Figures
1.1Growth of the Kongo kingdom: (a) 1250–1330; (b) 1330–1410; (c) 1410–1490; (d) 1490–1570
3.1Internal classification of the Kikongo Language Cluster (KLC)
3.4The evolution of phonological augment merger in West and South Kikongo
6.1(a) Bernardino d’Asti, The Missionary makes [sic] a Wedding, ca. 1750; (b) Bernardino d’Asti, The Missionary gives his Blessing to the Mani during Sangamento, ca. 1750
6.2(a) Pendant: Virgin Mary, sixteenth–seventeenth centuries (?), Angola, Northwestern Angola, brass; (b) Female figure at Kindoki, 1973; (c) Pendant: Saint Anthony of Padua, sixteenth–nineteenth centuries
6.3(a) Dress of the Noble and the Servant. From Duarte Lopes and Filippo Pigafetta, 1591; (b) From Olfert Dapper, Naukeurige beschrijvinge der afrikaensche eylanden, 1668
6.4(a) Fragment of sword from Tomb 4 at Kindoki and (b) detail of the angel medal at the end of its handle
7.1(a) Distribution map of archaeological pottery with woven motifs; (b) Schematic chronology of the different ceramic groups with woven motifs
7.2(a) Statuette (detail), Yombe, Kongo-Central, Congo-Kinshasa, ca. late nineteenth century; (b) Ivory sceptre (detail), Woyo, Kongo-Central, Congo-Kinshasa, nineteenth century; (c) Basket, Vili, Kongo-Central, Congo-Kinshasa, vegetal fibre; (d) Basket, Vili, Kongo-Central, Congo-Kinshasa, vegetal fibre; (e) Mpu, Yombe, Kongo-Central, Congo-Kinshasa, before mid-twentieth century (date of acquisition); (f) Mpu, Kongo, Kongo-Central, Congo-Kinshasa, before late nineteenth–early twentieth centuries (date of acquisition); (g) Mat, Kongo peoples, Congo-Kinshasa, Congo-Brazzaville or Angola (Cabinda), nineteenth–early twentieth centuries; (h) Mat, Kongo, Boma, Kongo-Central, Congo-Kinshasa, early twentieth century, vegetal fibre
7.3(a) Interlaced strand creating the basic ‘contained knot’ motifs; (b) Endless network motif based on a cushion cover, Kongo kingdom, seventeenth–eighteenth centuries; (c) Individual interlaced motif based on a cushion cover, Kongo kingdom, seventeenth–eighteenth centuries; (d) Steps of Dimba style group decoration
7.4Ceramics of the Dimba style group: (a) Surface collection, Dimba cave, Congo-Kinshasa; (b) Surface collection, Mbafu cave, Congo-Kinshasa; (c) Surface collection, Mbafu cave, Congo-Kinshasa; (d) Surface collection, Mbafu cave, Congo-Kinshasa
7.5Ceramics of the Misenga style group: (a) Excavation, Makuti 3, Congo-Brazzaville; (b) Excavation, Misenga, Congo-Kinshasa; (c) Excavation, Misenga, Congo-Kinshasa; (d) Excavation, Misenga, Congo-Kinshasa; (e) Excavation, Makuti, Congo-Brazzaville; (f) Excavation, Makuti 3, Congo-Brazzaville; (g) Excavation, Makuti 3, Congo-Brazzaville
7.6D pots: (a) Excavation, Ngongo Mbata, Congo-Kinshasa; (b) Excavation, Ngongo Mbata, Congo-Kinshasa; (c) Excavation, Ngongo Mbata, Congo-Kinshasa; (d) Excavation, Mbanza Kongo, Angola; (e) Excavation, Ngongo Mbata, Congo-Kinshasa; (f) Excavation, Loubanzi, Congo-Brazzaville; (g) Surface find, Loango Coast, Congo-Brazzaville
8.1(a) ‘Black man’, probably a noble, smoking his pipe; (b) Noble man and woman smoking tobacco using long-stemmed pipes; (c) Queen Nzinga using her pipe
8.2(a) Stone pipe fragments coming from two different pipes, Ngongo Mbata site, seventeenth century; (b) Large fragment of a clay pipe, Ngongo Mbata site, eighteenth century; (c) Large fragment of a fully decorated clay stem, Ngongo Mbata site, eighteenth century
8.3Typology of sixteenth- to eighteenth-century clay pipes of the Kongo kingdom
9.1Spread of European loans for the word ‘book’ in the twentieth- and twenty-first-century Kikongo Language Cluster
9.2Spread of the term -kanda meaning ‘book’ in the twentieth- and twenty-first-century Kikongo Language Cluster as compared to its spread with the meaning ‘skin’
