. H. (2000). Psychometric properties of the Social Phobia Inventory. British Journal of Psychiatry, 176, 379–386. doi:10.1192/bjp.176.4.379Google Scholar

Craske, M. G., Niles, A. N., Burklund, L. J., Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Vilardaga, J. P., Arch, J. J., … & Lieberman, M. D. (2014). Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: Outcomes and moderators. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82, 1034–1048. doi:10.1037/a0037212Google Scholar

Davidson, J. R. T., Miner, C. M., De Veaugh-Geiss, J., Tupler, L. A., Colket, J. T., & Potts, N. L. S. (1997). The Brief Social Phobia Scale: A psychometric evaluation. Psychological Medicine, 27, 161–166. doi:10.1017/s0033291796004217Google Scholar

Davidson, J. R. T., Potts, N. L. S., Richichi, E. A., Ford, S. M., Krishnan, K. R. R., Smith, R. D., & Wilson, W. H. (1991). The Brief Social Phobia Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 52 Suppl., 48–51. doi:10.1037/t07672-000Google Scholar

First, M. B., Williams, J. B. W., Karg, R. S., & Spitzer, R. L. (2015). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders, clinician version (SCID-5-CV). American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar

Fresco, D. M., Coles, M. E., Heimberg, R. G., Liebowitz, M. R., Hami, S., Stein, M. B., & Goetz, D. (2001). The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale: A comparison of the psychometric properties of self-report and clinician-administered formats. Psychological Medicine, 31, 1025–1035. doi:10.1017/S0033291701004056Google Scholar

Gaston, J. E., Abbott, M. J., Rapee, R. M., & Neary, S. A. (2006). Do empirically supported treatments generalize to private practice? A benchmark study of a cognitive-behavioural group treatment programme for social phobia. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45, 33–48. doi:10.1348/014466505x35146Google Scholar

Gil, P. M., Carrillo, F. M., & Meca, J. S. (2001). Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural treatment in social phobia: A meta-analytic review. Psychology in Spain, 5, 17–25.Google Scholar

Goldin, P. R., Morrison, A., Jazaieri, H., Brozovich, F., Heimberg, R., & Gross, J. J. (2016). Group CBT versus MBSR for social anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84, 427–437. doi:10.1037/ccp0000092Google Scholar

Goldin, P. R., Ziv, M., Jazaieri, H., Werner, K., Kraemer, H., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2012). Cognitive reappraisal self-efficacy mediates the effects of individual cognitive-behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder in a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80, 1034–1040. doi:10.1037/a0028555Google Scholar

Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. S., Blanco, C., Stinson, F. S., Chou, S. P., Goldstein, R. B., … & Huang, B. (2005). The epidemiology of social anxiety disorder in the United States: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 1351–1361. doi:10.4088/JCP.v66n1102Google Scholar

Hackmann, A., Surawy, C., & Clark, D. M. (1998). Seeing yourself through others’ eyes: A study of spontaneously occurring images in social phobia. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 26, 3–12.Google Scholar

Hayes, S. A., Miller, N. A., Hope, D. A., Heimberg, R. G., & Juster, H. R. (2008). Assessing client progress session by session in the treatment of social anxiety disorder: The Social Anxiety Session Change Index. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 15, 203–211. doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2007.02.010Google Scholar

Heimberg, R. G., & Becker, R. E. (2002). Cognitive-behavioral group therapy for social phobia: Basic mechanisms and clinical strategies. Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Heimberg, R. G., Brozovich, F. A., & Rapee, R. M. (2014). A cognitive-behavioral model of social anxiety disorder. In Hofmann, S. G., & DiBartolo, P. M. (Eds.), Social anxiety: Clinical, developmental, and social perspectives (3rd ed., pp. 705–728). Academic Press. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-394427-6.00024-8Google Scholar

Heimberg, R. G., Dodge, C. S., Hope, D. A., Kennedy, C. R., Zollo, L. J., & Becker, R. E. (1990). Cognitive behavioral group treatment for social phobia: Comparison with a credible placebo control. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 1–23. doi:10.1007/bf01173521Google Scholar

Heimberg, R. G., Horner, K. J., Juster, H. R., Safren, S. A., Brown, E. J., Schneier, F. R., & Liebowitz, M. R. (1999). Psychometric properties of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. Psychological Medicine, 29, 199–212. doi:10.1017/S0033291798007879Google Scholar

Heimberg, R. G., Liebowitz, M. R., Hope, D. A., Schneier, F. R., Holt, C. S., Welkowitz, L. A., … & Klein, D. F. (1998). Cognitive behavioral group therapy versus phenelzine therapy for social phobia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 1133–1141. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.12.1133Google Scholar

Heimberg, R. G., Salzman, D., Holt, C. S., & Blendell, K. (1993). Cognitive behavioral group treatment of social phobia: Effectiveness at 5-year follow-up. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 17, 325–339. doi:10.1007/BF01177658Google Scholar

Hertel, P. T., Brozovich, F., Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2008). Biases in interpretation and memory in generalized social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 278–288. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.117.2.278Google Scholar

Hirsch, C. R., & Mathews, A. (2000). Impaired positive inferential bias in social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 705–712. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.109.4.705Google Scholar

Hofmann, S. G. (2007). Cognitive factors that maintain social anxiety disorder: A comprehensive model and its treatment implications. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 36, 193–209. doi:10.1080/16506070701421313Google Scholar

Hope, D. A., Heimberg, R. G., & Turk, C. L. (2010a). Managing social anxiety: A cognitive-behavioral therapy approach (Therapist Guide, 2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780195336689.001.0001Google Scholar

Hope, D. A., Heimberg, R. G., & Turk, C. L. (2010b). Managing social anxiety: A cognitive-behavioral therapy approach (Client Workbook, 2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780195336696.001.0001Google Scholar

Kaplan, S. C., Morrison, A. S., Goldin, P. R., Olino, T. M., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2017). The Cognitive Distortions Questionnaire (CD-Quest): Validation in a sample of adults with social anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 41, 576–587. doi:10.1007/s10608-017-9838-9Google Scholar

Kessler, R., Chiu, W., Demler, O., Merikangas, K., & Walters, E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 617–628. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617Google Scholar

Koszycki, D., Benger, M., Shlik, J., & Bradwejn, J. (2007). Randomized trial of a meditation-based stress reduction program and cognitive behavior therapy in generalized social anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 2518–2526. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.04.011Google Scholar

Leary, M. R. (1983). A brief version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9, 371–375. doi:10.1177/0146167283093007Google Scholar

Ledley, D. R., Heimberg, R. G., Hope, D. A., Hayes, S. A., Zaider, T. I., Dyke, M. V., … & Fresco, D. M. (2009). Efficacy of a manualized and workbook-driven individual treatment for social anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy, 40, 414–424. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2008.12.001Google Scholar

Liebowitz, M. R. (1987). Social phobia. Modern Problems in Pharmacopsychiatry, 22, 141–173. doi:10.1159/000414022Google Scholar

Liebowitz, M. R., Heimberg, R. G., Schneier, F. R., Hope, D. A., Davies, S., Holt, C. S., … & Klein, D. F. (1999). Cognitive-behavioral group therapy versus phenelzine in social phobia: Long-term outcome. Depression and Anxiety, 10(3), 89–98. PMID: 10604081.Google Scholar

Lincoln, T. M., Rief, W., Hahlweg, K., Frank, M., von Witzleben, I., Schroeder, B., & Fiegenbaum, W. (2003). Effectiveness of an empirically supported treatment for social phobia in the field. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 1251–1269. doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00038-xGoogle Scholar

Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998). Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 455–470. doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)10031-6Google Scholar

McCarthy, O., Hevey, D., Brogan, A., & Kelly, B. D. (2013). Effectiveness of a cognitive behavioural group therapy (CBGT) for social anxiety disorder: Immediate and long-term benefits. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 6. doi:10.1017/S1754470X13000111Google Scholar

McEvoy, P. M. (2007). Effectiveness of cognitive behavioural group therapy for social phobia in a community clinic: A benchmarking study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 3030–3040. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.08.002Google Scholar

McEvoy, P. M., Nathan, P., Rapee, R. M., & Campbell, B. N. C. (2012). Cognitive behavioural group therapy for social phobia: Evidence of transportability to community clinics. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50, 258–265. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.01.009Google Scholar

McManus, F., Sacadura, C., & Clark, D. M. (2008). Why social anxiety persists: An experimental investigation of the role of safety behaviours as a maintaining factor. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 39, 147–161. doi:10.1016/j.btep.2006.12.002Google Scholar

Mennin, D. S., Fresco, D. M., Heimberg, R. G., Schneier, F. R., Davies, S. O., & Liebowitz, M. R. (2002). Screening for social anxiety disorder in the clinical setting: Using the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 16, 661–673. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00134-2Google Scholar

Nordahl, H. M., Vogel, P. A., Morken, G., Stiles, T. C., Sandvik, P., & Wells, A. (2016). Paroxetine, cognitive therapy or their combination in the treatment of social anxiety disorder with and without avoidant personality disorder: A randomized clinical trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 85, 346–356. doi:10.1159/000447013Google Scholar

Piccirillo, M. L., Dryman, M. T., & Heimberg, R. G. (2016). Safety behaviors in adults with social anxiety: Review and future directions. Behavior Therapy, 47, 675–687. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2015.11.005Google Scholar

Powers, M. B., Sigmarsson, S. R., & Emmelkamp, P. G. (2008). A meta-analytic review of psychological treatments for social anxiety disorder. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 1, 94–113. doi:10.1521/ijct.2008.1.2.94Google Scholar

Rapee, R. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (1997). A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 741–756. doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)00022-3Google Scholar

Rodebaugh, T. L., Heimberg, R. G., Brown, P. J., Fernandez, K. C., Blanco, C., Schneier, F. R., & Liebowitz, M. R. (2011). More reasons to be straightforward: Findings and norms for two scales relevant to social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 623–630. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.02.002Google Scholar

Ruscio, A. M., Brown, T. A., Chiu, W. T., Sareen, J., Stein, M. B., & Kessler, R. C. (2008). Social fears and social phobia in the USA: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Psychological Medicine, 38, 15–28. doi:10.1017/s0033291707001699Google Scholar

Sheehan, D. V. (2015). Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview 7.0. Medical Outcomes Systems.Google Scholar

Stopa, L., & Clark, D. M. (2000). Social phobia and interpretation of social events. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 273–283. doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00043-1Google Scholar

Turner, S. M., Beidel, D. C., Dancu, C. V., & Stanley, M. A. (1989). An empirically derived inventory to measure social fears and anxiety: The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1, 35–40. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.1.1.35Google Scholar

Weeks, J. W. (2010). The Disqualification of Positive Social Outcomes Scale: A novel assessment of a long-recognized cognitive tendency in social anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 856–865. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.06.008Google Scholar

Wells, A., Clark, D. M., Salkovskis, P., Ludgate, J., Hackmann, A., & Gelder, M. (1995). Social phobia: The role of in-situation safety behaviors in maintaining anxiety and negative beliefs. Behavior Therapy, 26, 153–161. doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80088-7Google Scholar

Wells, A., & Papageorgiou, C. (1999). The observer perspective: Biased imagery in social phobia, agoraphobia, and blood/injury phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 653–658. doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00150-8Google Scholar

Wolpe, J., & Lazarus, A. A. (1967). Behavior therapy techniques: A guide to the treatment of neuroses. Pergamon Press.Google Scholar

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar

Baker, S. L., Heinrichs, N., Kim, H. J., & Hofmann, S. G. (2002). The Liebowitz social anxiety scale as a self-report instrument: A preliminary psychometric analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 701–715.Google Scholar

Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. International Universities Press.Google Scholar

Borge, F. M., Hoffart, A., Sexton, H., Clark, D. M., Markowitz, J. C., & McManus, F. (2008). Residential cognitive therapy versus residential interpersonal therapy for social phobia: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 991–1010.Google Scholar

Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (2014). Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5 (ADIS-5L): Lifetime Version. Client interview schedule. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Brown, T. A., Di Nardo, P. A., & Barlow, D. H. (1994). Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV). Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar

Carlbring, P., Andersson, G., Cuijpers, P., Riper, H., & Hedman-Lagerlöf, E. (2018). Internet-based vs. face-to-face cognitive behavior therapy for psychiatric and somatic disorders: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 47, 1–18.Google Scholar

Connor, K. M., Davidson, J. R., Churchill, L. E., Sherwood, A., Weisler, R. H., & Foa, E. (2000). Psychometric properties of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN): New self-rating scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 176, 379–386.Google Scholar

Clark, D. M., Butler, G., Fennell, M., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., & Wells, A. (1995). Social behaviour questionnaire [Unpublished manuscript].Google Scholar

Clark, D. M., Ehlers, A., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., Fennell, M., Grey, N., … & Wild, J. (2006). Cognitive therapy versus exposure and applied relaxation in social phobia: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 568–578.Google Scholar

Clark, D. M., Ehlers, A., McManus, F., Hackmann, A., Fennell, M., Campbell, H., … & Louis, B. (2003). Cognitive therapy versus fluoxetine in generalized social phobia: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 1058–1067.Google Scholar

Clark, D. M., & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In Heimberg, R. G., Liebowitz, M. R., Hope, D. A., & Schneier, F. (Eds.), Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment (pp. 69–93). Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Connor, K., Davidson, J., Churchill, L., Sherwood, A., Weisler, R., & Foa, E. (2000). Psychometric properties of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN): New self-rating scale. British Journal of Psychiatry, 176(4), 379–386. doi:10.1192/bjp.176.4.379Google Scholar

Davidson, J. R., Miner, C. M., De Veaugh-Geiss, J., Tupler, L. A., Colket, J. T., & Potts, N. L. S. (1997). The brief social phobia scale: A psychometric evaluation. Psychological Medicine, 27, 161–166.Google Scholar

Fenigstein, A., Scheier, M. F., & Buss, A. H. (1975). Public and private self-consciousness: Assessment and theory, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43(4), 522–527.Google Scholar

First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. (1996). User’s guide for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders. SCID-I: Clinician version. American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar

First, M. B., Williams, J. B. W., Karg, R. S., & Spitzer, R. L. (2015). Structured clinical interview for DSM-5: Research version (SCID-5 for DSM-5, research version; SCID-5-RV). American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar

Gkika, S., Wittkowski, A., & Wells, A. (2017). Social cognition and metacognition in social anxiety: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 25, 10–30.Google Scholar

Gregory, B., & Peters, L. (2017). Changes in the self during cognitive behavioural therapy for social anxiety disorder: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 52, 1–18.Google Scholar

Hinrichsen, H., & Clark, D. M. (2003). Anticipatory processing in social anxiety: Two pilot studies. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 34, 205–218.Google Scholar

Ingul, J. M., Aune, T., & Nordahl, H. M. (2014). A randomized controlled trial of individual cognitive therapy, group cognitive behaviour therapy and attentional placebo for adolescent social phobia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83, 54–61.Google Scholar

Leichsenring, F., Salzer, S., Beutel, M. E., Herpertz, S., Hiller, W., Hoyer, J., … & Ritter, V. (2013). Psychodynamic therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy in social anxiety disorder: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 759–767.Google Scholar

Leigh, E., & Clark, D. M. (2016). Cognitive therapy for social anxiety disorder in adolescents: A development case series. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 44, 1–17.Google Scholar

Leigh, E., & Clark, D. M. (2018). Understanding social anxiety disorder in adolescents and improving treatment outcomes: Applying the cognitive model of Clark and Wells (1995). Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 21, 388–414.Google Scholar

Liebowitz, M. R. (1987). Social phobia. In Klein, D. F. (Ed.), Anxiety. Karger, 141–173.Google Scholar

Mörtberg, E., Clark, D. M., Sundin, Ö., & Åberg Wistedt, A. (2007). Intensive group cognitive treatment and individual cognitive therapy vs. treatment as usual in social phobia: A randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 115, 142–154.Google Scholar

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2013). Social anxiety disorder: recognition, assessment and treatment of social anxiety disorder (Clinical guideline 159). http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG159 Google Scholar

Ng, A. S., Abbott, M. J., & Hunt, C. (2014). The effect of self-imagery on symptoms and processes in social anxiety: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 34, 620–633.Google Scholar

Nordahl, H., Nordahl, H. M., Hjemdal, O., & Wells, A. (2017). Cognitive and metacognitive predictors of symptom improvement following treatment of social anxiety disorder: A secondary analysis from a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 24(6), 1221–1227.Google Scholar

Nordahl, H., Nordahl, H. M., Vogel, P. A., & Wells, A. (2018). Explaining depression symptoms in patients with social anxiety disorder: Do maladaptive metacognitive beliefs play a role? Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 25, 457–464.Google Scholar

Nordahl, H. M., & Wells, A. (2017). Social anxiety and work status: The role of negative metacognitive beliefs, symptom severity and cognitive-behavioural factors. Journal of Mental Health, 29(6), 665–669.Google Scholar

Nordahl, H., & Wells, A. (2018). Metacognitive therapy for social anxiety disorder: An A-B replication series across social anxiety subtypes. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 540.Google Scholar

Piccirillo, M. L., Dryman, M. T., & Heimberg, R. G. (2015). Safety behaviors in adults with social anxiety: Review and future directions. Behavior Therapy, 47, 675–687.Google Scholar

Rachman, S., Grüter-Andrew, J., & Shafran, R. (2000). Post-event processing in social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 611–617.Google Scholar

Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). The Self‐Consciousness Scale: A revised version for use with general populations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 15, 687–699.Google Scholar

Stangier, U., Heidenreich, T., Peitz, M., Lauterbach, W., & Clark, D. M. (2003). Cognitive therapy for social phobia: Individual versus group treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 991–1007.Google Scholar

Stangier, U., Schramm, E., Heidenreich, T., Berger, M., & Clark, D. M. (2011). Cognitive therapy vs interpersonal psychotherapy in social anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, 692–700.Google Scholar

Vogel, P. A., Hagen, R., Hjemdal, O., Solem, S., Smeby, M. C. B., Strand, E. R., Fisher, P., Nordahl, H. M., & Wells, A. (2016). Metacognitive therapy applications in social phobia: An exploratory study of the individual and combined effects of the attention training technique and situational attentional refocusing. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 7, 608–618.Google Scholar

Wampold, B. E., Flückiger, C., Del Re, A. C., Yulish, N. E., Frost, N. D., Pace, B. T., … & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2017). In pursuit of truth: A critical examination of meta-analyses of cognitive behavior therapy. Psychotherapy Research, 27, 14–32.Google Scholar

Warnock-Parkes, E., Wild, J., Stott, R., Grey, N., Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2017). Seeing is believing: Using video feedback in cognitive therapy for social anxiety disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 24, 245–255.Google Scholar

Watson, D., & Friend, R. (1969). Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 448–457.Google Scholar

Wells, A. (1990). Panic disorder in association with relaxation induced anxiety: An attentional training approach to treatment. Behavior Therapy, 21, 273–280.Google Scholar

Wells, A. (1997). Cognitive therapy of anxiety disorders: A practice manual and conceptual guide. John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar

Wells, A. (2009). Metacognitive therapy for anxiety and depression. Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Wells, A., Clark, D. M., & Ahmad, S. (1998). How do I look with my mind’s eye?: Perspective taking in social phobic imagery. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 631–634.Google Scholar

Wells, A., & Matthews, G. (1994). Attention and emotion: A clinical perspective. Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Wells, A., & Papageorgiou, C. (1998). Social phobia: Effect of external attention on anxiety, negative beliefs and perspective taking. Behavior Therapy, 29, 357–370.Google Scholar

Wells, A., & Papageorgiou, C. (2001). Brief cognitive therapy for social phobia: A case series. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 713–720.Google Scholar

Wells, A., Stopa, L., & Clark, D. M. (1993). Social cognition questionnaire [Unpublished manuscript]. Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warnerford Hospital.Google Scholar

Wittchen, H. U., & Fehm, L. (2003). Epidemiology and natural course of social fears and social phobia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108, 4–18.Google Scholar

Wong, Q. J., Gregory, B., & McLellan, L. F. (2016). A review of scales to measure social anxiety disorder in clinical and epidemiological studies. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18, 38–53.Google Scholar

Wong, Q. J., & Moulds, M. L. (2009). Impact of rumination versus distraction on anxiety and maladaptive self-beliefs in socially anxious individuals. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 861–867.Google Scholar

Wong, Q. J., Moulds, M. L., & Rapee, R. M. (2014). Validation of the self-beliefs related to social anxiety scale: A replication and extension. Assessment, 21, 300–311.Google Scholar

Further Recommended Reading

Abramowitz, J. S., & Braddock, A. E. (2008). Psychological treatment of health anxiety and hypochondriasis. Hogrefe.Google Scholar

Furer, P., Walker, J. R., & Stein, M. B. (2007). Treating health anxiety and fear of death: A practitioner’s guide. Springer.Google Scholar

Olatunji, B. O., Kauffman, B. Y., Meltzer, S., Davis, M. L., Smits, J. A., & Powers, M. B. (2014). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for hypochondriasis/health anxiety: A meta-analysis of treatment outcome and moderators. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 58, 65–74.Google Scholar

Reuman, L., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2015). Illness anxiety disorder. In Phillips, K. A. & Stein, D. J. (Eds.), Handbook on obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (pp. 225–246). American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar

Rief, W., Hiller, W., & Margraf, J. (1998). Cognitive aspects of hypochondriasis and the somatization syndrome. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107(4), 587.Google Scholar

Salkovskis, P. M., Rimes, K. A., Warwick, H. M. C., & Clark, D. M. (2002). The Health Anxiety Inventory: Development and validation of scales for the measurement of health anxiety and hypochondriasis. Psychological Medicine, 32(5), 843–853.Google Scholar

Taylor, S., & Asmundson, G. J. (2004). Treating health anxiety: A cognitive-behavioral approach. Guilford Press.Google Scholar

References

Abramowitz, J. S., & Braddock, A. E. (2008). Psychological treatment of health anxiety and hypochondriasis. Hogrefe.Google Scholar

Abramowitz, J. S., Deacon, B. J., & Valentiner, D. P. (2007). The Short Health Anxiety Inventory: Psychometric properties and construct validity in a non-clinical sample. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 31(6), 871–883.Google Scholar

Abramowitz, J. S., Deacon, B. J., & Whiteside, S. P. (2012). Exposure therapy for anxiety: Principles and practice. Guilford Press.Google Scholar

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar

Barlow, D. H. (Ed.) (2014). Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: A step-by-step treatment manual. Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Barsky, A. J., Orav, E. J., & Bates, D. W. (2005). Somatization increases medical utilization and costs independent of psychiatric and medical comorbidity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(8), 903–910.Google Scholar

Espejo, E. P., Castriotta, N., Bessonov, D., Kawamura, M., Werdowatz, E. A., & Ayers, C. R. (2016). A pilot study of transdiagnostic group cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety in a veteran sample. Psychological Services, 13(2), 162.Google Scholar

Furer, P., Walker, J. R., & Stein, M. B. (2007). Treating health anxiety and fear of death: A practitioner’s guide. Springer Science & Business Media.Google Scholar

Goodman, W. K., Price, L. H., Rasmussen, S. A., Mazure, C., Fleischmann, R. L., Hill, C. L., … & Charney, D. S. (1989). Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 1006–1011.Google Scholar

Hedman, E., Andersson, G., Andersson, E., Ljótsson, B., Rück, C., Asmundson, G. J., & Lindefors, N. (2011). Internet-based cognitive-behavioural therapy for severe health anxiety: Randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 198(3), 230–236.Google Scholar

Hedman, E., Ljótsson, B., Andersson, E., Rück, C., Andersson, G., & Lindefors, N. (2010). Effectiveness and cost offset analysis of group CBT for hypochondriasis delivered in a psychiatric setting: An open trial. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 39(4), 239–250.Google Scholar

Huppert, J. D., & Baker-Morissette, S. L. (2003). Beyond the manual: The insider’s guide to panic control treatment. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 10(1), 2–13.Google Scholar

Huppert, J. D., Roth Ledley, D., & Foa, E. B. (2006). The use of homework in behavior therapy for anxiety disorders. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 16(2), 128–139.Google Scholar

Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. Dell Publishing.Google Scholar

Lovas, D. A., & Barsky, A. J. (2010). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for hypochondriasis, or severe health anxiety: A pilot study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(8), 931–935.Google Scholar

Segal, Z. V., Teasdale, J. D., Williams, J. M., & Gemar, M. C. (2002). The mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy adherence scale: Inter‐rater reliability, adherence to protocol and treatment distinctiveness. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 9(2), 131–138.Google Scholar

Taylor, S., & Asmundson, G. J. (2004). Treating health anxiety: A cognitive-behavioral approach. Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Tyrer, P., Cooper, S., Crawford, M., Dupont, S., Green, J., Murphy, D., et al. (2011). Prevalence of health anxiety problems in medical clinics. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 71, 392–394.Google Scholar

Walker, J. R., & Furer, P. (2008). Interoceptive exposure in the treatment of health anxiety and hypochondriasis. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 22(4), 366–378.Google Scholar

Further Recommended Reading

Hebert, E. A., & Dugas, M. J. (2018). Behavioral experiments for intolerance of uncertainty: Challenging the unknown in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2018.07.007 Google Scholar

Koerner, N., Mejia, T., & Kusec, A. (2017). What’s in a name? Intolerance of uncertainty, other uncertainty-relevant constructs, and their differential relations to worry and generalized anxiety disorder. Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 46, 141–161.Google Scholar

Robichaud, M., & Dugas, M. J. (2015). The generalized anxiety disorder workbook: A comprehensive CBT guide for coping with uncertainty, worry, and fear. New Harbinger.Google Scholar

Robichaud, M., Koerner, N., & Dugas, M. J. (2019). Cognitive-behavioral treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: From science to practice. Routledge.Google Scholar

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar

Barrett, J., Oxman, T. E., & Gerber, P. D. (1988). The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in primary care practice. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 1100–1106.Google Scholar

Blazer, D. G., Hughes, D., George, L. K., Schwartz, M., & Boyer, R. (1991). Generalized anxiety disorder. In Robins, L. N. & Regier, D. A. (Eds.), Psychiatric disorders in America. The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study (pp. 180–203). Free Press.Google Scholar

Bomyea, J., Ramsawh, H., Ball, T. M., Taylor, C. T., Paulus, M. P., Lang, A. J., & Stein, M. B. (2015). Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of reductions in worry in a cognitive behavioral treatment program for generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 33, 90–94.Google Scholar

Borkovec, T. D., Alcaine, O., & Behar, E. (2004). Avoidance theory of worry and generalized anxiety disorder. In Heimberg, R. G., Turk, C. L., & Mennin, D. S. (Eds.), Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice (pp. 78–108). Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (2014). Anxiety and related disorders interview schedule for DSM-5 (ADIS-5) – Adult and lifetime version: Clinical manual. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2002). The Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale: Psychometric properties of the English version. Behavior Research and Therapy, 40, 931–945.Google Scholar

Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2006). Investigating the construct validity of intolerance of uncertainty and its unique relationship with worry. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20, 222–236.Google Scholar

Carleton, R. N. (2016). Into the unknown: A review and synthesis of contemporary models involving uncertainty. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 39, 30–43.Google Scholar

Davey, G. C. (1994). Worrying, social problem-solving abilities, and social problem-solving confidence. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 327–330.Google Scholar

Dugas, M. J., Brillon, P., Savard, P., Turcotte, J., Gaudet, A., Ladouceur, R., Leblanc, R., & Gervais, N. J. (2010). A randomized clinical trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy and applied relaxation for adults with generalized anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy, 41, 46–58.Google Scholar

Dugas, M. J., Buhr, K., & Ladouceur, R. (2004b). The role of intolerance of uncertainty in etiology and maintenance. In Heimberg, R. G., Turk, C. L., & Mennin, D. S. (Eds.), Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice. Guilford Press, 143–163.Google Scholar

Dugas, M. J., Freeston, M. H., & Ladouceur, R. (1997). Intolerance of uncertainty and problem orientation in worry. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 21, 593–606.Google Scholar

Dugas, M. J., Gagnon, F., Ladouceur, R., & Freeston, M. H. (1998). Generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary test of a conceptual model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(2), 215–226.Google Scholar

Dugas, M. J., Laugesen, N., & Bukowski, W. M. (2012). Intolerance of uncertainty, fear of anxiety, and adolescent worry. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 863–870.Google Scholar

Dugas, M. J., Ladouceur, R., Léger, E., Freeston, M. H., Langlois, F., Provencher, M. D., et al. (2003). Group cognitive-behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: Treatment outcome and long-term follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 821–825.Google Scholar

Dugas, M. J., Savard, P., Gaudet, A., Turcotte, J., Laugesen, N., Robichaud, M., Francis, K., & Koerner, N. (2007). Can the components of a cognitive model predict the severity of generalized anxiety disorder? Behavior Therapy, 38, 169–178.Google Scholar

Dugas, M. J., Schwartz, A., & Francis, K. (2004a). Intolerance of uncertainty, worry, and depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28, 835–842.Google Scholar

D’Zurilla, T. J., & Nezu, A. M. (2006). Problem-solving therapy: A positive approach to clinical intervention (3rd ed.). Springer Publishing.Google Scholar

First, M. B., Williams, J. B. W., Karg, R. S., & Spitzer, R. L. (2016). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders – Clinician version (SCID-5-CV). American Psychiatric Association Publishing.Google Scholar

Fracalanza, K., Koerner, N., & Antony, M. M. (2014). Testing a procedural variant of written imaginal exposure for generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28, 559–569.Google Scholar

Hebert, E. A., Dugas, M. J., Tulloch, T. G., & Holowka, D. W. (2014). Positive beliefs about worry: A psychometric evaluation of the Why Worry-II. Personality and Individual Differences, 56, 3–8.Google Scholar

Hunt, C., Issakidis, C., & Andrews, G. (2002). DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder in the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. Psychological Medicine, 32, 649–659.Google Scholar

Koerner, N., & Dugas, M. J. (2006). A cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder: The role of intolerance of uncertainty. In Davey, G. C. L. & Wells, A. (Eds.), Worry and its psychological disorders: Theory, assessment and treatment. Wiley, 201–216.Google Scholar

Ladouceur, R., Blais, F., Freeston, M. H., & Dugas, M. J. (1998). Problem solving and problem orientation in generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 12, 139–152.Google Scholar

Ladouceur, R., Dugas, M. J., Freeston, M. H., Rhéaume, J., Blais, F., Boisvert, J.-M., et al. (1999). Specificity of generalized anxiety disorder symptoms and processes. Behavior Therapy, 30, 191–207.Google Scholar

Ladouceur, R., Gosselin, P., & Dugas, M. J. (2000). Experimental manipulation of intolerance of uncertainty: A study of a theoretical model of worry. Behavior Research and Therapy, 38, 933–941.Google Scholar

Meeten, F., Dash, S. R., Scarlet, A. L. S., & Davey, G. C. L. (2012). Investigating the effect of intolerance of uncertainty on catastrophic worrying and mood. Behavior Research and Therapy, 50, 690–698.Google Scholar

Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behavior Research and Therapy, 28, 487–495.Google Scholar

Ovanessian, M. M., Koerner, N., Antony, M. M., & Dugas, M. J. (2018). A preliminary test of the therapeutic potential of written exposure with rescripting for generalized anxiety disorder [Manuscript submitted for publication].Google Scholar

Provencher, M. D., Freeston, M. H., Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (2000). Catastrophizing assessment of worry and threat schemata among worriers. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 28, 211–224.Google Scholar

Robichaud, M., & Dugas, M. J. (2005a). Negative problem orientation (part I): Psychometric properties of a new measure. Behavior Research and Therapy, 43, 391–401.Google Scholar

Robichaud, M., & Dugas, M. J. (2005b). Negative problem orientation (part II): Construct validity and specificity to worry. Behavior Research and Therapy, 43, 403–412.Google Scholar

Robichaud, M., Dugas, M. J., & Conway, M. (2003). Gender differences in worry and associated cognitive-behavioral variables. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17, 501–516.Google Scholar

Robichaud, M., Koerner, N., & Dugas, M. J. (2019). Cognitive-behavioral treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: From science to practice. Routledge.Google Scholar

Sexton, K. A., & Dugas, M. J. (2008). The Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire: Validation of the English translation. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 355–370.Google Scholar

Stein, M. B., & Heimberg, R. G. (2004). Well-being and life satisfaction in generalized anxiety disorder: Comparison to major depressive disorder in a community sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 79, 161–166.Google Scholar

Vasey, M. W., & Borkovec, T. D. (1992). A catastrophizing assessment of worrisome thoughts. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 505–520.Google Scholar

Wittchen, H.-U., Kessler, R. C., Beesdo, K., Krause, P., Höfler, M., & Hoyer, J. (2002). Generalized anxiety and depression in primary care: Prevalence, recognition, and management. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63, 24–34.Google Scholar

Wittchen, H.-U., Zhao, Z., Kessler, R. C., & Eaton, W. W. (1994). DSM-III-R generalized anxiety disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 355–364.Google Scholar

Book contents

Part One - Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety Disorders

Summary

Access options

References

Further Recommended Reading

References

Recommended Reading

References

References

Recommended Further Reading

References

Recommended Reading

References

Further Recommended Reading

References

Further Recommended Reading

References

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive