Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-x4r87 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T13:51:26.830Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part VI - Wisdom and Other Psychological Constructs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 March 2019

Robert J. Sternberg
Affiliation:
Cornell University, New York
Judith Glück
Affiliation:
Universität Klagenfurt, Austria
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Ackerman, P. L., & Heggestad, E. D. (1997). Intelligence, personality, and interests: Evidence for overlapping traits. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 219–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amabile, T. M. (1983). The social psychology of creativity: A componential conceptualization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 357–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ardelt, M. (2003). Empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale. Research on Aging. 25, 275324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baltes, P. & Staudinger, U. (2000). Wisdom: A metaheuristic (pragmatic) to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence. The American Psychologist, 55, 122–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baltes, P. B. & Smith, J. (1990) Toward a psychology of wisdom and its ontogenesis. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 87120). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baltes, P. B., & Smith, J. (2008). The fascination of wisdom: Its nature, ontogeny, and function. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 5664.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bangen, K. J., Meeks, T. W., & Jesete, D. V. (2013), Defining and assessing wisdom: A review of literature. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21, 1254–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beaussart, M. L., Andrews, C. J., & Kaufman, J. C. (2013). Creative liars: The relationship between creativity and integrity. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 9, 129–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bierly, P. E., Kolodinsky, R. W., & Charette, B. J. (2009). Understanding the complex relationship between creativity and ethical ideologies. Journal of Business Ethics, 86, 101–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bipp, T., Steinmayr, R., & Spinath, B. (2008). Personality and achievement motivation: Relationship among Big Five domain and facet scales, achievement goals, and intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1454–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bluck, S. & Glück, J. (2005). From the inside out: People's implicit theories of wisdom. In Sternberg, R. J. & Jordan, J. (Eds.), A Handbook of Wisdom: Psychological Perspectives (pp. 84109). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, J. B. (1993). Human Cognitive Abilities: A Survey of Factor-Analytic Studies. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craft, A. (2006). Fostering creativity with wisdom. Cambridge Journal of Education, 36, 337–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cropley, D. H., Cropley, A. J., Kaufman, J. C., & Runco, M. A. (Eds.). (2010). The Dark Side of Creativity. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cropley, D. H., Kaufman, J. C., & Cropley, A. J. (2008). Malevolent creativity: A functional model of creativity in terrorism and crime. Creativity Research Journal, 20, 105–15.Google Scholar
Cropley, D. H., Kaufman, J. C., White, A. E., Chiera, B. A. (2014) Layperson perceptions of malevolent creativity: The good, the bad, and the ambiguous. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 8, 400–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dai, D. Y. (2003). The making of the gifted: Implications of Sternberg's WICS model of giftedness. High Ability Studies, 14, 141–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Dreu, C. K. W. & Nijstad, B. A. (2008). Mental set and creative thought in social conflict: Threat rigidity versus motivated focus. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 648–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feist, G. J., Reiter-Palmon, R., & Kaufman, J. C. (Eds.) (2017). Cambridge handbook of creativity and personality research. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finke, R. A., Ward, T. B., & Smith, S. M. (1992). Creative cognition: Theory, research, and applications. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Forsyth, D. R. (1980). A taxonomy of ethical ideologies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 175–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardner, H. (1993). Creating minds. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Gill, P., Horgan, J., Hunter, S. T., & Cushenbery, L. D. (2013). Malevolent creativity in terrorist organizations. Journal of Creative Behavior, 47, 125–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gino, F. & Ariely, D. (2012). The dark side of creativity: Original thinkers can be more dishonest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 445–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glaăveanu, V. P. (2013). Rewriting the language of creativity: The Five A's framework. Review of General Psychology, 17, 6981.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glück, J., & Bluck, S. (2011). Laypeople's conceptions of wisdom and its development: Cognitive and integrative views. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 66, 321–4.Google ScholarPubMed
Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 427.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossmann, I., Na, J., Varnum, M. W., Kitayama, S., & Nisbett, R. E. (2013). A route to well-being: Intelligence versus wise reasoning. Journal Of Experimental Psychology: General, 142, 944–53.Google ScholarPubMed
Guilford, J. P. (1950). Creativity. American Psychologist, 5, 444–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hennessey, B. A. & Amabile, T. M. (2010). Creativity. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 569–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horn, J. L., & Cattell, R. B. (1966). Refinement and test of the theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 57, 253–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kampylis, P. & Valtanen, J. (2010). Redefining creativity – Analyzing and definitions, collocations, and consequences. Journal of Creative Behavior, 4, 191214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, J. C. (2016). Creativity 101 (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, J. C., & Baer, J. (2005). The Amusement Park Theoretical (APT) Model of creativity. Korean Journal of Thinking and Problem Solving, 14, 1525.Google Scholar
Kaufman, J. C., & Beghetto, R. A. (2009). Beyond big and little: The Four C Model of Creativity. Review of General Psychology, 13, 112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, J. C., & Beghetto, R. A. (2013). Do people recognize the Four Cs? Examining layperson conceptions of creativity. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 7, 229–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, J. C., Beghetto, R. A., Baer, J., & Ivcevic, Z. (2010). Creativity polymathy: What Benjamin Franklin can teach your kindergartener. Learning & Individual Differences, 20, 380–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, J. C., Glaăveanu, V., & Baer, J. (Eds.) (2017). Cambridge handbook of creativity across domains. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, J. C., Pumaccahua, T. T., & Holt, R. E. (2013). Personality and creativity in realistic, investigative, artistic, social, and enterprising college majors. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 913–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennedy, K., Molen, G. R., & Spielberg, (1993). Jurassic Park. [Motion picture]. Universal City, CA: Amblin Entertainment.Google Scholar
LeRoy, M., & Fleming, V. (1939). The wizard of Oz [Motion picture]. Los Angeles, CA: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.Google Scholar
Lim, W., & Plucker, J. (2001). Creativity through a lens of social responsibility: Implicit theories of creativity with Korean samples. Journal of Creative Behavior, 35, 115–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lim, W., Plucker, J. A., & Im, K. (2002). We're more alike than we think we are: Implicit theories of intelligence with a Korean sample. Intelligence, 30, 185208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mickler, C., & Staudinger, U. M. (2008). Personal wisdom: Validation and age-related differences of a performance measure. Psychology and Aging, 23, 787–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mumford, M. D., Mobley, M. I., Uhlman, C. E., Reiter-Palmon, R., & Doares, L. M. (1991). Process analytic models of creative capacities. Creativity Research Journal, 4, 91122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mumford, M. D., Waples, E. P., Antes, A. L., Brown, R. P., Connelly, S., Murphy, S. T., et al. (2010). Creativity and ethics: The relationship of creative and ethical problem-solving. Creativity Research Journal, 22, 7489.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reiter-Palmon, R., & Robinson, E. J. (2009). Problem identification and construction: What do we know, what is the future? Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 3, 43–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rhodes, M. (1961). An analysis of creativity. Phi Delta Kappan, 42, 305–11.Google Scholar
Schneider, W. J., & McGrew, K. (2012). The Cattell-Horn-Carroll model of intelligence. In Flanagan, D. & Harrison, P. (Eds.), Contemporary intellectual assessment (3rd Ed.; pp. 99144). New York, NY: Guilford.Google Scholar
Simonton, D. K. (2012). Taking the US Patent Office creativity criteria seriously: A quantitative three-criterion definition and its implications. Creativity Research Journal, 24, 97106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spearman, C. (1904). “General Intelligence,” objectively determined and measured. The American Journal of Psychology, 15, 201–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staudinger, U. M., Lopez, D. F., & Baltes, P. B. (1997). The psychometric location of wisdom-related performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 1200–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1985). Implicit theories of intelligence, creativity, and wisdom. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 607627.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1985a). Beyond IQ: A triarchic theory of human intelligence. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1985b). Implicit theories of intelligence, creativity, and wisdom. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 607–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1996). Successful intelligence. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1998) A balance theory of wisdom. Review of General Psychology, 2, 347–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2000). Practical intelligence in everyday life. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2001). Why schools should teach for wisdom: The balance theory of wisdom in educational settings. Educational Psychologist, 36, 227–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2003a). WICS as a model of giftedness. High Ability Studies, 14, 109–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2003b). Wisdom, intelligence, and creativity synthesized. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2005). WICS: A Model of positive educational leadership comprising Wisdom, Intelligence, and Creativity Synthesized. Educational Psychology Review, 17, 191262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2007). A systems model of leadership: WICS. American Psychologist, 62, 3442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sternberg, R. J. (2010). WICS: A new model for school psychology. School Psychology International, 31, 599616.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J., Bonney, C. R., Gabora, L., & Merrifield, M. (2012). WICS: A model for college and university admissions. Educational Psychologist, 47, 3041.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J., Conway, B. E., Ketron, J. L., & Bernstein, M. (1981). People's conceptions of intelligence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 3755.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2004). WICS: A model for selecting students for nationally competitive scholarships. In Ilchman, A. S., Ilchman, W. F., & Tolar, M. H. (Eds.), The lucky few and the worthy many. Scholarship competitions and the world's future leaders (pp. 3261). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J., & Hedlund, J. (2002). Practical intelligence, g, and work psychology. Human Performance, 15, 143–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weststrate, N. M., & Glück, J. (2017). Hard-earned wisdom: Exploratory processing of difficult life experience is positively associated with wisdom. Developmental Psychology, 53, 800–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zenasni, F., Besançon, M., & Lubart, T. (2008). Creativity and tolerance of ambiguity: An empirical study. Journal of Creative Behavior, 42, 6173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Ambrose, D. (2003). Barriers to aspiration development and self-fulfillment: Interdisciplinary insights for talent discovery. Gifted Child Quarterly, 47, 282–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ambrose, D. (2005). Aspiration growth, talent development, and self-fulfillment in a context of democratic erosion. Roeper Review, 28, 1119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ambrose, D. (2008). Utopian visions: Promise and pitfalls in the global awareness of the gifted. Roeper Review, 30, 5260. doi: 10.1080/02783190701836460CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ambrose, D. (2009). Expanding visions of creative intelligence: An interdisciplinary exploration. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.Google Scholar
Ambrose, D. (2012a). The not-so-invisible hand of economics and its impact on conceptions and manifestations of high ability. In Ambrose, D., Sternberg, R. J. & Sriraman, B. (Eds.), Confronting dogmatism in gifted education (pp. 97114). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ambrose, D. (2012b). The optimal moral development of the gifted: Interdisciplinary insights about ethical identity formation. In Cross, T. L. & Cross, J. R. (Eds.) Handbook for counselors serving students with gifts and talents (pp. 351–67). Waco, TX: Prufrock Press.Google Scholar
Ambrose, D. (2016). Twenty-first century contextual influences on the life trajectories of creative young people. In Ambrose, D. & Sternberg, R. J. (Eds.), Creative intelligence in the 21st century: Grappling with enormous problems and huge opportunities (pp. 2148). Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ambrose, D. (2018). Instructional strategies for thoughtful, engaged, 21st-century learning. Book manuscript in preparation.Google Scholar
Ambrose, D., & Ambrose, V. K. (2013). Adult lost prizes missing aspirations, a 21st-century education, and self-fulfillment. International Journal for Talent Development and Creativity 1(1), 7586.Google Scholar
Ambrose, D. & Cross, T. L. (Eds.). (2009). Morality, ethics, and gifted minds. New York, NY: Springer Science.Google Scholar
Ambrose, D. & Sternberg, R. J. (2012). How dogmatic beliefs harm creativity and higher-level thinking. New York, NY: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ambrose, D. & Sternberg, R. J. (2016a). Creative intelligence in the 21st century: Grappling with enormous problems and huge opportunities. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ambrose, D. & Sternberg, R. J. (2016b). Giftedness and talent in the 21st century: Adapting to the turbulence of globalization. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ambrose, D., Sternberg, R. J., & Sriraman, B. (2012). Confronting dogmatism in gifted education. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ambrose, D., Sriraman, B. & Cross, T. L. (2013). The Roeper School: A model for holistic development of high ability. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ambrose, D., Sriraman, B., & Pierce, K. M. (Eds.). (2014). A critique of creativity and complexity: Deconstructing clichés. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berkowitz, M. W., & Hoppe, M. A. (2009). Character education and gifted children. High Ability Studies, 20(2), 131–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berliner, D. C. (2011). Rational responses to high stakes testing: The case of curriculum narrowing and the harm that follows. Cambridge Journal of Education 41, 287302. doi: 10.1080/0305764X.2011.607151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berliner, D. C. (2012). Narrowing curriculum, assessments, and conceptions of what it means to be smart in the US schools: Creaticide by design. In Ambrose, D. & Sternberg, R. J. (Eds.) How dogmatic beliefs harm creativity and higher-level thinking (pp. 7993). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Berliner, D. C. & Glass, G. V. (2014). 50 myths and lies that threaten America's public schools: The real crisis in education. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
Brown, E. F., & Rinko-Gay, C. (2017). Moral frameworks for leaders of gifted programs and services. Roeper Review, 39, 121–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cabieses, B., Pickett, K. E. & Wilkinson, R. G. (2016). The impact of socioeconomic inequality on children's health and well-being. In Komlos, J., & Kelly, I. (Eds.) The Oxford handbook of economics and human biology (pp. 244–65). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Chang, H. (2002). Kicking away the ladder: Development strategy in historical perspective. London, England: Anthem Press.Google Scholar
Chang, H. (2007). Bad Samaritans: The myth of free trade and the secret history of capitalism. New York, NY: Random House.Google Scholar
Chirot, D. (2012). Dogmatism and genocide. In Ambrose, D. & Sternberg, R. J. (Eds.) How dogmatic beliefs harm creativity and higher-level thinking (pp. 33–6). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Chirot, D., & McCauley, C. (2006). Why not kill them all? The logic and prevention of mass political murder. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Coleman, L. J. & Cross, T. L. (2005). Being gifted in school (2nd ed.). Waco, TX: Prufrock Press.Google Scholar
Cross, J. R., & Borland, J. H. (Eds.). 2013. Social inequality in gifted education [special issue]. Roeper Review, 35(2).Google Scholar
Cross, J. R. & Cross, T. L. (2005). Social dominance, moral politics, and gifted education. Roeper Review, 28, 21–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cross, J. R. & Cross, T. L. (2010). Maximizing student potential versus building community: An exploration of right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and preferred practice among supporters of gifted education. Roeper Review, 32, 235–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cross, T. L. (2011). On the social and emotional lives of gifted kids: Understanding and guiding their development (4th ed.). Waco, TX: Prufrock Press.Google Scholar
Dąbrowski, K. (1964). Positive disintegration. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Dąbrowski, K. (1975). Foreword. In Piechowski's, M. M. A theoretical and empirical approach to the study of development Genetic Psychology Monographs (pp. 233–7). 92.Google Scholar
Dąbrowski, K., Kawczak, A., & Piechowski, M. (1970). Mental growth through positive disintegration. London, England: Gryf.Google Scholar
Dąbrowski, K., & Piechowski, M. M. (1977a). Theory of levels of emotional development, Volume I – Multilevelness and positive disintegration. Oceanside, NY: Dabor.Google Scholar
Dąbrowski, K., & Piechowski, M. M. (1977b). Theory of levels of emotional development, Volume II – From primary integration to self-actualization. Oceanside, NY: Dabor.Google Scholar
Daniels, S., & Piechowski, M. M. (2009). Living with intensity. Scottsdale, AZ: Great Potential Press.Google Scholar
Delisle, J. & Schultz, R. (2016). The legacy of George and Annemarie Roeper (special issue). Roeper Review 38(4).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elder, L. & Paul, R. (2012). Dogmatism, creativity, and critical thought: The reality of human minds and the possibility of critical societies. In Ambrose, D. & Sternberg, R. J. (Eds.), How dogmatic beliefs harm creativity and higher-level thinking (pp. 3749). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Farmer, P. (2003). Pathologies of power: Health, human rights, and the new war on the poor. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Folsom, C. (2008). Teaching for intellectual and emotional learning (TIEL): A model for creating powerful curriculum. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Gardner, H. (2011). Intelligence, creativity, ethics: Reflections on my evolving research interests. Gifted Child Quarterly, 55, 302–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardner, H., Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Damon, W. (2002). Good work: When excellence and ethics meet. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Gibson, K. L, Rimmington, G. M. & Landwehr-Brown, M. (2008). Global awareness and responsible world citizenship through global learning. Roeper Review, 30, 1123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, B. (2009). Character problems: Justifications of character education programs, compulsory schooling, and gifted education. In Ambrose, D. & Cross, T. L. (Eds.), Morality, ethics, and gifted minds (pp. 327–44). New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Hacker, J. S. & Pierson, P. (2010). Winner-take-all politics: How Washington made the rich richer–and turned its back on the middle class. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Harper, A. J., Cornish, L., Smith, S., & Merrotsy, P. (2017). Through the Dąbrowski lens: A fresh examination of the Theory of Positive Disintegration. Roeper Review, 39, 3743. doi: 10.1080/02783193.2016.1247395CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaaij, T. V. D., & Mink, F. D. (2010). Unite people by global awareness through wisdom for the gifted. Gifted Education International, 27(1), 2933.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Latz, A. O., & Adams, C. M. (2011). Critical differentiation and the twice oppressed: Social class and giftedness. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 34, 773–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lovecky, D. V. (1997). Identity development in gifted children: Moral sensitivity. Roeper Review, 20, 90–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lovecky, D. V. (2009). Moral sensitivity in young gifted children. In Ambrose, D. & Cross, T. L. (Eds.), Morality, ethics, and gifted minds (pp. 161–76). New York, NY: Springer Science.Google Scholar
McGregor, G. D. (2001). Gifted and talented youth as philosophers of the new millennium. Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 12(3), 157–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendaglio, S. (2008). Dabrowski's theory of positive disintegration. Scottsdale, AZ: Great Potential Press.Google Scholar
Mendaglio, S., & Tillier, W. (2015). Has the time come to emulate Jung? A response to Piechowski's most recent rethinking of the theory of positive disintegration: I. The case against primary integration. Roeper Review, 37(4), 219–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Persson, R. (2012). Cultural variation and dominance in a globalized knowledge-economy: Towards a culture-sensitive research paradigm in the science of giftedness. Gifted and Talented International, 27, 1, 1548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piechowski, M. M. (1974). Two developmental concepts: Multilevelness and developmental potential, Counseling and Values, 18(2), 8693.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piechowski, M. M. (1975). A theoretical and empirical approach to the study of development, Genetic Psychology Monographs, 92, 231–97.Google Scholar
Piechowski, M. M. (1979). Developmental potential. In Colangelo, N. & Zaffran, R. T. (Eds.), New voices in counseling the gifted (pp. 2557). Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt.Google Scholar
Piechowski, M. M. (2006). “Mellow out,” they say. If I only could. Madison, WI: Yunasa Books.Google Scholar
Piechowski, M. M. (2008). Discovering Dabrowski's theory. In Mendaglio, S. (Ed.), Dabrowski's theory of positive disintegration (pp. 4177). Scottsdale, AZ: Great Potential Press.Google Scholar
Piechowski, M. M. (2007). Peace Pilgrim, exemplar of level V. Roeper Review, 31, 103112.Google Scholar
Piechowski, M. M. (2014). Rethinking Dąbrowski's theory: I. The case against primary integration. Roeper Review, 36, 1117. doi: 10.1080/02783193.2013.856829CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piechowski, M. M., & Colangelo, N. (1984). Developmental potential of the gifted. Gifted Child Quarterly, 28, 80–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piechowski, M. M., & Cunningham, K. (1985). Patterns of overexcitability in a group of artists. Journal of Creative Behavior, 19, 153–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the twenty-first century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pramathevan, G. S., & Garces-Bacsal, R. M. (2012). Factors influencing altruism in the context of overseas learning experiences among gifted adolescent girls in Singapore. Roeper Review, 34, 145–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Presbey, G. M. (1997). Hannah Arendt on power. In Kaplan, L. D. & Bove, L. F. (Eds.), Philosophical perspectives on power and domination (pp. 2940). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Rodopi.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ravitch, D. (2010). The death and life of the great American school system: How testing and choice are undermining education. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Ravitch, D. (2013). Reign of error: The hoax of the privatization movement and the danger to America's public schools. New York, NY: Knopf.Google Scholar
Renzulli, J. S. (2012). Reexamining the role of gifted education and talent development for the 21st century: A four-part theoretical approach. Gifted Child Quarterly, 56, 150–9. http://gcq.sagepub.com/content/56/3/150.shortCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roeper, A. (1989a). Empathy, ethics, and global education. Understanding Our Gifted, 1(6), 1.Google Scholar
Roeper, A. (1989b). Ethics education for the gifted. The Education Digest, 54(6), 37.Google Scholar
Roeper, A. (1992). Global awareness and the young child. Roeper Review, 15, 52–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roeper, A. (2008). Global awareness and gifted children: Its joy and history. Roeper Review, 30, 810.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sands, M. M., & Heilbronner, N. N. (2014). The impact of direct involvement I and direct involvement II experiences on secondary school students’ social capital, as measured by co-cognitive factors of the operation Houndstooth intervention theory. Gifted Child Quarterly, 58, 297310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shapiro, I. (2003). The state of democratic theory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Silverman, L. K. (1990). Issues in affective development of the gifted. In VanTassel-Baska, J. (Ed.), A practical guide to counseling the gifted in school settings (2nd ed., pp. 1530). Reston, VA: Council for Exceptional Children.Google Scholar
Silverman, L. K. (1993). Counseling the gifted and talented. Denver: Love Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Silverman, L. K. (1994). The moral sensitivity of gifted children and the evolution of society. Roeper Review, 17, 110–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silverman, L. K. (2016). Empathy: The Heart of Dabrowski's Theory 1. Advanced Development, 15, 32.Google Scholar
Sisk, D. (2008). Engaging the spiritual intelligence of gifted students to build global awareness in the classroom. Roeper Review, 30, 2430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sisk, D. A. (2010). fostering global awareness and global learning for gifted students. Gifted Education International, 27(1), 1018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sisk, D. (2013). Developing leadership capacity in gifted students for the present and the future. In Ambrose, D., Sriraman, B., Cross, T. L. (Eds.), The Roeper School: A model for holistic development of high ability (pp. 225–58). Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1998b). A balance theory of wisdom. Review of General Psychology, 2, 347–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2002). Smart people are not stupid, but they sure can be foolish: The imbalance theory of foolishness. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Why smart people can be so stupid (pp. 232–42). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2003). Wisdom, intelligence, and creativity synthesized. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2004). Why smart people can be so foolish. European Psychologist, 9(3), 145–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2005). WICS: A model of giftedness in leadership. Roeper Review, 28, 3744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2012). A model for ethical reasoning. Review of General Psychology, 16, 319–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2015). Epilogue: Why is ethical behavior challenging? A model of ethical reasoning. In Sternberg, R. J. & Fiske, S. T. (Eds.), Ethical challenges in the behavioral and brain sciences (pp. 219–26). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2017). ACCEL: A new model for identifying the gifted. Roeper Review, 39, 152–69. www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02783193.2017.1318658CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J., & Fiske, S. E. (Eds.) (2015). Ethical challenges in the behavioral and brain sciences: Case studies and commentaries. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stiglitz, J. E. (2010). Free fall: America, free markets, and the sinking of the world economy. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Tannenbaum, A. J. (2000). Giftedness: The ultimate instrument for good and evil. In Heller, K. A., Mönks, F. J., Sternberg, R. J., & Subotnik, R. (Eds.), International handbook of giftedness and talent (pp. 447–65). Oxford, England: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Terry, A. W. (2003). Effects of service learning on young, gifted adolescents and their community. Gifted Child Quarterly, 47, 295308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terry, A. W. (2008). Student voices, global echoes: Service learning and the gifted. Roeper Review, 30, 4551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terry, A. W. & Bohnenberger, J. E. (2003). Service learning: Fostering a cycle of caring in our gifted youth. The Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 15, 2332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terry, A. W., Bohnenberger, J. E., Renzulli, J. S., Cramond, B., & Sisk, D. (2008). Vision with action: Developing sensitivity to societal concerns in gifted youth. Roeper Review, 30(1), 61–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tieso, C. L. (2007a). Overexcitabilities: A new way to think about talent? Roeper Review, 29, 232–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tieso, C. L. (2007b). Patterns of overexcitabilities in identified gifted students and their parents: A hierarchical model. Gifted Child Quarterly, 51, 1122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tirri, K. (2007). Values and foundations in gifted education. Berne, Switzerland: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Tirri, K. (2010). Combining excellence and ethics: Implications for moral education for the gifted. Roeper Review, 33, 5964.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tirri, K., & Laine, S. (2017). Ethical challenges in inclusive education: The case of gifted students. In Forlin, C. & Gajewski, A. (Eds.), Ethics, equity, and inclusive education (pp. 239–57). Bingley, England: Emerald.Google Scholar
Tirri, K., & Nokelainen, P. (2007). Comparison of academically average and gifted students’ self-rated ethical sensitivity. Educational Research and Evaluation, 13, 587601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tirri, K., & Pehkonen, L. (2002). The moral reasoning and scientific argumentation of gifted adolescents. Prufrock Journal, 13(3), 120–9.Google Scholar
Tirri, K., Tolppanen, S., Aksela, M., & Kuusisto, E. (2012). A cross-cultural study of gifted students’ scientific, societal, and moral questions concerning science. Educational Research International, Vol. 2012, Article ID673645. doi: 10.1155/2012/673645CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van der Westhuizen, C. N., & Maree, J. G. (2010). From human to humankind: Facilitating global awareness among the gifted. Gifted Education International, 27(1), 5462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Tassel-Baska, J. L. (2010). Patterns and profiles of promising learners from poverty. Waco, TX: Prufrock.Google Scholar
von Károlyi, C. (Ed.). 2008. Global awareness and giftedness [Special Issue]. Roeper Review 30(1).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, R. G., & Pickett, K. (2009). The spirit level: Why more equal societies almost always do better. London, England: Allen Lane.Google Scholar
Wolin, S. (2008). Democracy incorporated: Managed democracy and the specter of inverted totalitarianism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Zhao, Y. (2014). Who's afraid of the big bad Dragon? Why China has the best (and worst) education system in the world. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Zhao, Y. & Gearin, B. (2016). Squeezed out: The threat of global homogenization of education to creativity. In Ambrose, D. & Sternberg, R. J. (Eds.), Creative intelligence in the 21st century: Grappling with enormous problems and huge opportunities (pp. 121–38). Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense.Google Scholar

References

Aczel, B., Bago, B., Szollosi, A., Foldes, A., & Lukacs, B. (2015a). Is it time for studying real-life debiasing? Evaluation of the effectiveness of an analogical intervention technique. Frontiers in Psychology, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01120CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aczel, B., Bago, B., Szollosi, A., Foldes, A., & Lukacs, B. (2015b). Measuring Individual Differences in Decision Biases: Methodological Considerations. Frontiers in Psychology, 6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aczel, B., Palfi, B., & Kekecs, Z. (2015). What is stupid?: People's conception of unintelligent behavior. Intelligence, 53, 51–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, J. R. (1990). The adaptive character of thought. Hillsdale, NJ: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Arkes, H. R., & Ayton, P. (1999). The sunk cost and Concorde effects: Are humans less rational than lower animals? Psychological Bulletin, 125(5), 591600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arkes, H. R., & Blumer, C. (1985). The psychology of sunk cost. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 35(1), 124–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron, J. (1985). Rationality and intelligence. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron, J. (1993). Why teach thinking?-‐An essay. Applied Psychology, 42(3), 191214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bazerman, M. H. (1984). The relevance of Kahneman and Tversky's concept of framing to organizational behavior. Journal of Management, 10(3), 333–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bazerman, M. H. (1990). Judgment in managerial decision making (2nd edn.). New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar
Boxsel, M., van Pomerans, A., & Pomerans, E. (2003). The encyclopaedia of stupidity. Translated by Arnold Pomerans and Erica Pomerans. London: Reaktion.Google Scholar
Bruine de Bruin, W., Parker, A. M., & Fischhoff, B. (2007). Individual differences in adult decision-making competence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(5), 938–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buehler, R., Griffin, D., & Ross, M. (1994). Exploring the “planning fallacy”: Why people underestimate their task completion times. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 366381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burson, K. A., Larrick, R. P., & Klayman, J. (2006). Skilled or unskilled, but still unaware of it: how perceptions of difficulty drive miscalibration in relative comparisons. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(1), 6077.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buskist, W., & Irons, J. G. (2008). Simple strategies for teaching your students to think critically. In Dunn, D. S., Halonen, J. S., & Smith, R. A. (Eds.), Teaching critical thinking in psychology: A handbook of best practices (pp. 4957). Singapore: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, H. A. (2012). Halpern critical thinking assessment predicts real-‐world outcomes of critical thinking. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 26(5), 721–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, H. A., Pentoney, C., & Bong, M. P. (2017). Predicting real-world outcomes: Critical thinking ability is a better predictor of life decisions than intelligence. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 25, 3846.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1982). The need for cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42(1), 116–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charlton, B. G. (2009a). Clever sillies: Why high IQ people tend to be deficient in common sense. Medical Hypotheses, 73(6), 867–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charlton, B. G. (2009b). Why are modern scientists so dull? How science selects for perseverance and sociability at the expense of intelligence and creativity. Medical Hypotheses, 72(3), 237–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chater, N., Felin, T., Funder, D. C., Gigerenzer, G., Koenderink, J. J., Krueger, J. I., et al. (2017). Mind, rationality, and cognition: An interdisciplinary debate. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25(2), 793826.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dowie, M. (1981, May). The nuclear industry's strategy to divide & destroy the opposition. Mother Jones, VI(IV), 21–5.Google Scholar
Dunning, D., Johnson, K., Ehrlinger, J., & Kruger, J. (2003). Why people fail to recognize their own incompetence. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(3), 83–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dwyer, C. P., Hogan, M. J., & Stewart, I. (2012). An evaluation of argument mapping as a method of enhancing critical thinking performance in e-learning environments. Metacognition and Learning, 7(3), 219–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ennis, R. (1991). Critical thinking: A streamlined conception. Teaching Philosophy, 14(1), 524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franco, A. H., Butler, H. A., & Halpern, D. F. (2014). Teaching critical thinking to promote learning. In Dunn, D. S. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of undergraduate psychology education (pp. 6574). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gigerenzer, G., & Goldstein, D. G. (1996). Reasoning the fast and frugal way: Models of bounded rationality. Psychological Review, 103(4), 650–69. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.103.4.650CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grafton, R. Q., Kompas, T., & Hilborn, R. W. (2007). Economics of overexploitation revisited. Science, 318(5856), 1601.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haran, U., Ritov, I., & Mellers, B. A. (2013). The role of actively open-minded thinking in information acquisition, accuracy, and calibration. Judgment and Decision Making, 8(3), 188201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hyman, R. (2002). Why and when are smart people stupid. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Why smart people can be so stupid (pp. 123). London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, S. A., Kleitman, S., Howie, P., & Stankov, L. (2016). Cognitive abilities, monitoring confidence, and control thresholds explain individual differences in heuristics and biases. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1559. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01559.Google ScholarPubMed
Johnson, G., & Writer, A. P. (2006). Governor seeks to take control of Big Dig inspections. Boston, MA: Globe.Google Scholar
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1973). On the psychology of prediction. Psychological Review, 80(4), 237–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Intuitive prediction: Biases and corrective procedures. Management Science, 12(1979), 313–27.Google Scholar
Kruger, J., & Dunning, D. (1999). Unskilled and unaware of it: how difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Langer, E. (1989). Mindfulness. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Larrick, R. P. (2004). Debiasing. In Koehler, D. J. & Harvey, N. (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of judgment and decision making (pp. 316–37). Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
LeBlanc, S. (2007, December 26). On Dec. 31, It's Official: Boston's Big Dig Will Be Done. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/25/AR2007122500600.htmlGoogle Scholar
Livraghi, G. (2009). The power of stupidity. Pescara: Monti & Ambrosini SRL.Google Scholar
Lovallo, D., & Kahneman, D. (2003). Delusions of success. Harvard Business Review, 81(7), 5663.Google ScholarPubMed
Mathiesen, Á. M. (2015). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2012. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.Google Scholar
McCarthy, A. M., Schoorman, F. D., & Cooper, A. C. (1993). Reinvestment decisions by entrepreneurs: Rational decision-making or escalation of commitment? Journal of Business Venturing, 8(1), 924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moldoveanu, M., & Langer, E. (2003). When “Stupid” is smarter than we are. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Why smart people can be so stupid (pp. 212–31). London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Ostrom, G. F. (2008). Why smart people do stupid things: Revised and updated. iUniverse.Google Scholar
Owen, D., & Davidson, J. (2009). Hubris syndrome: An acquired personality disorder? A study of US Presidents and UK Prime Ministers over the last 100 years. Brain, 132(5), 1396–406.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perkins, D. N., Jay, E., & Tishman, S. (1993). Beyond abilities: A dispositional theory of thinking. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (1982–), 121.Google Scholar
Petzet, H. W. (1993). Encounters and dialogues with Martin Heidegger, 1929–1976. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Pitkin, W. B. (1932). A short introduction to the history of human stupidity. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Polanyi, M. (1967). The tacit dimension. New York, NY: Peter Smith.Google Scholar
Redelmeier, D. A., & Tversky, A. (1990). Discrepancy between medical decisions for individual patients and for groups. New England Journal of Medicine, 322(16), 1162–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Russo, J. E., & Schoemaker, P. J. (2002). Winning decisions: Getting it right the first time. New York, NY: Crown Business.Google Scholar
Saks, M. J., & Kidd, R. F. (1980). Human information processing and adjudication: Trial by heuristics. Law and Society Review, 15(1), 123–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. (2009). What intelligence tests miss: The psychology of rational thought. London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. (2012). On the distinction between rationality and intelligence: Implications for understanding individual differences in reasoning. In Holyoak, K. J. & Morrison, R. G. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of thinking and reasoning (pp. 343–65). New York, NY: Oxford University.Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (2008). On the relative independence of thinking biases and cognitive ability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(4), 672–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stanovich, K. E., West, R. F., & Toplak, M. E. (2011). Intelligence and rationality. In Sternberg, R. J. & Kaufman, S. B., Cambridge handbook of intelligence (pp. 784826). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1998). A balance theory of wisdom. Review of General Psychology, 2(4), 347–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2002a). Smart people are not stupid, but they sure can be foolish: The imbalance theory of foolishness. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Why smart people can be so stupid (pp. 232–42). London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2002b). Why smart people can be so stupid. London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J., Reznitskaya, A., & Jarvin, L. (2007). Teaching for wisdom: What matters is not just what students know, but how they use it. London Review of Education, 5(2), 143–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tabori, P. (1993). The natural history of stupidity. New York, NY: Barnes & Noble.Google Scholar
Tajfel, H. (1970). Experiments in intergroup discrimination. Scientific American, 223(5), 96103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thaler, R. (2012). The winner's curse: Paradoxes and anomalies of economic life. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Thompson, S. C., & Kelley, H. H. (1981). Judgments of responsibility for activities in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41(3), 469–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tibballs, G. (1999). Business blunders. London: Robinson.Google Scholar
Tilly, C. (2003). The politics of collective violence. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185(4157), 1124–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211(4481), 453–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Hecke, M. L. (2007). Blind spots: Why smart people do dumb things. New York, NY: Prometheus Books.Google Scholar
Waterfield, R. A. (1987). Plato: Theaetetus. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
Welles, J. F. (1996). Story of stupidity. Amereon Limited.Google Scholar
Willmott, H. P. (2002). When men lost faith in reason: Reflections on war and society in the twentieth century. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Zell, E., & Krizan, Z. (2014). Do people have insight into their abilities? A metasynthesis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 9(2), 111–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Adler, J. M., Dunlop, W. L., Fivush, R., Lilgendahl, J. P., Lodi-Smith, J., McAdams, D. P., et al. (2017). Research methods for studying narrative identity: A primer. Social Psychological and Personality Science, online advance publication.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adler, J. M., Lodi-Smith, J., Philippe, F. L., & Houle, I. (2016). The incremental validity of narrative identity in predicting well-being: A review of the field and recommendations for the future. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 20, 142–75. doi: 10.1177/1088868315585068CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Albertini, T. (2011). Charles de Bovelles’ enigmatic Liber de Sapiente: A heroic notion of wisdom. Intellectual History Review, 21, 297306. doi: 10.1080/174969 77.2011.598277CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ardelt, M. (2003). Empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale. Research on Aging, 25, 275324. doi: 10.1177/0164027503025003004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ardelt, M. (2005). How wise people cope with crises and obstacles in life. ReVision: A Journal of Consciousness and Transformation, 28, 719. doi: 10.3200/REVN.28.1.7-19CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arlin, P. K. (1990). Wisdom: The art of problem finding. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins and development (pp. 212–29). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Baerger, D. R., & McAdams, D. P. (1999). Life story coherence and its relation to psychological well-being. Narrative Inquiry, 9, 6996. doi: 10.1075/ni.9.1.05baeCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baltes, P. B., & Staudinger, U. M. (2000). Wisdom: A metaheuristic (pragmatic) to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence. American Psychologist, 55, 122–36. doi: 10.1037//0003-066X.55.1.122CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beitel, M., Ferrer, E., & Cecero, J. J. (2005). Psychological mindedness and awareness of self and others. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 739–50. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20095CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Block, J. (1982). Assimilation, accommodation, and the dynamics of personality development. Child Development, 53, 281–95. doi: 10.2307/1128971CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bluck, S., & Alea, N. (2011). Crafting the TALE: Construction of a measure to assess the functions of autobiographical remembering. Memory, 19, 470–86. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2011.590500CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bluck, S., & Glück, J. (2004). Making things better and learning a lesson: Experiencing wisdom across the lifespan. Journal of Personality, 72, 543–72. doi: 10.1111/ j.0022-3506.2004.00272.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bluck, S., & Glück, J. (2005). From the inside out: People's implicit theories of wisdom. In Sternberg, R. J. & Jordan, J. (Eds.), A handbook of wisdom: Psychological perspectives (pp. 84109). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, S. C., & Greene, J. A. (2006). The Wisdom Development Scale: Translating the conceptual to the concrete. Journal of College Student Development, 47, 119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burnkrant, R. E., & Page, T. J. (1984). A modification of the Fenigstein, Scheier, and Buss Self-Consciousness Scales. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48, 629–37. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4806_10CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butler, R. N. (1963). The life review: An interpretation of reminiscence in the aged. Psychiatry, 26, 6570. doi: 0.1080/00332747.1963.11023339CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clayton, V. P., & Birren, J. E. (1980). The development of wisdom across the lifespan: A re-examination of an ancient concept. In Baltes, P. B. & Brim, O. G. (Eds.), Lifespan development and behaviour (Vol. 3, pp. 103–35). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
de Bovelles, C. (1510). Liber de sapiente. Retrieved from: http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k54246t/f235.image.r=bouelles.langENGoogle Scholar
Fenigstein, A., Scheier, M. F., & Buss, A. H. (1975). Public and private self-consciousness: Assessment and theory. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 43, 522–7. doi: 10.1037/h0076760CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferrari, M., Weststrate, N. M., & Petro, A. (2013). Stories of wisdom to live by: Developing wisdom in a narrative mode. In Ferrari, M. & Weststrate, N. M. (Eds.), The scientific study of personal wisdom (pp. 137164). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.Google Scholar
Fournier, M. A., Di Domenico, S. I., Weststrate, N. M., Quitasol, M. N., Dong, M. (2015). Toward a unified science of personality coherence. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 56, 253262. doi: 10.1037/cap0000022CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glück, J., & Bluck, S. (2011). Laypeople's conceptions of wisdom and its development: Cognitive and integrative views. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 66, 321–4. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbr011Google ScholarPubMed
Glück, J., & Bluck, S. (2013). The MORE life experience model: A theory of the development of personal wisdom. In Ferrari, M. & Weststrate, N. M. (Eds.), The scientific study of personal wisdom (pp. 7598). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-7987-7_4Google Scholar
Glück, J., Bluck, S., & Weststrate, N. M. (2018). More on the MORE Life Experience Model: What we have learned (so far). Journal of Value Inquiry. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1007/s10790-018-9661-xGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grant, A. M., Franklin, J., & Langford, P. (2002). The Self-Reflection and Insight Scale: A new measure of private self-consciousness. Social Behavior and Personality. 30, 821–36. doi: 10.2224/sbp.2002.30.8.821CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greene, J. A., & Brown, S. C. (2009). The Wisdom Development Scale: Further validity investigations. International Journal Aging and Human Development, 68, 289320. doi: 10.2190/AG.68.4.bCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Habermas, T., & de Silveira, C. (2008). The development of global coherence in life narratives across adolescence: Temporal, causal, and thematic aspects. Developmental Psychology, 44, 707–21. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.44.3.707CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Habermas, T., & Bluck, S. (2000). Getting a life: The emergence of the life story in adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 748–59. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.126.5.748CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hershey, D. A., & Farrell, A. H. (1997). Perceptions of wisdom associated with selected occupations and personality characteristics. Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social, 16, 115–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hixon, J. G., & Swann, W. B. Jr. (1993). When does introspection bear fruit? Self-reflection, self-insight, and interpersonal choices. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 3543. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.64.1.35CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holliday, S. G., & Chandler, M. J. (1986). Wisdom: Explorations in Adult Competence. New York, NY: Karger.Google Scholar
Hoyer, J., & Klein, A. (2000). Self-reflection and well-being: Is there a healthy amount of introspection? Psychological Reports, 86, 135–41. doi: 10.2466/pr0.2000.86.1.135CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ingram, R. E., (1990). Self-focused attention in clinical disorders: Review and a conceptual model. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 156–76. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.156CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jason, L. A., Reichler, A., King, C., Madsen, D., Camacho, J., & Marchese, W. (2001). The measurement of wisdom: A preliminary effort. Journal of Community Psychology, 29, 585–98. doi: 10.1002/jcop.1037CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeste, D. V., Ardelt, M., Blazer, D., Kraemer, H. C., Vaillant, G., & Meeks, T. W. (2010). Expert consensus on characteristics of wisdom: A delphi method study. The Gerontologist, 50, 668–80. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnq022CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, L. A., Scollon, C. K., Ramsey, C., & Williams, T. (2000). Stories of life transition: Subjective well-being and ego development in parents of children with Down Syndrome. Journal of Research in Personality, 34, 509–36. doi: 10.1006/jrpe.2000.2285CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitchener, K. S., & Brenner, H. G. (1990). Wisdom and reflective judgment: Knowing in the face of uncertainty. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins and development (pp. 230–43). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
König, S., & Glück, J. (2013). Individual differences in wisdom conceptions: Relationships to gratitude and wisdom. The International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 77, 127–47. doi: 10.2190/AG.77.2.cCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kramer, D. A. (1990). Conceptualizing wisdom: The primacy of affect-cognition relations. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins and development (pp. 279316). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kross, E., & Grossmann, I. (2012). Boosting wisdom: Distance from the self enhances wise reasoning, attitudes, and behavior. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141, 43–8. doi: 10.1037/a0024158Google ScholarPubMed
Labouvie-Vief, G. (1990). Wisdom as integrated thought: Historical and developmental perspectives. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins and development (pp. 5283). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levenson, M. R., Jennings, P. A., Aldwin, C. M., & Shiraishi, R. W. (2005). Self-transcendence: Conceptualization and measurement. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 60, 127–43. doi: 10.2190/XRXM-FYRA-7U0X-GRC0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lilgendahl, J., & McAdams, D. P. (2011). Constructing stories of self-growth: How individual differences in patterns of autobiographical reasoning relate to well-being in midlife. Journal of Personality, 79, 391428. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00688.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Litman, J. A., Robinson, O. C., & Demetre, J. D. (2017). Intrapersonal curiosity: Inquisitiveness about the inner self. Self and Identity, 16, 231–50. doi: 10.1080/ 15298868.2016.1255250CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lodi-Smith, J., Geise, A. C., Roberts, B. W., & Robins, R. W. (2009). Narrating personality change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 679–89. doi: 10.1037/a0014611CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mansfield, C. D., McLean, K. C., & Lilgendahl, J. P. (2010). Narrating traumas and transgressions: Links between narrative processing, wisdom, and well-being. Narrative Inquiry, 20, 246–73. doi: 10.1075/ni.20.2.02manCrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAdams, D. P. (2001). The psychology of life stories. Review of General Psychology, 5, 100–22. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.5.2.100CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAdams, D. P., & McLean, K. C. (2013). Narrative identity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22, 233–8. doi: 10.1177/0963721413475622CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLean, K. C., & Pratt, M. W. (2006). Life's little (and big) lessons: Identity statuses and meaning-making in the turning point narratives of emerging adults. Developmental Psychology, 42, 714–22. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.42.4.714CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merriam, S. B. (1989). The structure of simple reminiscence. The Gerontologist, 29, 761–7. doi: 10.1093/geront/29.6.761CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mickler, C., & Staudinger, U. M. (2008). Personal wisdom: Validation and age-related differences of a performance measure. Psychology and Aging, 23, 787–99. doi: 10.1037/a0013928CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pascual-Leone, J. (1990). An essay on wisdom: Toward organismic processes that make it possible. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins and development (pp. 244–78). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pasupathi, M., Staudinger, U. M., & Baltes, P. B. (2001). Seeds of wisdom: Adolescents’ knowledge and judgment about difficult life problems. Developmental Psychology, 37, 351–61. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.37.3.351CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pals, J. L. (2006). Narrative identity processing of difficult life experiences: Pathways of personality development and positive self-transformation in adulthood. Journal of Personality, 74, 1080–109. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00403.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reese, E., Haden, C. A., Baker-Ward, L., Bauer, P., Fivush, R., & Ornstein, P. A. (2011). Coherence of personal narratives across the lifespan: A multidimensional model and coding method. Journal of Cognition and Development, 12, 424–62. doi: 10.1080/15248372.2011.587854CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, J., Staudinger, U. M. & Baltes, P. B. (1994). Occupational settings facilitating wisdom-related knowledge: The sample case of clinical psychologists. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 5, 989–99. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.62.5.989CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Staudinger, U. M. (1989). The study of life review: An approach to the investigation of intellectual development across the life span. Berlin, Germany: Edition Sigma.Google Scholar
Staudinger, U. M. (2001). Life reflection: A social-cognitive analysis of life review. Review of General Psychology, 5, 148–60. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.5.2.148CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staudinger, U. M. (2013). The need to distinguish personal from general wisdom: A short history and empirical evidence. In Ferrari, M. & Weststrate, N. M. (Eds.), The scientific study of personal wisdom (pp. 320). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-90-481-9231-1_1Google Scholar
Staudinger, U. M., & Kessler, E.-M. (2009). Adjustment and growth: Two trajectories of positive personality development across adulthood. In Smith, M. C. & DeFrates-Densch, N. (Eds.), Handbook of research on adult learning and development (pp. 241–68). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Staudinger, U. M., Kessler, E.-M., & Dörner, J. (2006). Wisdom in social context. In Schaie, K. W. & Carstensen, L. L. (Eds.), Social structures, aging, and self-regulation in the elderly (pp. 3354). New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Staudinger, U. M., & Kunzmann, U. (2005). Positive adult personality development: Adjustment and/or growth? European Psychologist, 10, 320–9. doi: 10.1027/1016-9040.10.4.320CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staudinger, U. M., Maciel, A. G., Smith, J., & Baltes, P. B. (1998). What predicts wisdom-related performance? A first look at personality, intelligence, and facilitative experiential contexts. European Journal of Personality, 12, 117. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0984(199801/02)12:1%3C1::AID-PER285%3E3.3.CO;2-03.0.CO;2-9>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staudinger, U. M., Smith, J., & Baltes, P. B. (1992). Wisdom-related knowledge in a life review task: Age differences and the role of professional specialization. Psychology and Aging, 7, 271–81. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.7.2.271CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1985). Implicit theories of intelligence, creativity, and wisdom. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 607–27. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.49.3.607CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J., Jarvin, L., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2009). Teaching for wisdom, intelligence, creativity, and success. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trapnell, P. D., & Campbell, J. D. (1999). Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 284304. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.76.2.284CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waters, T. E. A., & Fivush, R. (2015). Relations between narrative coherence, identity, and psychological well-being in emerging adulthood. Journal of Personality, 83, 442–51. doi: 10.1111/jopy.12120CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webster, J. D. (1993). Construction and validation of the Reminiscence Functions Scale. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological and Sciences and Social Sciences, 48, 256–62.Google ScholarPubMed
Webster, J. D. (2003). An exploratory analysis of a Self-Assessed Wisdom Scale. Journal of Adult Development, 10, 1322. doi: 10.1023/A:1020782619051CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webster, J. D. (2007). Measuring the character strength of wisdom. Aging, 65, 163–83. doi: 10.2190/AG.65.2.dGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webster, J. D., Weststrate, N. M., Ferrari, M., Munroe, M., & Pierce, T. W. (2018). Wisdom and meaning in emerging adulthood. Emerging Adulthood, 6, 188136. doi: 10.1177/2167696817707662.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weststrate, N. M., Bluck, S., & Glück, J., (this volume). Wisdom of the crowd: Exploring people's conceptions of wisdom. In Sternberg, R. J. & Glück, J. (Eds.). Cambridge handbook of wisdom. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Weststrate, N. M., & Glück, J. (2017). Hard-earned wisdom: Exploratory processing of difficult life experience is positively associated with wisdom. Developmental Psychology, 53, 800–14. doi: 10.1037/dev0000286CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weststrate, N. M., & Ferrari, M. (2015, June). Wisdom from the past: Self-reflection as a path to resilience or growth in the wake of adversity? In E. Yeung (Chair), Reflecting on reflection: What is the role of reflection in development? Symposium conducted at the meeting of the Jean Piaget Society, Toronto, Canada.Google Scholar
Weststrate, N. M., Ferrari, M., Fournier, M. A., & McLean, K. C. (2018). “It was the best worst day of my life”: Narrative content, structure, and process in wisdom-fostering life event memories. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 73, 13591373. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gby005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wink, P., & Helson, R. (1997). Practical and transcendent wisdom: Their nature and some longitudinal findings. Journal of Adult Development, 4, 115. doi: 10.1007/BF02511845CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Abramoski, K., Pierce, J., Hauck, C., Stoddard, S. (2017). Variations in adolescent purpose in life and their association with lifetime substance use. Advance online publication. The Journal of School Nursing. doi: 10.1177/1059840517696964Google Scholar
Adams, G. R., Munro, B., Munro, G., Doherty-Poirer, M., & Edwards, J. (2005). Identity processing styles and Canadian adolescents’ self-reported delinquency. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 5(1), 5765. doi: 10.1207/s1532706xid0501_4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Addis, D. R., & Tippett, L. J. (2004). Memory of myself: Autobiographical memory and identity in Alzheimer's disease. Memory, 12(1), 5674. doi: 10.1080/ 09658210244000423CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Ardelt, M. (1997). Wisdom and life satisfaction in old age. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 52(1), P15P27. doi: 10.1093/geronb/52B.1.P15CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ardelt, M. (2000). Antecedents and effects of wisdom in old age: A longitudinal perspective on aging well. Research on Aging, 22(4), 360–94. doi: 10.1177/0164027500224003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ardelt, M. (2003). Empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale. Research on Aging, 25(3), 275324. doi: 10.1177/0164027503025003004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ardelt, M. (2008). Wisdom, religiosity, purpose in life, and death attitudes of aging adults. In Tomer, A., Eliason, G. T., Wong, P. P. (Eds.), Existential and spiritual issues in death attitudes (pp. 139–58). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.Google Scholar
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–80. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arnett, J. J. (2004). Emerging adulthood. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ávila, M., Cabral, J., & Matos, P. M. (2012). Identity in university students: The role of parental and romantic attachment. Journal of Adolescence, 35(1), 133–42. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.05.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baerger, D. R., & McAdams, D. P. (1999). Life story coherence and its relation to psychological well-being. Narrative Inquiry, 9(1), 6996. doi: 10.1075/ni.9.1.05baeCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baltes, P. B., & Staudinger, U. M. (2000). Wisdom: A metaheuristic (pragmatic) to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence. American Psychologist, 55(1), 122–36. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.122CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bangen, K. J., Meeks, T. W., & Jeste, D. V. (2013). Defining and assessing wisdom: A review of the literature. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21(12), 1254–66. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2012.11.020CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barzebat, D., & Bush, M. (2014). Contemplative practices in higher education: Powerful methods to transform teaching and learning. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Beaumont, S. L. (2009). Identity processing and personal wisdom: An information-oriented identity style predicts self-actualization and self-transcendence. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 9(2), 95115. doi: 10.1080/15283480802669101CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beaumont, S. L. (2011). Identity styles and wisdom during emerging adulthood: Relationships with mindfulness and savoring. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 11(2), 155–80. doi: 10.1080/15283488.2011.557298CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beaumont, S. L. (2017). Identity flexibility and wisdom in adulthood: The roles of a growth-oriented identity style and contemplative processes. In Sinnott, J. D. (Ed.), Identity and flexibility during adulthood: Perspectives in adult development (pp. 5369). New York, NY; Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beaumont, S. L., & Seaton, C. L. (2011). Patterns of coping associated with identity processing styles. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 11(4), 348–61. doi: 10.1080/15283488.2011.613590CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beaumont, S. L., & Pratt, M. M. (2011). Identity processing styles and psychosocial balance during early and middle adulthood: The role of identity in intimacy and generativity. Journal of Adult Development, 18(4), 172–83. doi: 10.1007/s10804-011-9125-zCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berman, S. L., Kennerley, R. J., & Kennerley, M. A. (2008). Promoting adult identity development: A feasibility study of a university-based identity intervention program. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 8(2), 139–50. doi: 10.1080/15283480801940024CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berman, S. L., Montgomery, M. J., & Kurtines, W. M. (2004). The development and validation of a measure of identity distress. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 4(1), 18. doi: 10.1207/S1532706XID0401_1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berman, S. L., Weems, C. F., & Stickle, T. R. (2006). Existential anxiety in adolescents: Prevalence, structure, association with psychological symptoms and identity development. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(3), 303–10. doi: 10.1007/s10964-006-9032-yCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berzonsky, M. D. (1989). Identity style: Conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Adolescent Research, 4(3), 268–82. doi: 10.1177/074355488943002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berzonsky, M. D., & Kuk, L. S. (2000). Identity status, identity processing style, and the transition to university. Journal of Adolescent Research, 15(1), 8198. doi: 10.1177/0743558400151005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berzonsky, M. D., & Neimeyer, G. J. (1994). Ego identity status and identity processing orientation: The moderating role of commitment. Journal of Research in Personality, 28(4), 425–35. doi: 10.1006/jrpe.1994.1030CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berzonsky, M. D., & Sullivan, C. (1992). Social-cognitive aspects of identity style: Need for cognition, experiential openness, and introspection. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7(2), 140–55. doi: 10.1177/074355489272002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Booker, J. A., & Dunsmore, J. C. (2016). Profiles of wisdom among emerging adults: Associations with empathy, gratitude, and forgiveness. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(3), 315–25. doi: 10.1080/17439760.2015.1081970CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boswell, J. F., Thompson-‐Hollands, J., Farchione, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (2013). Intolerance of uncertainty: A common factor in the treatment of emotional disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(6), 630–45. doi: 10.1002/jclp.21965CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyle, P. A., Buchman, A. S., Wilson, R. S., Yu, L., Schneider, J. A., & Bennett, D. A. (2012). Effect of purpose in life on the relation between Alzheimer disease pathologic changes on cognitive function in advanced age. JAMA Psychiatry, 69(5), 499506. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1487Google ScholarPubMed
Bronk, K. C. (2008). Humility among adolescent purpose exemplars. Journal of Research in Character Education, 6(1), 3551.Google Scholar
Bronk, K. C. (2011). The role of purpose in life in healthy identity formation: A grounded model. New Directions for Youth Development, 2011(132), 3144. doi: 10.1002/yd.426CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bronk, K. C. (2012). A grounded theory of the development of noble youth purpose. Journal of Adolescent Research, 27(1), 78109. doi: 10.1177/0743558411412958CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bronk, K. C., & Finch, W. H. (2010). Adolescent characteristics by type of long-term aim in life. Applied Developmental Science, 14(1), 3544. doi: 10.1080/ 10888690903510331CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brosschot, J. F., Verkuil, B., & Thayer, J. F. (2016). The default response to uncertainty and the importance of perceived safety in anxiety and stress: An evolution-theoretical perspective. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 4122–34. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.04.012CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brugman, G. M. (2000). Wisdom: Source of narrative coherence and eudaimonia. Delft, Netherlands: Eburon.Google Scholar
Brugman, G. M. (2006). Wisdom and aging. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2009). The role of fear of anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty in worry: An experimental manipulation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47(3), 215–23. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2008.12.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burrow, A. L., & Hill, P. L. (2011). Purpose as a form of identity capital for positive youth adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 47(4), 1196–206. doi: 10.1037/a0023818CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burrow, A. L., & Hill, P. L. (2013). Derailed by diversity? Purpose buffers the relationship between ethnic composition on trains and passenger negative mood. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(12), 1610–19. doi: 10.1177/0146167213499377CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burrow, A. L., Hill, P. L., & Ratner, K. (2016). Purpose. In Levesque, R. J. R. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of adolescence (2nd ed.). Advance online publication. doi: 10.1007/ 978-3-319-32132-5_368-2Google Scholar
Burrow, A. L., Hill, P. L., Ratner, K., & Fuller-Rowell, T. E. (2018). Derailment: Conceptualization, measurement, and adjustment correlates of perceived change in self and direction. Advance online publication. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. doi: 10.1037/pspp0000209CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burrow, A. L., Hill, P. L., Ratner, K., & Sumner, R. (2018). A better tomorrow: Toward a stronger science of youth purpose. Research in Human Development, 15(2), 167180. doi: 10.1080/15427609.2018.1445926CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burrow, A. L., O'Dell, A. C., & Hill, P. L. (2010). Profiles of a developmental asset: Youth purpose as a context for hope and well-being. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(11), 1265–73. doi: 10.1007/s10964-009-9481-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burrow, A. L., & Rainone, N. (2016). How many likes did I get?: Purpose moderates links between positive social media feedback and self-esteem. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2016.09.005Google Scholar
Burrow, A. L., & Spreng, R. N. (2016). Waiting with purpose: A reliable but small association between purpose in life and impulsivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 187–9. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burrow, A. L., Stanley, M., Sumner, R., & Hill, P. L. (2014). Purpose in life as a resource for increasing comfort with ethnic diversity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(11), 1507–16. doi: 10.1177/0146167214549540CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Busch, H., & Hofer, J. (2011). Identity, prosocial behavior, and generative concern in German and Cameroonian Nso adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 34(4), 629–38. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.09.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butler, A. C., & Carr, L. (1968). Purpose in life through social action. The Journal of Social Psychology, 74(2), 243–50. doi: 10.1080/00224545.1968.9924851CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butrus, N., & Witenberg, R. T. (2013). Some personality predictors of tolerance to human diversity: The roles of openness, agreeableness, and empathy. Australian Psychologist, 48(4), 290–8. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-9544.2012.00081.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlo, G., Okun, M. A., Knight, G. P., & de Guzman, M. T. (2005). The interplay of traits and motives on volunteering: Agreeableness, extraversion and prosocial value motivation. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(6), 1293–305. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2004.08.012CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, D. C., Zhang, X., Fung, H. H., & Hagger, M. S. (2016). Affect, affective variability, and physical health: Results from a population-based investigation in China. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 23(4), 438–46. doi: 10.1007/s12529-015-9510-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Choi, N. G., & Landeros, C. (2011). Wisdom from life's challenges: Qualitative interviews with low- and moderate-income older adults who were nominated as being wise. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 54(6), 592614. doi: 10.1080/01634372.2011.585438CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clemson, T. (2002). Three factors that contribute to college students' acceptance and tolerance of diversity: Religiosity, moral reasoning and attributional complexity (Unpublished master's thesis). Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY.Google Scholar
Cohen, R., Bavishi, C., & Rozanski, A. (2016). Purpose in life and its relationship to all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events: A meta-analysis. Psychosomatic Medicine, 78(2), 122–33. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000274CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Constantinople, A. (1969). An Eriksonian measure of personality development in college students. Developmental Psychology, 1(4), 357–72. doi: 10.1037/h0027706CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, C. R., Grotevant, H. D., & Condon, S. M. (1983). Individuality and connectedness in the family as a context for adolescent identity formation and role-taking skill. New Directions for Child Development, 22 4359. doi: 10.1002/cd.23219832205CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar
Courey, M., Pare, P. (2013). A closer look at the relationship between low self-control and delinquency: The effects of identity styles. Crime & Delinquency, 62(3), 368–96. doi: 10.1177/0011128713501033Google Scholar
Craig, M. A., & Richeson, J. A. (2014). More diverse yet less tolerant? How the increasingly diverse racial landscape affects White Americans’ racial attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(6), 750–61. doi: 10.1177/0146167214524993CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Damon, W. (1995). Greater expectations: Overcoming the culture of indulgence in our homes and schools. New York, NY: Free Press.Google Scholar
Damon, W., Menon, J., & Bronk, K. C. (2003). The development of purpose during adolescence. Applied Developmental Science, 7(3), 119–28. doi: 10.1207/S1532 480XADS0703_2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, R. J., Putnam, K. M., & Larson, C. L. (2000). Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotion regulation – a possible prelude to violence. Science, 289(5479), 591–4. doi: 10.1126/science.289.5479.591CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Del Missier, F., Mäntylä, T., & De Bruin, W. B. (2012). Decision-‐making competence, executive functioning, and general cognitive abilities. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 25(4), 331–51. doi: 10.1002/bdm.731CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dollinger, S. J., Dollinger, S. C., & Centeno, L. (2005). Identity and Creativity. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 5(4), 315–39. doi: 10.1207/s1532706xid0504_2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dollinger, S. C. (1995). Identity styles and the five-factor model of personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 29(4), 475–9. doi: 10.1006/jrpe.1995.1028CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douglass, S., Mirpuri, S., & Yip, T. (2017). Considering friends within the context of peers in school for the development of ethnic/racial identity. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(2), 300–16. doi: 10.1007/s10964-016-0532-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P. A. (1987). The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors. Psychological Bulletin, 101(1), 91119. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909. 101.1.91CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ericsson, K. A. (2006). The influence of expertise and deliberate practice on the development of superior expert performance. In Ericsson, K. A., Charness, N., Feltovich, P., & Hoffman, R. R. (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Norton.Google Scholar
Erikson, E. H. (1982). The life cycle completed. New York, NY: Norton.Google Scholar
Etkin, A., Egner, T., & Kalisch, R. (2011). Emotional processing in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(2), 8593. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2010.11.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, J. St. B. T. (1989). Bias in human reasoning: Causes and consequences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Flynn, F. J. (2005). Having an open mind: the impact of openness to experience on interracial attitudes and impression formation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(5), 816–26. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.88.5.816CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fogelman, N., & Canli, T. (2015). ‘Purpose in Life’ as a psychosocial resource in healthy aging: An examination of cortisol baseline levels and response to the Trier Social Stress Test. NPJ: Aging and Mechanisms of Disease, 1(15006), 13. doi: 10.1038/npjamd.2015.6Google ScholarPubMed
Francis, L. J., Jewell, A., & Robbins, M. (2010). The relationship between religious orientation, personality, and purpose in life among an older Methodist sample. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 13(7–8), 777–91. doi: 10.1080/1367 4670802360907CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerson, M. W., Neilson, L. (2014). The importance of identity development, principled moral reasoning, and empathy as predictors of openness to diversity in emerging adults. SAGE Open, 4(4), 111. doi: 10.1177/2158244014553584CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gfellner, B. M., & Córdoba, A. I. (2011). Identity distress, psychosocial maturity, and adaptive functioning among university students. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 11(2), 136–54. doi: 10.1080/15283488.2011.540740CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glück, J., & Bluck, S. (2014). The MORE life experience model: A theory of the development of personal wisdom. In Ferrari, M. & Weststrate, N. M. (Eds.), The scientific study of personal wisdom: From contemplative traditions to neuroscience (pp. 7598). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science + Business Media. doi: 10.1007/978-90-481-9231-1_4.Google Scholar
Gruber, J., Mauss, I. B., & Tamir, M. (2011). A dark side of happiness? How, when, and why happiness is not always good. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(3), 222–33. doi: 10.1177/1745691611406927CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guay, F., Delisle, M., Fernet, C., Julien, É., & Senécal, C. (2008). Does task-related identified regulation moderate the sociometer effect? A study of performance feedback, perceived inclusion, and state self-esteem. Social Behavior and Personality, 36(2), 239–54. doi: 10.2224/sbp.2008.36.2.239CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Habashi, M. M., Graziano, W. G., & Hoover, A. E. (2016). Searching for the prosocial personality: A big five approach to linking personality and prosocial behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42(9), 1177–92. doi: 10.1177/0146 167216652859CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hampson, S. E., Edmonds, G. W., Barckley, M., Goldberg, L. R., Dubanoski, J. P., & Hillier, T. A. (2016). A Big Five approach to self-regulation: Personality traits and health trajectories in the Hawaii longitudinal study of personality and health. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 21(2), 152–62. doi: 10.1080/13548506.2015.1061676CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hardy, S. A., & Kisling, J. W. (2006). Identity statuses and prosocial behaviors in young adulthood: A brief report. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 6(4), 363–9. doi: 10.1207/s1532706xid0604_4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hearn, S., Saulnier, G., Strayer, J., Glenham, M., Koopman, R., & Marcia, J. E. (2012). Between integrity and despair: Toward construct validation of Erikson's eighth stage. Journal of Adult Development, 19(1), 120. doi: 10.1007/s10804-011-9126-yCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helson, R., & Srivastava, S. (2002). Creative and wise people: Similarities, differences and how they develop. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(10), 1430–40. doi: 10.1177/014616702236874CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hernandez, L., Montgomery, M. J., & Kurtines, W. M. (2006). Identity distress and adjustment problems in at-risk adolescents. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 6(1), 2733. doi: 10.1207/s1532706xid0601_3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, P. L., & Burrow, A. L. (2012). Viewing purpose through an Eriksonian lens. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 12(1), 7491. doi: 10.1080/15283488.2012.632394CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, P. L., Edmonds, G. W., Peterson, M., Luyckx, K., & Andrews, J. A. (2016). Purpose in life in emerging adulthood: Development and validation of a new brief measure. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(3), 237–45. doi: 10.1080/17439760.2015.1048817CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, P. L., Sumner, R., & Burrow, A. L. (2014). Understanding the pathways to purpose: Examining personality and well-being correlates across adulthood. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9(3), 227–34. doi: 10.1080/17439760.2014.888584CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, P. L., & Turiano, N. A. (2014). Purpose in life as a predictor of mortality across adulthood. Psychological Science, 25(7), 1482–6. doi: 10.1177/0956797614531799CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, P. L., Turiano, N. A., Mroczek, D. K., & Burrow, A. L. (2016). The value of a purposeful life: Sense of purpose predicts greater income and net worth. Journal of Research in Personality, 65, 3842. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2016.07.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hobbes, T. (1998). In Gaskin, J. C. A., Leviathan. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. (Original work published 1651).Google Scholar
Hoffman, M. L. (2008). Empathy and prosocial behavior. In Lewis, M., Haviland-Jones, J. M., & Barrett, L. F. (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (3rd ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Jeste, D. V., Ardelt, M., Blazer, D., Kraemer, H. C., Vaillant, G., & Meeks, T. W. (2010). Expert consensus on characteristics of wisdom: A Delphi method study. The Gerontologist, 50(5), 668–80. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnq022CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, J. N. (2017). The development of youth purpose through community service and social action. American Secondary Education, 45(3), 5067.Google Scholar
Jones, R. M., Vaterlaus, J. M., Jackson, M. A., & Morrill, T. B. (2014). Friendship characteristics, psychosocial development, and adolescent identity formation. Personal Relationships, 21(1), 5167. doi: 10.1111/pere.12017CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karaś, D., & Cieciuch, J. (2018). The relationship between identity processes and well-being in various life domains. Personality and Individual Differences. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.09.027CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karaś, D., Cieciuch, J., Negru, O., & Crocetti, E. (2015). Relationships between identity and well-being in Italian, Polish, and Romanian emerging adults. Social Indicators Research, 121(3), 727–43. doi: 10.1007/s11205-014-0668-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, W. E. (2003). No time to worry: The relationship between worry, time structure, and time management. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(5), 1119–26. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00322-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keyes, C. M. (2000). Subjective change and its consequences for emotional well-being. Motivation and Emotion, 24(2), 6784. doi: 10.1023/A:1005659114155CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klemp, G. O., & McClelland, D. C. (1986). What characterizes intelligence functioning among senior managers? In Sternberg, R. J. & Wagner, R. K. (Eds.), Nature and origins of competence in the everyday world. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Koepke, S., & Denissen, J. J. (2012). Dynamics of identity development and separation–individuation in parent–child relationships during adolescence and emerging adulthood – A conceptual integration. Developmental Review, 32(1), 6788. doi: 10.1016/j.dr.2012.01.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krause, N. (2016). Assessing the relationships among wisdom, humility, and life satisfaction. Journal of Adult Development, 23(3), 140–9. doi: 10.1007/s10804-016-9230-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kroger, J. (1996). Identity, regression and development. Journal of Adolescence, 19(3), 203–22. doi: 10.1006/jado.1996.0020CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kroger, J., Martinussen, M., & Marcia, J. E. (2010). Identity status change during adolescence and young adulthood: A meta-analysis. Journal of Adolescence, 33(5), 683–98. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.11.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Law, B. M., & Shek, D. T. (2009). Beliefs about volunteerism, volunteering intention, volunteering behavior, and purpose in life among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. The Scientific World Journal, 9, 855–65. doi: 10.1100/tsw.2009.32CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Le, T. N. (2011). Life satisfaction, openness value, self-transcendence, and wisdom. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12(2), 171–82. doi: 10.1007/s10902-010-9182-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leichsenring, F., Kunst, H., & Hoyer, J. (2003). Borderline personality organization in violent offenders: Correlations of identity diffusion and primitive defense mechanisms with antisocial features, neuroticism, and interpersonal problems. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 67(4), 314–27. doi: 10.1521/bumc.67.4.314.26983CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levenson, M. R., Jennings, P. A., Aldwin, C. M., & Shiraishi, R. W. (2005). Self-transcendence: Conceptualization and measurement. The International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 60(2), 127–43. doi: 10.2190/XRXM-FYRA-7U0X-GRC0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, N. A., Turiano, N. A., Payne, B. R., & Hill, P. L. (2016). Purpose in life and cognitive functioning in adulthood. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1080/13825585.2016.1251549Google ScholarPubMed
Luyckx, K., Vansteenkiste, M., Goossens, L., & Duriez, B. (2009). Basic need satisfaction and identity formation: Bridging self-determination theory and process-oriented identity research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(2), 276–88. doi: 10.1037/a0015349CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(5), 551–8. doi: 10.1037/h0023281CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marcia, J. E. (1980). Identity in adolescence. In Adelson, J. (Ed.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (pp. 159–87). New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar
Marcia, J. E. (2002). Identity and psychosocial development in adulthood. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 2(1), 728. doi: 10.1207/S1532706XID0201_02CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malin, H., Ballard, P. J., & Damon, W. (2015). Civic purpose: An integrated construct for understanding civic development in adolescence. Human Development, 58(2), 103–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malin, H., Han, H., & Liauw, I. (2017). Civic purpose in late adolescence: Factors that prevent decline in civic engagement after high school. Developmental Psychology, 53(7), 1384–97. doi: 10.1037/dev0000322CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Machell, K. A., Disabato, D. J., & Kashdan, T. B. (2016). Buffering the negative impact of poverty on youth: The power of purpose in life. Social Indicators Research, 126(2), 845–61. doi: 10.1007/s11205-015-0917-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcia, J. E. (1980). Identity in adolescence. In Adelson, J. (Ed.), Handbook of Adolescent Psychology (pp. 159–87). New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar
Maroof, R. Y., & Khan, M. J. (2016). Exploring the role of identity styles in wisdom during adulthood. FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 10(2), 113–23.Google Scholar
Marshall, S. K., Young, R. A., Domene, J. F., & Zaidman-Zait, A. (2008). Adolescent possible selves as jointly constructed in parent-adolescent career conversations and related activities. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 8(3), 185204. doi: 10.1080/15283480802181727CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKnight, P. E., & Kashdan, T. B. (2009). Purpose in life as a system that creates and sustains health and well-being: An integrative, testable theory. Review of General Psychology, 13(3), 242–51. doi: 10.1037/a0017152CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meca, A., Eichas, K., Quintana, S., Maximin, B. M., Ritchie, R. A., Madrazo, V. L., et al. (2014). Reducing identity distress: Results of an identity intervention for emerging adults. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 14(4), 312–31. doi: 10.1080/15283488.2014.944696CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meeks, T. W., & Jeste, D. V. (2009). Neurobiology of wisdom: A literature overview. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66(4), 355–65. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meeus, W. (2011). The study of adolescent identity formation 2000–2010: A review of longitudinal research. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(1), 7594. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00716.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meeus, W., van de Schoot, R., Keijsers, L., Schwartz, S. J., & Branje, S. (2010). On the progression and stability of adolescent identity formation: A five-wave longitudinal study in early-to-middle and middle-to-late adolescence. Child Development, 81(5), 1565–81. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01492.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Melchers, M. C., Li, M., Haas, B. W., Reuter, M., Bischoff, L., & Montag, C. (2016). Similar personality patterns are associated with empathy in four different countries. Frontiers In Psychology, 7, 290. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00290CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moran, S. (2009). Purpose: Giftedness in intrapersonal intelligence. High Ability Studies, 20(2), 143–59. doi: 10.1080/13598130903358501CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moran, S. (2015). Adolescent aspirations for change: Creativity as a life purpose. Asia Pacific Education Review, 16(2), 167–75. doi: 10.1007/s12564-015-9363-zCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, M. B., Burns, G. N., Periard, D. A., & Shoda, E. A. (2015). Extraversion–emotional stability circumplex traits and subjective well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(6), 1509–23. doi: 10.1007/s10902-014-9573-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Negru-Subtirica, O., Pop, E. I., Luyckx, K., Dezutter, J., & Steger, M. F. (2016). The meaningful identity: A longitudinal look at the interplay between identity and meaning in life in adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 52(11), 1926–36. doi: 10.1037/dev0000176CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newman, J. (1982). Humility and self-realization. Journal of Value Inquiry, 16(4), 275–85. doi: 10.1007/BF00137165CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nygren, B., Aléx, L., Jonsén, E., Gustafson, Y., Norberg, A., & Lundman, B. (2005). Resilience, sense of coherence, purpose in life and self-transcendence in relation to perceived physical and mental health among the oldest old. Aging & Mental Health, 9(4), 354–62. doi: 10.1080/1360500114415CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orwoll, L., & Perlmutter, M. (1990). The study of wise persons: Integrating a personality perspective. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 160–77). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Padilla-Walker, L. M., Barry, C. M., Carroll, J. S., Madsen, S. D., & Nelson, L. J. (2008). Looking on the bright side: The role of identity status and gender on positive orientations during emerging adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 31(4), 451–67. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.09.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pearson, P. R., & Sheffield, B. F. (1974). Purpose-in-life and the Eysenck Personality Inventory. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 30(4), 562–4. doi: 10.1002/1097-4679(197410)30:4<562::AID-JCLP2270300428>3.0.CO;2-D3.0.CO;2-D>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pillemer, D. B. (1998). Momentous events, vivid memories. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pillemer, D. B. (2003). Directive functions of autobiographical memory: The guiding power of the specific episode. Memory, 11(2), 193202. doi: 10.1080/741938208CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quinn, B. (2014). Other-oriented purpose: The potential roles of beliefs about the world and other people. Youth & Society, 46(6), 779800. doi: 10.1177/0044118X12452435CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raglan, G. B., & Schulkin, J. (2014). Introduction to allostasis and allostatic load. In Kent, M., Davis, M. C., & Reich, J. W. (Eds.), The resilience handbook: Approaches to stress and trauma (pp. 4452). New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.Google Scholar
Ratner, K., & Berman, S. L. (2015). The influence of autistic features on identity development in emerging adults. Emerging Adulthood, 3(2), 136–9. doi: 10.1177/2167696814559305CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ratner, K., & Burrow, A. L. (2018). Autistic features in the general population: Implications for sensing purpose in life. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(5), 494501. doi: 10.1080/17439760.2017.1315647CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reker, G. T., & Wong, P. P. (1988). Aging as an individual process: Toward a theory of personal meaning. In Birren, J. E. & Bengtson, V. L. (Eds.), Emergent theories of aging (pp. 214–46). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Robinson, J. A. (1992). First experiences: Contexts and functions in personal histories. In Conway, M. A., Rubin, D. C., Spinnler, H., & Wagenaar, W. (Eds.), Theoretical perspectives on autobiographical memory (pp. 223–9). Utrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.Google Scholar
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52 141–66. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069–81. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719–27. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1), 1339. doi: 10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sappington, A. A., & Kelly, P. J. (1995). Purpose in life and self-perceived anger problems among college students. International Forum for Logotherapy, 18(2), 7482.Google Scholar
Sartre, J. P. (1956). Being and nothingness: An essay on phenomenological ontology. New York, NY: Philosophical Library.Google Scholar
Schaefer, S. M., Boylan, J. M., van Reekum, C. M., Lapate, R. C., Norris, C. J., Ryff, C. D., et al. (2013). Purpose in life predicts better emotional recovery from negative stimuli. Plos ONE, 8(11): e80329. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080329CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scheier, M. F., Wrosch, C., Baum, A., Cohen, S., Martire, L. M., Matthews, K. A., et al. (2006). The Life Engagement Test: Assessing purpose in life. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 29(3), 291–8. doi: 10.1007/s10865-005-9044-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmutte, P. S., & Ryff, C. D. (1997). Personality and well-being: Reexamining methods and meanings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(3), 549–59. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.73.3.549CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulenberg, S. E., Smith, C. V., Drescher, C. F., & Buchanan, E. M. (2016). Assessment of meaning in adolescents receiving clinical services in Mississippi following the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: An application of the Purpose in Life test-‐Short Form (PIL-SF). Journal of Clinical Psychology, 72(12), 1279–86. doi: 10.1002/jclp.22240CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulz, A. J., Zenk, S. N., Israel, B. A., Mentz, G., Stokes, C., & Galea, S. (2008). Do neighborhood economic characteristics, racial composition, and residential stability predict perceptions of stress associated with the physical and social environment? Findings from a multilevel analysis in Detroit. Journal of Urban Health-Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 85(5), 642–61. doi: 10.1007/s11524-008-9288-5Google ScholarPubMed
Schwartz, S. J., Beyers, W., Luyckx, K., Soenens, B., Zamboanga, B. L., Forthun, L. F., et al. (2011). Examining the light and dark sides of emerging adults’ identity: A study of identity status differences in positive and negative psychosocial functioning. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40(7), 839–59. doi: 10.1007/s10964-010-9606-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seaton, C. L., & Beaumont, S. L. (2011). The link between identity style and intimacy: Does emotional intelligence provide the key?. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 11(4), 311–32. doi: 10.1080/15283488.2011.613586CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shapiro, L. S., & Margolin, G. (2014). Growing up wired: Social networking sites and adolescent psychosocial development. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 17(1), 118. doi: 10.1007/s10567-013-0135-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sibley, C. G., & Duckitt, J. (2008). Personality and prejudice: A meta-analysis and theoretical review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12(3), 248–79. doi: 10.1177/1088868308319226CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siegler, I. C., & Brummett, B. H. (2000). Associations among NEO personality assessments and well-being at midlife: Facet-level analyses. Psychology and Aging, 15(4), 710–14. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.15.4.710CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sneed, J. R., & Whitbourne, S. K. (2003). Identity processing and self-consciousness in middle and later adulthood. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58(6), P313P319. doi: 10.1093/geronb/58.6.P313CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Song, Y., & Shi, M. (2017). Associations between empathy and big five personality traits among Chinese undergraduate medical students. PLoS ONE, 12(2): e0171665. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171665CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Starcke, K., & Brand, M. (2016). Effects of stress on decisions under uncertainty: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 142(9), 909–33. doi: 10.1037/bul0000060CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Staudinger, U. M. (1999). Older and wiser? Integrating results on the relationship between age and wisdom-related performance. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 23(3), 641–64. doi: 10.1080/016502599383739CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staudinger, U. M., Lopez, D. F., & Baltes, P. B. (1997). The psychometric location of wisdom-related performance: Intelligence, personality, and more?. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(11), 1200–14. doi: 10.1177/01461672972311007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephen, J., Fraser, E., & Marcia, J. E. (1992). Moratorium-achievement (MAMA) cycles in lifespan identity development: Value orientations and reasoning system correlates. Journal of Adolescence, 15(3), 283300. doi: 10.1016/0140-1971(92)90031-YCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sterling, P., & Eyer, J. (1988). Allostasis: A new paradigm to explain arousal pathology. In Fisher, S. & Reason, J. (Eds.), Handbook of life stress, cognition and health (pp. 629–49). Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1985). Implicit theories of intelligence, creativity, and wisdom. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(3), 607–27. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.49.3.607CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1990). Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1997). Successful intelligence. New York, NY: Plume.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1998). A balance theory of wisdom. Review of General Psychology, 2(4), 347–65. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.2.4.347CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2003). Wisdom, intelligence, and creativity synthesized. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2004). What Is Wisdom and How Can We Develop It?. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 591, 164–74. doi: 10.1177/0002716203260097Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2009). The theory of successful intelligence. In Kaufman, J. C., Grigorenko, E. L. (Eds.), The essential Sternberg: Essays on intelligence, psychology, and education (pp. 71100). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2012). The triarchic theory of successful intelligence. In Flanagan, D. P. & Harrison, P. L. (Eds.), Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues (pp. 156–77). New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2004). WICS: A model for selecting students for nationally competitive scholarships. In Ilchman, A. S., Ilchman, W. F., & Tolar, M. H. (Eds.), The lucky few and the worthy many. Scholarship competitions and the world's future leaders (2nd ed., pp. 3261). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Sumner, R., Burrow, A. L., & Hill, P. L. (2015). Identity and purpose as predictors of subjective well-being in emerging adulthood. Emerging Adulthood, 3(1), 4654. doi: 10.1177/2167696814532796CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tangney, J. P. (2000). Humility: Theoretical perspectives, empirical findings and directions for future research. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 7082. doi: 10.1521/jscp.2000.19.1.70CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tangney, J. P. (2002). Humility. In Snyder, C. R. & Lopez, S. J. (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 411–19). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tok, S., & Morali, S. L. (2009). Trait emotional intelligence, the Big Five personality dimensions and academic success in physical education teacher candidates. Social Behavior and Personality, 37(7), 921–32. doi: 10.2224/sbp.2009.37.7.921CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van der Linden, D., Tsaousis, I., & Petrides, K. (2012). Overlap between General Factors of Personality in the Big Five, Giant Three, and trait emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(3), 175–9. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.03.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Tongeren, D. R., Stafford, J., Hook, J. N., Green, J. D., Davis, D. E., & Johnson, K. A. (2016). Humility attenuates negative attitudes and behaviors toward religious out-group members. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(2), 199208. doi: 10.1080/17439760.2015.1037861CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vittersø, J. (2001). Personality traits and subjective well-being: Emotional stability, not extraversion, is probably the important predictor. Personality and Individual Differences, 31(6), 903–14. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00192-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, M., Lightsey, O. R., Pietruszka, T., Uruk, A. C., & Wells, A. G. (2007). Purpose in life and reasons for living as mediators of the relationship between stress, coping, and suicidal behavior. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2(3), 195204. doi: 10.1080/17439760701228920CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waterman, A. S. (1982). Identity development from adolescence to adulthood: An extension of theory and a review of research. Developmental Psychology, 18(3), 341–58. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.18.3.341CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waterman, A. S. (2011). Eudaimonic identity theory: Identity as self-discovery. In Schwartz, S. J., Luyckx, K., & Vignoles, V. L. (Eds.), Handbook of identity theory and research (Vols 1 and 2, pp. 357–79). New York, NY: Springer Science + Business Media. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7988-9_16Google Scholar
Webster, J. D. (2003). An exploratory analysis of a self-assessed wisdom scale. Journal Of Adult Development, 10(1), 1322. doi: 10.1023/A:1020782619051CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webster, J. D. (2013). Identity, wisdom, and critical life events in younger adulthood. In Sinnott, J. D. (Ed.), Positive psychology: Advances in understanding adult motivation (pp. 6177). New York, NY: Springer Science + Business Media. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-7282-7_5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weststrate, N. M., & Glück, J. (2017). Hard-earned wisdom: Exploratory processing of difficult life experience is positively associated with wisdom. Developmental Psychology, 53(4), 800–14. doi: 10.1037/dev0000286CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wiley, R. E., & Berman, S. L. (2013). Adolescent identity development and distress in a clinical sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(12), 1299–304. doi: 10.1002/jclp.22004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, P. G., Rau, H. K., Cribbet, M. R., & Gunn, H. E. (2009). Openness to experience and stress regulation. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(5), 777–84. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2009.06.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wink, P., & Staudinger, U. M. (2016). Wisdom and psychosocial functioning in later life. Journal Of Personality, 84(3), 306–18. doi: 10.1111/jopy.12160CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wright, S. T., Breier, J. M., Depner, R. M., Grant, P. C., & Lodi-Smith, J. (2017). Wisdom at the end of life: Hospice patients’ reflections on the meaning of life and death. Counseling Psychology Quarterly. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1080/09515070.2016.1274253Google Scholar
Yeager, D. S., Henderson, M. D., Paunesku, D., Walton, G. M., D'Mello, S., Spitzer, B. J., et al. (2014). Boring but important: A self-transcendent purpose for learning fosters academic self-regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(4), 559–80. doi: 10.1037/a0037637CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

“Person of the Week: ‘Enron Whistleblower’ Sherron Wilson” (2002). www.time.com/time/pow/article/0,8599,194927,00.html, retrieved June 5, 2008.Google Scholar
“Senator faces list of assault allegations” (2008). www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/06/05/senator_faces_list_of_assault_allegations/, retrieved June 5, 2008.Google Scholar
“Spitzer is linked to prostitution ring” (2008). www.nytimes.com/2008/03/10/nyregion/10cnd-spitzer.html?_r=1&oref=slogin, retrieved June 5, 2008.Google Scholar
“Timeline of the Tyco International Scandal” (2005). www.usatoday.com/money/indus tries/manufacturing/2005-06-17-tyco-timeline_x.htm, retrieved June 5, 2008).Google Scholar
Ardelt, M. (2003). Empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale. Research on Aging, 25, 275324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atlas, T. (2008). The cost of corruption. US News & World Report, June 9, 144, 89.Google Scholar
Baltes, P. B., & Staudinger, U. M. (2000). A metaheuristic (pragmatic) to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence. American Psychologist, 55, 122–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 193209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bandura, A. (2015). Moral disengagement: How people do harm and live with themselves. New York, NY: Worth.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., & Funder, D. C. (2007). Psychology as the science of self-reports and finger movements: whatever happened to actual behavior? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2, 396403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bluck, S., & Glück, J. (2005). From the inside out: People's implicit theories of wisdom. In Sternberg, R. J. & Jordan, J. (Eds.), A handbook of wisdom: Psychological perspectives (pp. 84109). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boehm, C. (1999). Hierarchy in the forest: The evolution of egalitarian behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dai, D. Y., & Sternberg, R. J. (Eds.). (2004). Motivation, emotion, and cognition: Integrative perspectives on intellectual functioning and development. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Waal, F. B. (2008). Putting the altruism back into altruism: the evolution of empathy. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 279300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fehr, E., & Gächter, S. (2000). Cooperation and punishment in public goods experiments. The American Economic Review, 90(4), 980–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Glück, J. (2015). Wisdom, Psychology of. In Wright, J. (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of social and behavioral sciences (2nd Edition, Volume 25, pp. 590–7). London: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Glück, J., & Bluck, S. (2013). The MORE life experience model: A theory of the development of personal wisdom. In Ferrari, M. & Weststrate, N. M. (Eds.), The scientific study of personal wisdom: From contemplative traditions to neuroscience (pp. 7597). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.Google Scholar
Glück, J., Gussnig, B., & Schrottenbacher, S. (submitted). Wisdom and value orientations: just a projection of our own beliefs? Manuscript submitted for publication.Google Scholar
Gourevitch, P. (1998). We wish to inform you that tomorrow we will be killed with our families: Stories from Rwanda. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.Google Scholar
Graham, J., Haidt, J., Koleva, S., Motyl, M., Iyer, R., Wojcik, S. P., et al. (2013). Moral Foundations Theory: The pragmatic validity of moral pluralism. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 47.Google Scholar
Graham, J., Haidt, J., & Nosek, B. A. (2009). Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(5), 1029–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greene, J. (2013). Moral tribes: Emotion, reason, and the gap between us and them. New York, NY: Penguin.Google Scholar
Grossmann, I., & Kross, E. (2014). Exploring Solomon's Paradox: Self-distancing eliminates the self-other asymmetry in wise reasoning about close relationships in younger and older adults. Psychological Science, 25(8), 1571–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossmann, I., Na, J., Varnum, M. E. W., Park, D. C, Kitayama, S., & Nisbett, R. E. (2010). Reasoning about social conflicts improves into old age. PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 7246–50.Google ScholarPubMed
Grossmann, I. (2017). Wisdom in context. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(2), 233–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108(4), 814–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haidt, J. (2008). Morality. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(1), 6572.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haidt, J. (2013). The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion. New York: Vintage.Google Scholar
Hauser, M. D. (2007). Moral minds: The nature of right and wrong. New York, NY: Harper Perennial.Google Scholar
Jeste, D. V., Ardelt, M., Blazer, D., Kraemer, H. C., Vaillant, G., & Meeks, T. W. (2010). Expert consensus on characteristics of wisdom: A Delphi method study. The Gerontologist, 50(5), 668–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohlberg, L. (1963). The development of children's orientations toward a moral order: Pt. 1. Sequence in the development of moral thought. Vita Humana, 6, 1133.Google Scholar
Kohlberg, L. (1984). The psychology of moral development: The nature and validity of moral stages. In: Essays on moral development (Vol. 2). New York, NY: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Kross, E., & Grossmann, I. (2012). Boosting wisdom: Distance from the self enhances wise reasoning, attitudes, and behavior. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141, 43–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Kunzmann, U. & Baltes, P. (2003). Wisdom-related knowledge: affective, motivational, and interpersonal correlates. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1104–19.Google ScholarPubMed
Kurtines, W., & Greif, E. B. (1974). The developmental of moral thought: Review and evaluation of Kohlberg's approach. Psychological Bulletin, 81, 453–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Latané, B., & Darley, J. M. (1970). Unresponsive bystander: Why doesn't he help? Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Le, T. N. (2008). Cultural values, life experiences, and wisdom. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 66(4), 259–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McAdams, D. P., Albaugh, M., Farber, E., Daniels, J., Logan, R. L., & Olson, B. (2008). Family metaphors and moral intuitions: How conservatives and liberals narrate their lives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(4), 978–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKenna, B., Rooney, D., & Boal, K. B. (2009). Wisdom principles as a meta-theoretical basis for evaluating leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(2), 177–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Narvaez, D. (2010). Moral complexity: The fatal attraction of truthiness and the importance of mature moral functioning. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5(2), 163–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pariser, E. (2011). The filter bubble: What the Internet is hiding from you. New York, NY: Penguin Press.Google Scholar
Pasupathi, M., & Staudinger, U. M. (2001). Do advanced moral reasoners also show wisdom? Linking moral reasoning and wisdom-related knowledge and judgement. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25(5), 401–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paulhus, D. L., Wehr, P., Harms, P. D., & Strasser, D. I. (2002). Use of exemplar surveys to reveal implicit types of intelligence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1051–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paxton, J. M., Ungar, L., & Greene, J. D. (2012). Reflection and reasoning in moral judgment. Cognitive Science, 36(1), 163–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piaget, J. (1948). The moral judgment of the child. New York, NY: Free Press.Google Scholar
Rest, J. R. (1986). Moral development: Advances in research and theory. New York, NY: Praeger.Google Scholar
Reynolds, S. J. (2008). Moral attentiveness: Who pays attention to the moral aspects of life?. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(5), 1027–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snarey, J. R. (1985). Cross-cultural universality and social-moral development: A critical review of Kohlbergian research. Psychological Bulletin, 97, 202–32.Google ScholarPubMed
Staudinger, U. M., & Baltes, P. B. (1996). Interactive minds: A facilitative setting for wisdom-related performance? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 746–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staudinger, U. M., Dörner, J., & Mickler, C. (2005). Wisdom and personality. In Sternberg, R. J. & Jordan, J. (Eds.), A handbook of wisdom: Psychological perspectives (pp. 191219). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staudinger, U. M. & Glück, J. (2011). Psychological wisdom research: Commonalities and differences in a growing field. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 215–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1983). Components of human intelligence. Cognition, 15, 148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sternberg, R. J. (1984). What should intelligence tests test? Implications of a triarchic theory of intelligence for intelligence testing. Educational Researcher, 13, 515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1985). Teaching critical thinking, Part 1: Are we making critical mistakes? Phi Delta Kappan, 67, 194–8.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1998). A balance theory of wisdom. Review of general psychology, 2(4), 347–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2001). Why schools should teach for wisdom: The balance theory of wisdom in educational settings. Educational Psychologist, 36(4), 227–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2002). Smart people are not stupid, but they sure can be foolish: The imbalance theory of foolishness. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Why smart people can be so stupid (pp. 232–42). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2003). Wisdom, intelligence, and creativity, synthesized. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2005). What is wisdom and how can we develop it? In Evans, D. L., Foa, E., Gur, R., Hendin, H., O'Brien, C., Seligman, M. E. P., et al. (Eds.) Treatments that work for adolescents (pp. 664–74). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2008). The WICS approach to leadership: Stories of leadership and the structures and processes that support them. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(3), 360–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2010). Teaching for ethical reasoning in liberal education. Liberal Education, 96(3), 32–7.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2012). Teaching for ethical reasoning. International Journal of Educational Psychology, 1(1), 3550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2015). Epilogue: Why is ethical behavior challenging? A model of ethical reasoning. In Sternberg, R. J. & Fiske, S. T. (Eds.), Ethical challenges in the behavioral and brain sciences: Case studies and commentaries (pp. 218–26). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J., & Davidson, J. E. (1982, June). The mind of the puzzler. Psychology Today, 16, 3744.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J., & Davidson, J. E. (1983). Insight in the gifted. Educational Psychologist, 18, 51–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2004). Successful intelligence in the classroom. Theory into Practice, 43, 274–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J., & Kaufman, S. B. (Eds.) (2011). Cambridge handbook of intelligence. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2008). The nature of hate. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J., Forsythe, G. B., Hedlund, J., Horvath, J., Snook, S., Williams, W. M., et al. (2000). Practical intelligence in everyday life. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Surowiecki, J. (2005). The wisdom of crowds. New York, NY: Anchor.Google Scholar
Totten, S., Parsons, W. S., & Charny, I. W. (Eds.) (2004). Century of genocide: Eyewitness accounts and critical views. New York, NY: Garland Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webster, J. D. (2007). Measuring the character strength of wisdom. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 65, 163–83.Google ScholarPubMed
Webster, J. D. (2010). Wisdom and positive psychosocial values in young adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 17(2), 7080.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weststrate, N. M., Ferrari, M., & Ardelt, M. (2016). The many faces of wisdom: An investigation of cultural-historical wisdom exemplars reveals practical, philosophical, and benevolent prototypes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42(5), 662–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yang, S. Y. (2011). Wisdom displayed through leadership: Exploring leadership-related wisdom. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(4), 616–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Achenbaum, W. A., & Orwoll, L. (1991). Becoming wise: A psycho-gerontological interpretation of the Book of Job. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 32, 2139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allemand, M., Steiger, A. E., & Fend, H. A. (2015). Empathy development in adolescence predicts social competencies in adulthood. Journal of Personality, 83(2), 229–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ardelt, M. (2004). Wisdom as expert knowledge system: A critical review of a contemporary operationalization of an ancient concept. Human Development, 47, 257–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ardelt, M. (2003). Empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale. Research on Aging, 25, 275324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baltes, P. B., & Kunzmann, U. (2004). Two faces of wisdom: Wisdom as a general theory of knowledge and judgment about excellence in mind and virtue vs. wisdom as everyday realization in people and products. Human Development, 47, 290–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baltes, P. B., & Kunzmann, U. (2003). Wisdom: The peak of human excellence in the orchestration of mind and virtue. The Psychologist, 16, 131–3.Google Scholar
Baltes, P. B., & Smith, J. (1990). The psychology of wisdom and its ontogenesis. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 87120). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baltes, P. B., & Staudinger, U. M. (2000). Wisdom: A metaheuristic (pragmatic) to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence. American Psychologist, 55, 122–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baltes, P. B., Staudinger, U. M., Maercker, A., & Smith, J. (1995). People nominated as wise: A comparative study of wisdom-related knowledge. Psychology and Aging, 10, 155–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Basseches, M. (1984). Dialectical thinking and adult development. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar
Brienza, J., Kung, F., Santos, H. C., Bobocel, D. R., & Grossmann, I. (2017). Wisdom, bias, and balance: Toward a process-sensitive measurement of wisdom-related cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, online pre-publication.Google Scholar
Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. American Psychologist, 54, 165–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clayton, V. P., & Birren, J. E. (1980). The development of wisdom across the life span: A reexamination of an ancient topic. In Baltes, P. B. & Brim, O. G., Jr. (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (Vol. 3, pp. 103–35). New York, NY: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Dittmann-Kohli, F., & Baltes, P. B. (1990). Toward a neofunctionalist conception of adult intellectual development: Wisdom as a prototypical case of intellectual growth. In C. Alexander & E. Langer (Eds.), Higher stages of human development: Perspectives on adult growth (pp. 5478). New York, NY: Oxford University.Google Scholar
Dixon, R. A., & Baltes, P. B. (1986). Toward life-span research on the functions and pragmatics of intelligence. In Sternberg, R. J. & Wagner, R. K. (Eds.), Practical intelligence: Nature and origins of competence in the everyday world (pp. 203–35). Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., & Morris, A. (2014). Empathy-related responding in children. In Killen, M. & Smetana, J. G. (Eds.), Handbook of moral development, (2nd ed., pp. 184207). New York, NY: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Ekman, P. (1999). Basic emotions. In Dalgleish, T. & Power, M. J. (Eds.), Handbook of cognition and emotion (pp. 4560). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erikson, E. H. (1959). Identity and the life cycle. New York, NY: International University Press.Google Scholar
Fleeson, W., & Furr, R. M. (2016). Do broad character traits exist? Repeated assessments of individuals, not group summaries from classic experiments, provide the relevant evidence. In Fileva, I. (Ed.), Questions of character (pp. 231–48). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2, 300–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fredrickson, B. L., & Branigan, C. A. (2001). Positive emotions. In Mayne, T. J. & Bonnano, G. A. (Eds.), Emotion: Current issues and future developments (pp. 123–51). New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Fredrickson, B. L., Waugh, C. E., Larkin, G. L., & Tugade, M. M. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crisis? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 365–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frijda, N. H., Kuipers, P., & ter Schure, E. (1989). Relations among emotion, appraisal, and emotional action readiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 212–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerstorf, D., Hoppmann, C. A., & Ram, N. (2014). The promise and challenges of integrating multiple time-scales in adult developmental inquiry. Research in Human Development, 11, 7590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glück, J. (2015). Wisdom, psychology of. In Wright, J. (Ed.), International encyclopedia of social and behavioral sciences (2nd ed., Vol. 25, pp. 590–7). London: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Glück, J. (2018). Measuring wisdom: existing approaches, continuing challenges, and new developments. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 73, 1393–403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glück, J. & Bluck, S. (2013). The MORE Life Experience Model: A theory of the development of personal wisdom. In Ferrari, M. & Weststrate, N. (Eds.), The scientific study of personal wisdom (pp. 7598). New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Glück, J., Bluck, S., Baron, J. & McAdams, D. (2005). The wisdom of experience: Autobiographical narratives across adulthood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29, 197208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glück, J., Bluck, S., & Weststrate, N. M. (2018). More on the MORE Life Experience Model: what we have learned (so far). The Journal of Value Inquiry, online pre-publication.Google Scholar
Glück, J., König, S., Naschenweng, K., Redzanowski, U., Dorner, L., Strasser, I., & Wiedermann, W. (2013). How to measure wisdom: Content, reliability, and validity of five measures. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, article 405.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gough, H. G. & Heilbrun, A. B. (1983). The adjective check list manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist's Press.Google Scholar
Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects. Psychological Inquiry, 26, 126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossmann, I. (2017). Wisdom in context. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(2), 233–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossmann, I. & Kross, E. (2014). Exploring Solomon's paradox: Self-distancing eliminates the self-other asymmetry in wise reasoning about close relations in younger and older adults. Psychological Science, 25(8), 1571–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossmann, I., Gerlach, T. M., & Denissen, J. J. (2016). Wise reasoning in the face of everyday life challenges. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7(7), 611–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossmann, I., Kung, F. Y. H., & Santos, H. C. (this volume). Wisdom as state vs. trait. In Sternberg, R. J. & Glück, J. (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of wisdom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Grossmann, I., Na, J., Varnum, M. E. W., Kitayama, S., & Nisbett, R. E. (2013). A route to well-being: Intelligence versus wise reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142, 944–53.Google ScholarPubMed
Grossmann, I., Na, J., Varnum, M. E. W., Park, D. C, Kitayama, S., & Nisbett, R. E. (2010). Reasoning about social conflicts improves into old age. PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 7246–50.Google ScholarPubMed
Heckhausen, J., Dixon, R. A., & Baltes, P. B. (1989). Gains and losses in development throughout adulthood as perceived by different adult age groups. Developmental Psychology, 25, 109–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helson, R., & Srivastava, S. (2002). Creative and wise people: Similarities, differences, and how they develop. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1430–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isen, A. M. (1987). Positive affect, cognitive processes, and social behavior. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 20, 203–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isen, A. M. (1999). Positive affect. In Dalgleish, T. & Power, M. (Eds.), Handbook of emotion and cognition (pp. 521–39). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Izard, C. E. (1993). Four systems for emotion activation: Cognitive and noncognitive processes. Psychological Review, 100, 6890.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, E. E. & Harris, V. A. (1967). The attribution of attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 3(1), 124. doi: 10.1016/0022-1031(67)90034-0.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Kahneman, D., Krueger, A. B., Schkade, D. A., Schwarz, N., & Stone, A. A. (2004). A survey method for characterizing daily life experience: The day reconstruction method. Science, 306, 1776–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kramer, D. A. (2000). Wisdom as a classical source of human strength: Conceptualization and empirical inquiry. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19, 83101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kross, E., & Grossmann, I. (2012). Boosting wisdom: Distance from the self enhances wise reasoning, attitudes, and behavior. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141, 43–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Kunzmann, U. (2004). Approaches to a good life: The emotional-motivational side to wisdom. In Linley, P. A. & Joseph, S. (Eds.), Positive psychology in practice (pp. 504–17). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Kunzmann, U., & Baltes, P. B. (2003a). Wisdom-related knowledge: Affective, motivational, and interpersonal correlates. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1104–19.Google ScholarPubMed
Kunzmann, U., & Baltes, P. B. (2003b). Beyond the traditional scope of intelligence: Wisdom in action. In Sternberg, R. J., Lautry, J. & Lubart, T. I. (Eds.), Models of intelligence for the next millennium (pp. 329–43). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Kunzmann, U., & Grühn, D. (2005). Age differences in emotional reactivity: The sample case of sadness. Psychology and Aging, 20, 4759.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kunzmann, U., Stange, A. & Jordan, J. (2005). Positive emotionality and lifestyle in adulthood: Do you do what you feel? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 574–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kunzmann, U. & von Salisch, M. (2009). Die Entwicklung von Emotionen und emotionalen Kompetenzen über die Lebensspanne. In Stemmler, G. (Eds.), Enzyklopädie der Psychologie: Psychologie der Emotion (pp. 528–69). Göttingen: Hogrefe.Google Scholar
Kunzmann, U. & Wrosch, C. (2017). Emotional development in old age. In Pachana, N. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of geropsychology (pp. 752–62). New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Labouvie-Vief, G. (2003). Dynamic integration: Affect, cognition, and the self in adulthood. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, 201–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labouvie-Vief, G. (1990). Wisdom as integrated thought: Historical and developmental perspectives. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 5283). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larson, R., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1983). The experience sampling method. New Directions for Methodology of Social & Behavioral Science, 15, 4156.Google Scholar
Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levenson, R. W. (2000). Expressive, physiological, and subjective changes in emotion across adulthood. In Qualls, S. H. & Abeles, N. (Eds.), Psychology and the aging revolution: How we adapt to longer life (pp. 123–40). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Mickler, C. & Staudinger, U. M. (2008). Personal wisdom: Validation and age-related differences of a performance measure. Psychology and Aging, 23(4), 787–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nesselroade, J. R. (1984). Concepts of intraindividual variability and change: Impressions of Cattell's influence on lifespan developmental psychology. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 19, 269–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oakes, H., Brienza, J. P., Elnakouri, A., & Grossmann, I. (this volume). Wise reasoning: Unpacking the psychology of sound judgment. In Sternberg, R. J. & Glück, J. (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of wisdom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Paxton, J. M., Ungar, L., & Greene, J. D. (2012). Reflection and reasoning in moral judgment. Cognitive Science, 36, 163–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruhl, H., & Chow, C. M. (2016). Empathy in adolescence: Familial determinants and peer relationship outcomes. In Watt, D. F. & Panksepp, J. (Eds.), Psychology and neurobiology of empathy (pp. 171–86). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Biomedical Books.Google Scholar
Salovey, P., Kokkonen, M., Lopes, P. N., & Mayer, J. D. (2004). Emotional intelligence: What do we know? In Manstead, A. S. R., Frijda, N. H. & Fischer, A. H. (Eds.), Feelings and emotions: The Amsterdam Symposium (pp. 319–38). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Staudinger, U. M., & Baltes, P. B. (1996). Interactive minds: A facilitative setting for wisdom-related performance? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 746–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staudinger, U. M., & Glück, J. (2011). Psychological wisdom research: Commonalities and differences in a growing field. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 215–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staudinger, U. M., Lopez, D. F., & Baltes, P. B. (1997). The psychometric location of wisdom-related performance: Intelligence, personality, and more? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 1200–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staudinger, U. M., Smith, J., & Baltes, P. B. (1994). Manual for the assessment of wisdom-related knowledge. Berlin: Max Planck Institute for Human Development and Education.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.). (1990). Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1998). A balance theory of wisdom. Review of General Psychology, 2, 347–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (this volume). Why people often prefer wise guys to guys who are wise: An augmented balance theory of the production and reception of wisdom. In Sternberg, R. J. & Glück, J. (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of wisdom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, S., & Kunzmann, U. (2014). Age differences in wisdom-related knowledge: Does the age-relevance of the task matter? The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 69, 897905.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Voelkle, M. C., Brose, A., Schmiedek, F. & Lindenberger, U. (2014). Towards a unified framework for the study of between-person and within-person structures: Building a bridge between two research paradigms. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 49, 193213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webster, J. D. (2003). An exploratory analysis of a self-assessed wisdom scale. Journal of Adult Development, 10(1), 1322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webster, J. D. (2007). Measuring the character strength of wisdom. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 65, 163–83.Google ScholarPubMed
Weststrate, N. M., & Glück, J. (2017). Hard-earned wisdom: Exploratory processing of difficult life experience is positively associated with wisdom. Developmental Psychology, 53, 800–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wieck, C., & Kunzmann, U. (2015). Age differences in empathy: Multidirectional and context-dependent. Psychology and Aging, 30, 407–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wieck, C. & Kunzmann, U. (2017). Age differences in emotion recognition: A question of modality? Psychology and Aging, 32, 401–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wink, P., & Helson, R. (1997). Practical and transcendent wisdom: Their nature and some longitudinal findings. Journal of Adult Development, 4, 115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wink, P., & Staudinger, U. M. (2016). Wisdom and psychosocial functioning in later life. Journal of Personality, 84, 306–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Aldwin, C. M., & Igarashi, H. (2015). Successful, optimal, and resilient aging: A psychosocial perspective. In Lichtenberg, P. A. & Mast, B. T. (Eds.), APA handbook of clinical geropsychology (Vol. 1: History and status of the field and perspectives on aging, pp. 331–59). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Ardelt, M. (1997). Wisdom and life satisfaction in old age. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 52B, P15P27. doi: 10.1093/geronb/52B.1.P15CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ardelt, M. (2000). Intellectual versus wisdom-related knowledge: The case for a different kind of learning in the later years of life. Educational Gerontology: An International Journal of Research and Practice, 26, 771–89. doi: 10.1080/036012700300001421CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ardelt, M. (2003). Empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale. Research on Aging, 25, 275324. doi: 10.1177/0164027503025003004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ardelt, M. (2004). Wisdom as expert knowledge system: A critical review of a contemporary operationalization of an ancient concept. Human Development, 47, 257–85. doi: 10.1159/000079154CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ardelt, M. (2005). How wise people cope with crises and obstacles in life. ReVision: A Journal of Consciousness and Transformation, 28, 719. doi: 10.3200/REVN.28.1.7-19CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ardelt, M. (2008a). Being wise at any age. In Lopez, S. J. (Ed.), Positive Psychology: Exploring the Best in People (Vol. 1: Discovering Human Strengths, pp. 81108). Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar
Ardelt, M. (2008b). Self-development through selflessness: The paradoxical process of growing wiser. In Wayment, H. A. & Bauer, J. J. (Eds.), Transcending self-interest: Psychological explorations of the quiet ego (pp. 221–33). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Ardelt, M. (2011). The measurement of wisdom: A commentary on Taylor, Bates, and Webster's comparison of the SAWS and 3D-WS. Experimental Aging Research, 37, 241–55. doi: 10.1080/0361073X.2011.554509CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ardelt, M. (2016). Disentangling the relations between wisdom and different types of well-being in old age: Findings from a short-term longitudinal study. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17, 1963–84. doi: 10.1007/s10902-015-9680-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ardelt, M., Ai, A. L., & Eichenberger, S. E. (2008). In search for meaning: The differential role of religion for middle-aged and older persons diagnosed with a life-threatening illness. Journal of Religion, Spirituality and Aging, 20, 288312. doi: 10.1080/15528030802232353CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ardelt, M., & Edwards, C. A. (2016). Wisdom at the end of life: An analysis of mediating and moderating relations between wisdom and subjective well-being. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 71, 502–13. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbv051CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ardelt, M., & Ferrari, M. (2014). Wisdom and emotions. In Verhaeghen, P. & Hertzog, C. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of emotion, social cognition, and problem solving in adulthood (pp. 256–72). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ardelt, M., Gerlach, K. R., & Vaillant, G. E. (2018). Early and midlife predictors of wisdom and subjective well-being in old age, 73, 15141525. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gby017CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ardelt, M., & Jeste, D. (2018). Wisdom and hard times: The ameliorating effect of wisdom on the negative association between adverse life events and well-being. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 73, 13741383. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbw137Google ScholarPubMed
Armstrong, K. (2001). Buddha. New York, NY: Penguin Group.Google Scholar
Baltes, P. B., & Smith, J. (2008). The fascination of wisdom: Its nature, ontogeny, and function. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 5664. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00062.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baltes, P. B., & Staudinger, U. M. (2000). Wisdom: A metaheuristic (pragmatic) to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence. American Psychologist, 55, 122–36. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.122CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barbieri, P. (1997). Habitual desires: The destructive nature of expressing your anger. International Journal of Reality Therapy, 17, 1723.Google Scholar
Beaumont, S. L. (2011). Identity styles and wisdom during emerging adulthood: Relationships with mindfulness and savoring. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 11, 155–80. doi: 10.1080/15283488.2011.557298CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergsma, A., & Ardelt, M. (2012). Self-reported wisdom and happiness: An empirical investigation. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13, 481–99. doi: 10.1007/s10902-011-9275-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanchard-Fields, F., & Norris, L. (1995). The development of wisdom. In Kimble, M. A., McFadden, S. H., Ellor, J. W. & Seeber, J. J. (Eds.), Aging, spirituality, and religion. A handbook (pp. 102–18). Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press.Google Scholar
Block, J. (1971). Lives through time. Berkeley, CA: Bancroft Books.Google Scholar
Bradley, G. W. (1978). Self-serving biases in the attribution process: A reexamination of the fact or fiction question. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 5671. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.36.1.56CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brugman, G. M. (2000). Wisdom: Source of narrative coherence and eudaimonia. Delft, The Netherlands: Eburon.Google Scholar
Choi, N. G., & Landeros, C. (2011). Wisdom from life's challenges: Qualitative interviews with low- and moderate-income older adults who were nominated as being wise. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 54, 592614. doi: 10.1080/01634372.2011.585438CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Nakamura, J. (2005). The role of emotions in the development of wisdom. In Sternberg, R. J. & Jordan, J. (Eds.), A handbook of wisdom. Psychological perspectives (pp. 220–42). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dalai, Lama, & Cutler, H. C. (1998). The art of happiness: A handbook for living. New York, NY: Riverhead Books.Google Scholar
Davis, C. G., & Asliturk, E. (2011). Toward a positive psychology of coping with anticipated events. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 52, 101–10. doi: 10.1037/a0020177CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., & Oishi, S. (2002). Subjective well-being. The science of happiness and life satisfaction. In Snyder, C. R. & Lopez, S. J. (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 6373). London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Erikson, E. H. (1980). Identity and the life cycle. New York, NY: Norton.Google Scholar
Etezadi, S., & Pushkar, D. (2013). Why are wise people happier? An explanatory model of wisdom and emotional well-being in older adults. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14, 929–50. doi: 10.1007/s10902-012-9362-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farb, N. A. S., Anderson, A. K., Mayberg, H., Bean, J., McKeon, D., & Segal, Z. V. (2010). Minding one's emotions: Mindfulness training alters the neural expression of sadness. Emotion, 10, 2533. doi: 10.1037/a0017151CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferrari, M., Kahn, A., Benayon, M., & Nero, J. (2011). Phronesis, sophia, and hochma: Developing wisdom in Islam and Judaism. Research in Human Development, 8, 128–48. doi: 10.1080/15427609.2011.568869CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer, A. (2015). Wisdom – The answer to all the questions really worth asking. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 5, 7383.Google Scholar
Glück, J. (2011). “She looks back without bitterness:” Wisdom as a developmental opposite of embitterment? In Linden, M. & Maercker, A. (Eds.), Embitterment: Societal, psychological, and clinical perspectives (pp. 7082). Vienna/New York, NY: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glück, J., & Bluck, S. (2013). The MORE life experience model: A theory of the development of wisdom. In Ferrari, M. & Weststrate, N. (Eds.), The scientific study of personal wisdom: From contemplative traditions to neuroscience (pp. 7597). New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Glück, J., König, S., Naschenweng, K., Redzanowski, U., Dorner-Hörig, L., Strasser, I., et al. (2013). How to measure wisdom: Content, reliability, and validity of five measures. Frontiers in Psychology, 4 : 405, 113. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00405CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gowans, C. W. (2003). Philosophy of the Buddha. London; New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Grossmann, I., Na, J., Varnum, M. E. W., Kitayama, S., & Nisbett, R. E. (2013). A route to well-being: Intelligence versus wise reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142, 944–53. doi: 10.1037/a0029560Google ScholarPubMed
Haan, N. (1969). A tripartite model of ego functioning: Values and clinical research applications. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 148, 1430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, W. (1987). The art of living. Vipassana meditation as taught by S. N. Goenka. San Francisco, CA: Harper.Google Scholar
Helson, R., & Srivastava, S. (2002). Creative and wise people: Similarities, differences and how they develop. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1430–40. doi: 10.1177/014616702236874CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helson, R., & Wink, P. (1987). Two conceptions of maturity examined in the findings of a longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 531–41. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.53.3.531CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Isaacowitz, D. M., Vaillant, G. E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2003). Strengths and satisfaction across the adult lifespan. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 57, 181201. doi: 10.2190/61ej-ldyr-q55n-ut6eCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jung, C. G. (1933). Modern man in search of a soul. New York, NY: Harcourt Brace.Google Scholar
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 144–56. doi: 10.1093/clipsy/bpg016Google Scholar
Kekes, J. (1983). Wisdom. American Philosophical Quarterly, 20, 277–86.Google Scholar
Kekes, J. (1995). Moral wisdom and good lives. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Kinnier, R. T., Tribbensee, N. E., Rose, C. A., & Vaughan, S. M. (2001). In the final analysis: More wisdom from people who have faced death. Journal of Counseling & Development, 79, 171–7. doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6676.2001.tb01957.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
König, S., & Glück, J. (2014). “Gratitude is with me all the time”: How gratitude relates to wisdom. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 69, 655–66. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbt123CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kramer, D. A. (1990). Conceptualizing wisdom: The primacy of affect-cognition relations. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 279313). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kramer, D. A. (2000). Wisdom as a classical source of human strength: Conceptualization and empirical inquiry. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19, 83101. doi: 10.1521/jscp.2000.19.1.83CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krause, N. (2016). Assessing the relationships among wisdom, humility, and life satisfaction. Journal of Adult Development, 23, 140–9. doi: 10.1007/s10804-016-9230-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kunzmann, U., & Baltes, P. B. (2003). Wisdom-related knowledge: Affective, motivational, and interpersonal correlates. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1104–19. doi: 10.1177/0146167203254506Google ScholarPubMed
Kupperman, J. J. (2005). Morality, ethics, and wisdom. In Sternberg, R. J. & Jordan, J. (Eds.), A handbook of wisdom. Psychological perspectives (pp. 245–71). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Le, T. N. (2011). Life satisfaction, openness value, self-transcendence, and wisdom. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12, 171–82. doi: 10.1007/s10902-010-9182-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levenson, M. R., & Aldwin, C. (2013). The transpersonal in personal wisdom. In Ferrari, M. & Weststrate, N. M. (Eds.), The scientific study of personal wisdom: From contemplative traditions to neuroscience (pp. 213–28). New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Levenson, M. R., Aldwin, C. M., & Cupertino, A. P. (2001). Transcending the self: Towards a liberative model of adult development. In Neri, A. L. (Ed.), Maturidade & Velhice: Um enfoque multidisciplinar (pp. 99116). Sao Paulo, BR: Papirus.Google Scholar
Levenson, M. R., Jennings, P. A., Aldwin, C. M., & Shiraishi, R. W. (2005). Self-transcendence: Conceptualization and measurement. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 60, 127–43. doi: 10.2190/XRXM-FYRA-7U0X-GRC0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levitt, H. M. (1999). The development of wisdom: An analysis of Tibetan Buddhist experience. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 39, 86105. doi: 10.1177/00221 67899392006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindell, M. K., & Whitney, D. J. (2001). Accounting for common method variance in cross-sectional research designs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 114–21. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.86.1.114CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Linley, P. A. (2003). Positive adaptation to trauma: Wisdom as both process and outcome. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16, 601–10. doi: 10.1023/B:JOTS.0000 004086.64509.09CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loevinger, J. (1976). Origins of conscience. Psychological Issues, 9, 265–97.Google Scholar
Lozoff, B. (2000). It's a meaningful life. It just takes practice. New York, NY: Viking.Google Scholar
Maslow, A. H. (1968). Toward a psychology of being (2nd edn). Oxford, England: Van Nostrand.Google Scholar
McKee, P., & Barber, C. (1999). On defining wisdom. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 49, 149–64. doi: 10.2190/8G32-BNV0-NVP9-7V6GCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mickler, C., & Staudinger, U. M. (2008). Personal wisdom: Validation and age-related differences of a performance measure. Psychology and Aging, 23, 787–99. doi: 10.1037/a0013928CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ñanamoli, B. (2001). The life of the Buddha. According to the Pali Canon. Seattle, WA: BPS Pariyatti Editions.Google Scholar
Neff, K. D. (2003). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2, 85102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neff, K. D., Rude, S. S., & Kirkpatrick, K. L. (2007). An examination of self-compassion in relation to positive psychological functioning and personality traits. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 908–16. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2006.08.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osbeck, L. M., & Robinson, D. N. (2005). Philosophical theories of wisdom. In Sternberg, R. J. & Jordan, J. (Eds.), A handbook of wisdom. Psychological perspectives (pp. 6183). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Park, C. L., & Fenster, J. R. (2004). Stress-related growth: Predictors of occurrence and correlates with psychological adjustment. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 195215. doi: 10.1521/jscp.23.2.195.31019CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Park, C. L., & Folkman, S. (1997). Meaning in the context of stress and coping. Review of General Psychology, 1, 115–44. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.1.2.115CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pascual-Leone, J. (2000). Mental attention, consciousness, and the progressive emergence of wisdom. Journal of Adult Development, 7, 241–54. doi: 10.1023/A:100956 3428260CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plews-Ogan, M., Owens, J. E., & May, N. (2012). Choosing wisdom: Strategies and inspiration for growing through life-changing difficulties. West Conshohocken, PA: Templeton Press.Google Scholar
Post, S. G. (2005). Altruism, happiness, and health: It's good to be good. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 12, 6677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Randall, W. L., & Kenyon, G. M. (2001). Ordinary wisdom: Biographical aging and the journey of life. Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141–66. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069–81. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherwood, G. G. (1981). Self-serving biases in person perception: A reexamination of projection as a mechanism of defense. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 445–59. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.90.3.445CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, J., & Baltes, P. B. (1990). Wisdom-related knowledge: Age/cohort differences in response to life-planning problems. Developmental Psychology, 26, 494505. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.26.3.494CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staudinger, U. M., Dörner, J., & Mickler, C. (2005). Wisdom and personality. In Sternberg, R. J. & Jordan, J. (Eds.), A handbook of wisdom. Psychological perspectives (pp. 191219). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staudinger, U. M., & Kessler, E.-M. (2009). Adjustment and growth. Two trajectories of positive personality development across adulthood. In Smith, M. C. (Ed.), Handbook of research on adult learning and development (pp. 239–68). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Staudinger, U. M., & Kunzmann, U. (2005). Positive adult personality development: Adjustment and/or growth? European Psychologist, 10, 320–9. doi: 10.1027/1016-9040.10.4.320CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staudinger, U. M., Lopez, D. F., & Baltes, P. B. (1997). The psychometric location of wisdom-related performance: Intelligence, personality, and more? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 1200–14. doi: 10.1177/01461672972311007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1998). A balance theory of wisdom. Review of General Psychology, 2, 347–65. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.2.4.347CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takahashi, M., & Overton, W. F. (2002). Wisdom: A culturally inclusive developmental perspective. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 26, 269–77. doi: 10.1080/01650250143000139CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry: An International Journal for the Advancement of Psychological Theory, 15, 118. doi: 10.1207/s15327965pli1501_01CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, M. L., Bangen, K. J., Ardelt, M., & Jeste, D. V. (2017). Development of a 12-item abbreviated Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale (3D-WS-12): Item selection and psychometric properties. Assessment, 24, 7182. doi: 10.1177/1073191115595714CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, M. L., Bangen, K. J., Palmer, B. W., Sirkin, A. v., Avanzino, J. A., Depp, C. A., et al. (in press). A new scale for assessing wisdom based on common domains and a neurobiological model: The San Diego Wisdom Scale (SD-WISE). Journal of Psychiatric Research. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.09.005Google Scholar
Walsh, R. (2015). What is wisdom? Cross-cultural and cross-disciplinary syntheses. Review of General Psychology, 19, 278–93. doi: 10.1037/gpr0000045CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waterman, A. S. (1993). Two conceptions of happiness: Contrasts of personal expressiveness (eudaimonia) and hedonic enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 678–91. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.64.4.678CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webster, J. D. (2003). An exploratory analysis of a self-assessed wisdom scale. Journal of Adult Development, 10, 1322. doi: 10.1023/A:1020782619051CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webster, J. D. (2007). Measuring the character strength of wisdom. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 65, 163–83. doi: 10.2190/AG.65.2.dGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webster, J. D., Westerhof, G. J., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2014). Wisdom and mental health across the lifespan. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 69, 209–18. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbs121CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webster, J. D., Weststrate, N. M., Ferrari, M., Munroe, M., & Pierce, T. W. (2018). Wisdom and meaning in emerging adulthood, 6, 118136. Emerging Adulthood, 6, 118136. doi: 10.1177/2167696817707662CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weststrate, N. M., & Glück, J. (2017). Wiser but not sadder, blissful but not ignorant: Exploring the co-development of wisdom and well-being over time. In Robinson, M. D. & Eid, M. (Eds.), The happy mind: Cognitive contributions to well-being (pp. 459–80). New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Wink, P., & Dillon, M. (2003). Religiousness, spirituality, and psychosocial functioning in late adulthood: Findings from a longitudinal study. Psychology and Aging, 18, 916–24. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.18.4.916CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wink, P., & Helson, R. (1997). Practical and transcendent wisdom: Their nature and some longitudinal findings. Journal of Adult Development, 4, 115. doi: 10.1007/BF02511845CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wink, P., & Staudinger, U. M. (2016). Wisdom and psychosocial functioning in later life. Journal of Personality, 84, 306–18. doi: 10.1111/jopy.12160CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zacher, H., McKenna, B., & Rooney, D. (2013). Effects of self-reported wisdom on happiness: Not much more than emotional intelligence? Journal of Happiness Studies, 14, 1697–716. doi: 10.1007/s10902-012-9404-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Achenbaum, W. A., & Orwoll, L. (1991). Becoming wise: A psycho-gerontological interpretation of the Book of Job. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 32, 2139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ai, A. L., Wink, P., & Ardelt, M. (2010). Spirituality and aging: A journey for meaning through deep interconnections in humanity. In Cavanaugh, J. C. & Cavanaugh, C. K. (Eds.), Aging in America (Vol. 3 Societal Issues, pp. 222–46). Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.Google Scholar
Allport, G. W. (1966). The religious context of prejudice. Journal of Scientific Study of Religion, 5, 447–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anum, J. & Dusti, R. (2015), Caregiver burden, spirituality, and psychological well-being of parents having children with thalassemia. Journal of Religious Health, 55, 941–55.Google Scholar
Ardelt, M. (2004). Wisdom as expert knowledge system: A critical review of a contemporary operationalization of an ancient concept. Human Development, 47, 257–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ardelt, M. (2003). Empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale. Research on Aging, 25(3), 275324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ardelt, M., Landes, S. D., Gerlach, K. R., & Fox, L. P. (2003). Rediscovering internal strengths of the aged: The beneficial impact of wisdom, mastery, purpose in life, and spirituality on aging well. In, Sinnott, J. D. (Ed.), Positive psychology: Advances in understanding adult motivation (pp. 97119). New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Assmann, A. (1994). Wholesome knowledge: Concepts of wisdom in a historical and cross-cultural perspective. In Featherman, D. L., Learner, R. M., & Perlmutter, M. (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (Vol. 12, pp. 187224). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Baltes, P. B., & Smith, J. (1990). Toward a psychology of wisdom and its ontogenesis. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 87120). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beer, J. S., Knight, R. T., & D'Esposito, M. (2016). Controlling the integration of emotion and cognition. Psychological Science, 17(5), 448–53.Google Scholar
Bregman, L., & Thierman, S. (1995). First-person mortal: Personal narratives of illness, dying, and grief. New York, NY: Paragon House.Google Scholar
Bryce, G. E. (1979). A legacy of wisdom: The Egyptian contribution to the wisdom of Israel. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press.Google Scholar
Chinen, A. B. (1989). From quantitative to qualitative reasoning: A developmental perspective. In Thomas, E. E. (Ed.), Research on adulthood and aging: The human science approach. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Chinen, A. B. (1986). Elder tales revisited: Forms of transcendence in later life. The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 26, 171–92.Google Scholar
Chinen, A. B. (1984). Modal logic: A new paradigm of development and late-life potential. Human Development, 27, 4256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chisholm, M., & Gall, T. L. (2015). Shame and the X-rated addiction: The role of spirituality in male pornography addiction. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 22, 259–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clayton, V., & Birren, J. E. (1980). The development of wisdom across the life span: A reexamination of an ancient topic. In Baltes, P. B. & Brim, O. G. (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (Vol. 3, pp. 103–35). New York, NY: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Cumming, E., & Henry, W. (1961). Growing old: The process of disengagement. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Curnow, T. (1999). Wisdom, intuition, and ethics. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Dennis, T. A. (2010). Introduction to the special issue on neurophysiological markers for emotion and emotion regulation. Developmental Neuropsychology, 35(2), 125–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dilip, V. J., Ardelt, M., Blazer, D., Kraemer, H. C., Vaillant, G., & Meeks, T. W. (2010). Expert consensus on characteristics of wisdom; A Delphi method study. TheGerontologist, 50(5), 668–80.Google Scholar
Edara, I. R. (2016). Relation of individualism-collectivism and ethnic identity to spiritual transcendence among European Americans, Asian Indian Americans, and Chinese Americans. Counseling and Values, 61(1), 4463.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emmons, R. A. (2000) Is spirituality an intelligence? Motivation, cognition, and the psychology of ultimate concern. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10(1), 326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elkins, D. N., Hedstrom, L. J., Hughes, L. L., Leaf, J. A., & Saunders, C. (1988). Phenomenological spirituality. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 28(4), 518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erikson, E. H. (1997). The life cycle completed (extended version). New York, NY: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Erikson, E. H., Erikson, J. M., & Kivnick, H. Q. (1986). Vital involvement in old age: The experience of old age in our time. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Fetzer Institute (1999). Multidimensional measurements of religiousness/spirituality for use in health research. Kalamazoo, MI: Fetzer Institute.Google Scholar
Fowler, J. W., & Dell, M. (2006). Stages of faith from infancy through adolescence: Reflection on three decades of faith development theory. In Roehlkepartain, E. C., King, P. E., Wagener, L., & Benson, P. L. (Eds.), The handbook of spiritual development in childhood and adolescence (pp. 3546). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Fromm, E. (1950). Psychoanalysis and religion. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Fuller, C. F. (2001). Spiritual but not religious. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardner, H. (2000). A case against spiritual intelligence. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10(1), 2734.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
General Social Survey (2008). University of Chicago National Opinion Research Center.Google Scholar
Gluck, J., & Bluck, S. (2013). The MORE life experience model: A theory of the development of personal wisdom. In Ferrari, M. & Westrate, N. (Eds.), The scientific study of personal wisdom (pp. 7598). New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Gushiken, N. (2011). Sobokuna shinkonikansuru kisokenkyu IV [Research on folk spirituality] [Abstract]. Japan Psychological Association Abstracts, 103.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. (1972). Knowledge and human interests. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Hill, P. C., Pargament, K. I., Hood, R. W., McCullough, M. E., Swyers, J. P., Larson, D. B., et al. (2000). Conceptualizing religion and spirituality: Points of commonality, points of departure. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 30, 5177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hills, J., Paice, J.A., Cameron, J., and Shott, S. (2005). Spirituality and distress in palliative care. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 8(4), 782–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Honda, H. (2004). Amami no minzoku-sekai [Secular world in Amami]. In Matsumoto, H. & Tabata, C. (Eds.), Amami (pp. 147–61). Tokyo: Toppan.Google Scholar
Ide, S. & Takahashi, M. (2002). Nichibei hikaku ni miru spirituality to shuukyousei no toraekata [Everyday meanings of spirituality and religiosity in the U.S. and Japan]. The Bulletin of Health Science University of Hokkaido, 9, 107–13.Google Scholar
Inano, M. (2008). Yureru Amami [Swinging Amami]. Kagoshima, Japan: Nanposhinsha.Google Scholar
Ishii, K. (2005). Nihonjin no shukyo ishiki [Religions in Japan]. In Ishii, K. (Ed.), Shintoand Japanese culture. Tokyo: Kokugakuin University.Google Scholar
James, W. (1902) The variety of religious experience. New York, NY: New American Library.Google Scholar
Jason, L. A., Reichler, A., King, C., Madsen, D., Camacho, J., & Marchese, W. (2001). The measurement of wisdom: A preliminary effort. Journal of Community Psychology, 29, 585–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, M. (2015). Embodied understanding. Frontiers in Psychology, 6. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4484222/CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kegan, R. (1982). The evolving self. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kings, L. A., & Hicks, J. A. (2012). Positive affect and meaning in life: The intersection of hedonism and eudaimonia. In Wong, P. T. (Ed.), The human quest for meaning. Hoboken, NJ: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Kinoshita, Y. (1999). Modifies grounded theory approach. Tokyo: Koubundo.Google Scholar
Koenig, H. G. (2007). Concerns about measuring spirituality in research. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 196(5), 349–55.Google Scholar
Krause, N., & Haywood, R. D. (2015). Assessing whether practical wisdom and awe of god are associated with life satisfaction. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 7(1), 51–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labouvie-Vief, G., & Marquez, M. G. (2004). Dynamic integration: Affect optimization and differentiation in development. In Dai, D. Y. & Sternberg, J. (Eds.), Motivation, emotion, and cognition: Integrative perspectives on intellectual functioning and development (pp. 237–72). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Levenson, M. R., & Aldwin, C. M. (2013). Mindfulness in psychology and religion. In Paloutzian, R. F. & Park, C. L. (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality, Second edition (pp. 580–95). New York, NY: Guilford.Google Scholar
Levenson, M. R., Aldwin, C. M., & Cupertino, (2001). Transcending the self: Toward a liberative model of adult development. In Neri, A. L. (Ed.), Maturidade & Velhice: Um enfoque multidisciplinary (pp. 99115). Sao Paulo, Brazil: Papirus.Google Scholar
Levenson, M. R., Jennings, P. A., Aldwin, C. M., & Shiraishi, R. W. (2005). Self-transcendence: Conceptualization and measurement. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 60(2), 124–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loy, D. (1996). Lack and transcendence: The problem of death and life in psychotherapy, existentialism, and Buddhism. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.Google Scholar
Maslow, A. (1970). Motivation and personality (2nd edn). New York, NY: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Meaghre, R. E. (1978). Philosophy of the middle ages. New York, NY: New York University.Google Scholar
Meyer, J. (2012). Centenarians: 2010. U.S. Washington DC: Census Bureau. Retrieved from www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/reports/c2010sr-03.pdfGoogle Scholar
Ministry of Heath, Labor, and Welfare (2017). Jinko dotai tokei no gaikyo. Retrieved from www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/saikin/hw/jinkou/kakutei15/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism (2009). Amami no Gaiyo Retrieved from www.mlit.go.jp/common/000228621.pdfGoogle Scholar
Moberg, D. O. (2002). Assessing and measuring spirituality: Confronting dilemmas of universal and particular evaluative criteria. Journal of Adult Development, 9, 4760.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moody, H. R. (1995). Mysticism. In Ellor, J. W., Kimble, M. A., McFadden, S. H., & Seeber, J. J. (Eds.), Handbook on religion, spirituality, and aging (pp. 87101). Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press.Google Scholar
Naghi, J. J., Philip, K. J., Phan, A., Cleenewerck, L., & Schwarz, E. R. (2012). The effects of spirituality and religion on outcome in patients with chronic heart failure. Journal of Religious Health, 51(4), 1124–36.Google ScholarPubMed
Northrop, F. S. C. (1946). The meeting of East and West. New York, NY: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Norton, D. L. (1976). Personal destinies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ogihara-Schuck, E. (2014). Miyazaki's animism abroad: The reception of Japanese religious themes by American and German audiences. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.Google Scholar
Oman, D. (2013). Defining religion and spirituality. In Paloutzian, R. F. & Park, C. L. (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality, Second edition (pp. 2347). New York, NY: Guilford.Google Scholar
Overton, W. F. (2003). Embodied development: Ending the nativism-empiricism debate. In Coll, C. Garcia, Bearer, R. E., & Lerner, R. (Eds.), Nature and nurture: The complex interplay of genetic and environmental influences on human behavior and development (pp. 203–23). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Pereyra, S. B., Sandberg, J. G., Bean, R. A., & Busby, D. M. (2015). A comparison of the effect of negative communication and spirituality on relationship quality among different Latino and Anglo couple groups. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 43, 480–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, P. G. (1991). Self-transcendence and mental health in oldest-old adults. Nursing Research, 40, 511.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reuder, M. E. (1999). A history of division 36. In Dewsbury, D. A. (Ed.), Unification through division: Histories of the divisions of the American Psychological Association (Vol. 4, pp. 91108). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ribaudo, A., & Takahashi, M. (2009). Temporal trends in spirituality research: A meta-analysis of journal abstract between 1944 and 2003. In Ellor, J. (Ed.), Methods in religion, Spirituality, and Aging (pp. 1325). Oxon, Oxford: Routledge.Google Scholar
Salsman, J. M., Pustejovsky, J. E., Jim, H. S., Munoz, A.R., Merluzzi, T. V., George, L., et al. (2015). A meta-analytic approach to examining the correlation between religion/spirituality and mental health. Cancer, 121(21), 3760–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slife, B., & Richards, P. S. (2001). How separable are spirituality and theology in psychotherapy? Counseling and Values, 45(3), 190206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snell, R. J. (2003). Connaturality in Aquinas: The Ground of wisdom. Quodlibet Journal, 5(4). Retrieved from www.quodlibet.net/articles/snell-aquinas.shtmlGoogle Scholar
Spilka, B., & McIntosh, D. N. (1966). Religion and spirituality: The known and the unknown. Paper presented at the annual conference of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada.Google Scholar
Stifoss-Hanssen, H. (1999). Religion and spirituality: What European ears hear. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 9(1), 2533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staudinger, U. M. (2013). The need to distinguish personal from general wisdom: A short history and empirical evidence. In Ferrari, M. & Westrate, N. (Eds.), The scientific study of personal wisdom (pp. 320). New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2004). Why smart people can be so foolish. European Psychologist, 9(3), 145–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.). (1990). Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J., & Jordan, J. (Eds.). (2005). A handbook of wisdom. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swinton, J. (2001). Spirituality and mental health care. London: Jessica Kingsley.Google Scholar
Takahashi, M. (2017). Relational Wisdom and happiness in late adulthood. In Dick, A. S. and Muller, U. (Eds.), Advancing developmental science: Philosophy, theory, and method. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Takahashi, M. (2016). Spirituality wo sintrigaku suru [Psychologizing spirituality]. In Matsushima, K. (Ed.), Psychologizing Religion (pp. 179201). Tokyo: Seishin shobo.Google Scholar
Takahashi, M. (2014). Koureika to shukyo [Aging and Religion in contemporary society]. Contemporary Religion. Tokyo: International Religious Research Institute.Google Scholar
Takahashi, M. (2011). Religion and Spirituality. In Kaneko, A. (Ed.), Shukyo shinrigaku gairon [A handbook of religious psychology]. Kyoto, Japan: Nakanishiya.Google Scholar
Takahashi, M. & Ide, S. (2003). Implicit Theories Across Three Generations: A cross-cultural comparison in the U.S. and Japan. Journal of Religious Gerontology, 15(4), 1538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takahashi, M., & Overton, W. F. (2005). Cultural foundation of wisdom: An integrated developmental approach. In Sternberg, R. J. & Jordan, J. (Eds.), A handbook of wisdom (pp. 3260). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomizawa, K., & Takahashi, M. (2010). Gerotranscendence in the eighth and ninth stage of life cycle. Ritsumenikan Social Science Review, 46(1), 87103.Google Scholar
Tornstam, L. (2005). Gerotranscendence: A developmental theory of positive aging. New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Turner, M. (2015). Can the effect of religion and spirituality on both physical and mental health be scientifically measured? An overview of the key resources with particular reference to the teaching of Said Nursi. Philosophical exploration, 54, 2045–51.Google Scholar
Unoki, S. (2015). Hyakujyusha-homon [Visiting our centenarians]. Oshima Municipal Information, 49, 1.Google Scholar
Wilcox, C. E., Pearson, M. R., & Tonigan, J. R. (2015). Effects of long-term AA attendance and spirituality on the course of depressive symptoms in individuals with alcohol use disorder. Psychology of Addictive Behavior, 29, 382–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wink, P., & Dillon, M. (2013). Religion, spirituality, and personal wisdom. In Ferrari, M. & Westrate, N. (Eds.), The scientific study of personal wisdom (pp. 165–90). New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Wink, P., & Dillon, M. (2002). Spiritual development across the adult life course: Findings from a longitudinal study. Journal of Adult Development, 9, 7994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wink, P., & Helson, R. (1997). Practical and transcendent wisdom: Their nature and some longitudinal findings. Journal of Adult Development, 4, 116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization. (1998). WHOQOL and spirituality, religiousness, and personal beliefs (SRPB): Report on WHO consultation, social change and mental health cluster. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.391.5638&rep= rep1&type=pdfGoogle Scholar
Zinnbauer, B. J., & Pargament, K. L. (2005). Religiousness and spirituality. In Paloutzian, R. & Park, C. L. (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. 2142). New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×