Index

Roberta Gilchrist

doi:10.1017/9781108678087.009

Index

abbeys. See medieval abbeys

Aberdeen, East Kirk of St Nicholas, 135–140

Adomnán, 77, 113–114

Aga Khan Museum, Toronto, 23

AHD. See Authorized Heritage Discourse

albarelli (drug jars), 96

Albertus Magnus, 104

Alcock, Leslie, 178

Amos, Bill, 192

amulets

in burial practices, 141

magic through, 116–117, 120–121

monastic healing and, 104

Ancient Monuments Act, England (1913), 197

‘And did those feet in ancient time’ (Blake), 174

Anderson, William, 132

Andrén, Anders, 178

Anglican Church of Ireland, 169

apotropaic rites, 112

al-Aqsa Mosque, Old City of Jerusalem, 21

Aquinas. See Thomas Aquinas

Arbroath Abbey, Angus, 40

archaeobotany, healing through, 83. See also monastic healing

through relict plants, 82–83

archaeology, as theory, 4–12

architectural, 4–5

monastic archaeology, 4–35

authenticity as influence on, 178–187

‘Golden Age’ narratives about, 178–187

medieval, 5

economic turn in, 5–6

sacred heritage and, 28–36

monastic. See monastic archaeology

religion and, 2–6

as embodied experience, 2

‘matière à penser’ approach, 7

ritual practices in, 6–7, 9–10

the sacred in, deconstruction of, 6

secularist reasoning in, 7–12

about folklore, 11–12

about magic, 11

Marxism and, 8

structured deposition and, 9–10

about superstition, 10–11

The Archaeology of Ritual and Magic (Merrifield), 11

architectural archaeology, 4–5

monastic, 4–35

Ashoka, Samath, Uttar Pradesh, India, 25

Aston, Margaret, 168

Aston, Mick, 5

Atlas of Scottish History, 38

Augustinian monasteries, 53, 60

Augustinian Rule, monastic healing under, 72

Auldhame, East Lothian, 135–139, 154–155

Austin, David, 69

authenticity, 15–21, 177–178

archaeological practice influenced by, 178–187

of cathedrals and churches, 17–20

Córdoba Mezquita-Catedral, 18–19

Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, 19–20

constructivist approach to, 15, 177–178

as culturally relative, 177

intangible heritage and, 177

materialist approach to, 177–178

models for, 15

materiality of, 177

of medieval abbeys, 16–18

Rievaulx Abbey, North Yorkshire, 24

of monastic sites, 16–18

Nara Document on Authenticity, 177

nationalist narratives and, 178–187

patina and, 15–16

through replication, 191–194

of sacred sites, 187–199

sanctity of material objects and, 16

testing of, 16

visual reconstructions and, 207–212

Authorized Heritage Discourse (AHD), 2–3

automatic writing, 196

Bamiyan Buddhas, 25–26

Barhobble Church, Mochrum, 121–123

Barlings Abbey, Lincolnshire, 147

Barrow, Geoffrey, 40, 45

Barthes, Roland, 178

Bartlett, Robert, 45

Battle Abbey, Sussex, 23–24

battlefields, as sacred heritage sites, 14

as dark heritage, 14

Beckery, Glastonbury, 202–204

Becket, Thomas, 131, 150

Benedictine monasteries, 39–59

memory practices, 151–153

monastic healing in, 72–73

charity as focus of Rule, 72–73

diet, 81

gardens as part of, 74

hospitality as focus of, 72–73

Berggren, Åsa, 6

Betson, Thomas, 83

Bevan, Robert, 26

bioarchaeology, of care, 80

biographies of place, 147–148

at Glastonbury Abbey, 174–175

Blake, William, 174

bloodletting, 83

Bond, Frederick Bligh, 196–197, 213

Book of Stones (Albertus Magnus), 104

Boron, Robert de, 164–165

Boughton, Rutland, 202

Bowman, Marion, 204, 214

Boyd, Charlotte, 189

Bradley, Richard, 146

Britannia (Camden), 162

Brück, Joanna, 9

Buckton, Alice, 202

Buddhist monasticism, 2, 13

Bugslag, James, 32, 131

burial practices

amulets in, 141

Céli Dé reform movement and, 65–66

for children and infants, 141, 154–157

coins in, 137

crosses in, 135

under Fourth Lateran Council of 1215, 134

gendered artefacts in, 139

iron objects in, 138–139

in lay cemeteries, 135–136

magic and, 134–141

through stones, 114

memory practices and, 154–155

occult materials in, 137

pilgrim badges in, 139

quartz pebbles in, 137

radiocarbon dating of, 134–135

ritual objects as placed deposits in, 128–130

at Melrose Abbey, Roxburgshire, 129–130

scallop shells in, 139–140

during Scottish Reformation, 154–155

textiles as part of, 134–136

theoretical approach to, 134

material continuity of body in, 134

resurrection in, 134

wax-like objects in, 135

at Whithorn, 134–135, 182

wooden rods in, 136–137

Burnham Abbey, Buckinghamshire, Society of the Precious Blood, 8, 190–191

Burström, Nanouschka Myrberg, 15

Camden, William, 162

Camino to Santiago de Compostela, 25

Canmore dynasty, 45

medieval monasteries during, 53–54

Caroe, W D, 196, 198–199

Carragáin, Tomas Ó, 161–162

Carruthers, Mary, 149

Carthusian monasteries, 59

Carver, Martin, 43

cathedrals and churches, authenticity of, 17–20

Córdoba Mezquita-Catedral, 18–19

Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, 19–20

Winchester Cathedral, 17–18

causation, in magic, 111–112

Céli Dé reform movement, 50–55, 58–68

burial practices influenced by, 65–66

colonisation by monks and, 63–65

at Monymusk, Aberdeenshire, 62–63

nation-building influenced by, 58–62

Whithorn, 66–68

Celtic Twilight movement, 200

cemeteries, burial practices in, 135–136

Chalice Well, Glastonbury, 173, 200–202, 206

charms, 117, 120

efficacy of, 111

sacred inscriptions on, 118–120

as Treasure Trove finds, 117, 120–121

Childe, Vere Gordon, 8

children and infants, burial practices for, 141, 154–157

Christianity. See medieval Christian heritage

churches. See cathedrals and churches; specific churches

Clancy, Thomas, 150

cloisters

during late medieval monasticism, 68

medieval monasteries and, 55–56

coenobitic monasticism, 68–69

coin tree, 33

coins, as ritual objects, 10, 130–131

mutilation of, 132

collective identity. See also national identity

through sacred heritage, 15

collective memory, sacred heritage and, 24, 27

commendators, 154

Connerton, Paul, 149

constructivist approach, to authenticity, 15, 177–178

Coomans, Thomas, 4, 27

Córdoba Mezquita-Catedral, 18–19

Council of Europe, 3

Crichton-Stuart, Lord Colum, 191

Cruden, Stewart, 181

Cult of Reason, 17–18

Curran, Kimm, 46

Dalglish, Chris, 40

dark heritage sites, 14

De Lapidus (Bishop Marbode of Renne), 113

Declaration of Arbroath, 40

deep time perspective

on Glastonbury Abbey, 212–217

on sacred heritage, 13–14, 19–20

dental calculus, 101

diet, archaeology of

in monastic healing, 81–82

under Benedictine Rule, 81

at Whithorn, 82

disabilities, monastic healing and, 80–81

The Dissolution

memory practices and, 145–146, 171

Glastonbury Abbey and, 166–168

during Scottish Reformation, 153–154

monastic landscape archaeology, 147

distillation processes, 96–102, 107–108

archaeobotanical evidence of, 102–103

for cosmetics, 100–101

equipment for, 97–99

with heavy metals, 98–100

historical development of, archaeological evidence of, 97–98

Ditchburn, David, 150

Dobie, Judith, 209

Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan, 196

Driscoll, Stephen, 43

drug jars. See albarelli

Dugdale, William, 171

Dunfermline Abbey, Fife, 150–151

Dyson, Alan, 147

Eavis, Michael, 202

Egan, Geoff, 35

Elcho Nunnery, Perth and Kinross, 49

embodied experience, of religion, 2–7

Emerick, Keith, 17

England

Ancient Monuments Act, 197

nationhood for, 168–174

Glastonbury Abbey and, 180–186

‘Golden Age’ narratives of, 180–183

nationalist myths, 180–181

Protestantism in, 168–174

ethics, of sacred heritage, 9, 16, 27

ethnicity, Scotland, 42, 52–53, 66, 70

Everson, Paul, 147

evidential value, in heritage management, 2

experience. See embodied experience

Faro Convention, 3

Fawcett, Richard, 38, 40, 151

fede rings, 121

Fernie, Eric, 63

folklore, 11–12

in Scotland, sources of, 32–33

secularist reasoning about, 11–12

fonts, 127–128

Forestier, Amédée, 210, 212

Fourth Lateran Council of 1215, 74–75, 134

Fowles, Severin, 6

friaries. See medieval friaries

Galen, 74

The Gates of Remembrance: The Story of the Psychological Experiment which Resulted in the Discovery of the Edgar Chapel at Glastonbury (Bond), 196–197

Geoffrey of Monmouth, 162

Gerald of Wales, 162–163

Gilbertine monasteries, 60

Glasgow Cathedral, 124–126

Glastonbury, Tor, 201–203

Glastonbury Abbey, Somerset, 157–166, 170

under Ancient Monuments Act, 197

archaeological evidence of, 160–161, 165, 185

Anglo-Saxon buildings, 186–187

Arthur’s grave, 186, 214

devotional objects, 172

Arthurian myth and, 162, 164–165, 170–171

as associative relic, 161–162

biography of place at, 174–175

deep time perspective on, 212–217

destruction of, 169–170

during The Dissolution, 166–168

Edgar Chapel, 196–197

evolution of legend, 164–166

figurative sculpture at, 167–168

Holy Thorn legend and, 173–175, 205–206

Joseph of Arimathea myth, 164–166, 169, 171–175

Lady Chapel, 158–162, 169–170, 198–199

origin story of, 157–158, 187

patterns of iconoclasm at, 167–168

chronological significance of, 168

as pilgrimage site, 204

in post-Reformation narratives, 168–175

reconstructions of, 208–212

reinstatement and replication of, 194–196

as spirituality centre, 202–204

as ‘thin place,’ 203, 212–217

Walloon community and, 169

Glastonbury Festival, 202

Goddess Festival, Glastonbury, 205

Goodman, Godfrey, 173

Graves, Pam, 167–168

Great Drain, at Paisley Abbey, 44

Greece, sacred heritage in, 15. See also specific sites

Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, 19–20

Hall, Mark, 112, 130

Hamilakis, Yannis, 15

Hammond, Matthew, 42, 45

Harvey, David, 150

Hawkes, Christopher, 7–8

healing

archaeology of, 78–84, 104–108

through archaeobotanical evidence, 82–83

bioarchaeology of care, 80

of diet, 81–82

for disabilities, 80–81

through hospitals and infirmaries, 78–80

index of care model in, 81

main classes of evidence, 104–105

of personal grooming, 83–84

for surgical interventions, 78–80

through bloodletting, 83

through diet, archaeology of, 81–82

through distillation processes, 96–102, 107–108

archaeobotanical evidence of, 102–103

for cosmetics, 100–101

equipment for, 97–99

with heavy metals, 98–100

historical development of, archaeological evidence of, 97–98

through herbal medicines, 95–97

in albarelli, 96

Herbal of Syon Abbey, 83

through hospitals, 72–73, 75–77, 105–106

archaeology of, 78–80

historical foundation of, 75–88

as masculine environment, 106–107

through infirmaries, 84–89

archaeology of, 78–80

food vessels in, 95

locations of, 85

private spaces in, 87

scale and complexity of, 85–86

St Mary Merton Priory, 85–86, 105

St Mary Spital, 87–89, 95, 105

under Syon Rule, 84–85

interdisciplinary approach to, 105

through magic and occult items, 92–93

amulets, 104

before Norman Conquest, 75–77

nurses and, 88–89, 106–107

through plants, 83

relict plants, 82–83

practice-based approach to, 71–72

as regimen, 71–75

Regimen Sanitatis, 74–75

therapeutic care in, 89–104

with spectacles, 90–91

with support plates, 91–92

surgical instruments, 93–94

with trusses, 91–92

with urinals, 90, 107

therapeutic landscapes for, 75–78

cult sites, 77–78

healing wells and springs, 77

hospitals, 72–73, 75–88

Isle of May, 77–78

therapeutic technologies for, 71, 104–109

chronological traditions for, 109

regional traditions for, 109

religious contexts for, 108

Hedeager, Lotte, 178

herbal medicines, 95–97

in albarelli, 96

Herbal of Syon Abbey, 83

heritage. See also heritage theory; sacred heritage

as cultural process, 2

definition of, 2

democratisation of, 216–217

intangible, 3, 13

authenticity and, 177

management, 2–3

evidential value in, 2

social value in, 2

as political process, 2

spiritual value of, 3

heritage management, 2–3

evidential value in, 2

social value in, 2

heritage studies, AHD in, 2–3

heritage theory, 2–3

living heritage approach, 3

after Faro Convention, 3

intangible heritage in, 3

patrimonialisation process, 3

spiritual value in, 3

material things in, 2

theoretical approach to, 1

Hill, Peter, 66

Hilton of Cadbol cross-slab Easter Ross, 177

The Hirsel, Coldstream, 135–140

Historia Regum Britanniae (Geoffrey of Monmouth), 162

Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) methodology, 147

Hobsbawm, Eric, 15

Holtorf, Cornelius, 15–16, 177

Holy Thorn, Glastonbury Abbey and, 173–175, 205–206

holy wells, 155–157

Horner, Thomas, 167

Hospitaller preceptories, 60

hospitals, healing in, 72–73, 75–77, 105–106

archaeology of, 78–80

historical foundation of, 75–88

as masculine environment, 106–107

skeletal evidence for healing, 77–80

Houlbrook, Ceri, 33

Hutton, Ronald, 204–205

iconoclasm. See patterns of iconoclasm

identity. See collective identity

Inchaffray, Perth and Kinross, 63

Incharmarnock, Argyll and Bute, 137, 154

index of care model, 81

infants. See children and infants

infirmaries, monastic healing in, 84–89

archaeology of, 78–80

food vessels in, 95

locations of, 85

in private spaces, 87

scale and complexity of, 85–86

St Mary Merton Priory, Surrey, 85–86, 105

St Mary Spital, London, 87–89, 95, 105

Innocent III (Pope), 62

intangible heritage, 3, 13

authenticity and, 177

invention of tradition, 15

Iona Abbey, 56–57

reconstruction of, 192–195

Iona Community, 191–194

Celtic Twilight movement and, 200

foundation of, 191–192

reconstruction of abbey at, 192–195

St Columba shrine, 56, 194

as ‘thin place,’ 193–194

women in, 193–194

Iona Nunnery, 48

church at, 124–125, 127

Ireland

monastic archaeology in, 39

Scotland’s ‘Golden Age’ compared to, 42

nationhood for, 179–180

Petrie and, 179–180

Isle of Maree, Scotland, 33

coin tree, 33

Isle of May, 64–66, 139

as therapeutic landscape, 77–78

Jamroziak, Emilia, 40

Jedburgh Abbey, Scottish Borders, 63

Jeffrey, Stuart, 208

Jerusalem (Parry), 174

jet gemstones, 114–115

Jones, Siân, 26

Joseph of Arimathea, myth of, 164–166, 169, 171–175

Kelly, Susan, 160

Kelso Abbey, Scottish Borders, 87

Kieckhefer, Richard, 10

King Arthur myth, 162, 164–165, 170–171

Knights Templar monasteries, 60

Knox, John, 153

Lady Chapel, Glastonbury Abbey, 158–162, 169–170, 198–199

lapidaries, 113

Lateran Councils. See Fourth Lateran Council of 1215

Leland, John, 164, 170–171

leprosy, 75–76, 80–81, 93, 95, 101, 108

Lichfield Cathedral shrine chest, 127

Life of Columba (Adomnán), 77, 113–114

Lindley, Philip, 164

literacy, 35, 48–49, 67–68, 91

‘Little Jack Horner,’ 167

‘lived’ religion, 110–114

living heritage approach, to heritage theory, 3

after Faro Convention, 3

intangible heritage in, 3

patrimonialisation process, 3

spiritual value in, 3

Lowe Christian, 182

Luxford, Julian, 151

MacDonald, Iain, 41

MacGregor, Neil, 22

MacLeod, George Fielden, 191–192, 200. See also Iona Community

Maddrell, Avril, 27–28

magic. See also burial practices; ritual objects

agency in, 112

through amulets, 116–117, 120–121

archaeological scholarship on, 110–112

‘lived’ religion, 110–114

causation in, 111–112

charms and, 117, 120

efficacy of, 111

sacred inscriptions in, 118–120

as Treasure Trove finds, 117, 120–121

chronological patterns in use of, 142

fede rings, 121

historical scholarship on, 110–112

illicit practices of, 143

in indigenous practices, 143

in monasteries, 111–112

monastic healing through, 92–93

amulets, 104

natural, 111, 117, 142–143

through stones, 113–121

occult and, 111

through stones, 113–121

overview of, 141–144

person-object boundary in, 112

religion and

boundaries between, 111

Christian pararituals in, 143–144

in rites of healing, 112

apotropaic rites, 112

through sacred words, 113–121

secularist reasoning about, 11

through stones, 113–121

in burials, 114

in classical literature, 113

in gemstones, 115–116

healing properties of, 113–115

jet, 114–115

lapidaries, 113

William of Auvergne on, 111

Mallory, Jim, 178

Marbode of Renne (Bishop), 113

Margaret (Queen), 45–58

Marshall, Peter, 160

Marston, Charles, 196

material study of religion, 1–2, 216

materialist approach, authenticity, 177–178

models for, 15

materiality

in heritage theory, 2, 177, 208, 216

monastic, 35, 38–39, 48–49, 71–72, 110

of sacred sites, 12, 187, 190–191, 213–214

sanctity of, 16

‘matière à penser’ approach, in anthropology, 7

Meaney, Audrey, 138

medieval abbeys, authenticity of, 16–18

Rievaulx Abbey, North Yorkshire, 24

medieval archaeology, 5

economic turn in, 5–6

sacred heritage and, 28–36

medieval Christian heritage, theoretical approach to, 1

medieval friaries, in Scotland, 61

medieval Jewish sacred heritage, 26

medieval monasteries, in Scotland, 43–49

Augustinian, 53, 60

Benedictine, 39–59

during Canmore dynasty, 53–54

Carthusian, 59

Cistercian, 39–59

cloisters and, 55–56

cultural contribution of, 44

eremitic character of, 50

Gilbertine, 60

Hospitaller, 60

indigenous sacred heritage appropriated by, 55

Knights Templar, 60

nation-building and, 49–58

under Norman rule, 52–53

Premonstratensian, 53, 60

royal patronage as influence on, 53–55

at Sgor nam-Ban-Naomha, Canna, 50

St Columba, 56–58

Tironensian, 53

Trinitarian, 60

Valliscaulian, 39–59

women’s engagement in, 45

medieval nunneries, in Scotland, 46–49

Elcho Nunnery, Perth and Kinross, 49

Iona Nunnery, 48

medieval pilgrimages. See pilgrimages

Melrose Abbey, Roxburgshire, 40–41

ritual objects as placed deposits at, 129–130

memory

collective, sacred heritage and, 24, 27

national, through sacred heritage, 15

memory practices, 145–146. See also Glastonbury Abbey; monastic landscape archaeology

archaeological approaches to, 146

The Dissolution and, 145–146, 171

Glastonbury Abbey during, 166–168

during Scottish Reformation, 153–154

monastic, 149–153

in architectural form and style, 150–153

among Benedictines, 151–153

in dedications to saints, 150

of incorporation, 149

inscription practices, 149

as locational, 149

myth and, 157–166

Arthurian, 162, 164–165, 170–171

during Scottish Reformation, 153–157

burial practices, 154–155

commendators, 154

The Dissolution and, 153–154

at holy wells, 155–157

through pilgrimages, 155

at Selby Abbey, North Yorkshire, 149–150

Merrifield, Ralph, 11

Meskell, Lynn, 30

monasteries

access to Greek medical texts, 73–74

Benedictine Rule, 72–73

magic in, 111–112

monastic archaeology, 4–35. See also medieval monasteries; monastic landscape archaeology; Scotland

authenticity and, 16–18

indigenous practices in, 38

in Ireland, 39

national identity through, 37

regional research traditions for, 37–39

in Wales, 39

monastic healing

through access to Greek medical texts, 73–74

under Augustinian Rule, 72

through Benedictine Rule, 72–73

charity as focus of, 72–73

gardens as part of, 74

hospitality as focus of, 72–73

through bloodletting, 83

through diet, under Benedictine Rule, 81

under Fourth Lateran Council of 1215, 74–75

through herbal medicines, 95–97

in albarelli, 96

Herbal of Syon Abbey, 83

through infirmaries, 84–89

archaeology of, 78–80

food vessels in, 95

locations of, 85

private spaces in, 87

scale and complexity of, 85–86

St Mary Merton Priory, 85–86, 105

St Mary Spital, 87–89, 95, 105

under Syon Rule, 84–85

as regimen, 71–75

Regimen Sanitatis, 74–75

therapeutic care in, 89–104

with spectacles, 90–91

with support plates, 91–92

surgical instruments, 93–94

with trusses, 91–92

with urinals, 90, 107

‘Monastic Ireland’ project, 39

monastic landscape archaeology, 146–148

collective institutional memories in, 146–147

after The Dissolution, 147

HLC methodology, 147

memorialisation in, 146–147

reuse practices in, 146–147

‘Monastic Wales’ project, 39

Monymusk, Aberdeenshire, 62–63

Murray, Margaret, 180

myth, 178. See also sacred myths

definition of, 178

memory practices and, 157–166

Arthurian, 162, 164–165, 170–171

nationalist, for England, 180–181

religious scholarship on, 178

Nara Document on Authenticity, 177

national identity, through monastic archaeology, 37

national memory, through sacred heritage, 15

nationalism, authenticity and, 178–187

nation-building

through monasteries, in Scotland, 49–58

in Scotland

Céli Dé reform movement as influence on, 58–62

monasticism and, 49–58

nationhood

for England, 168–174

Glastonbury Abbey and, 180–186

‘Golden Age’ narratives of, 180–183

nationalist myths, 180–181

for Ireland, 179–180

natural magic, 111, 117, 142–143

through stones, 113–121

Norman Conquest, monastic healing before, 75–77

Norwich Cathedral Priory, 84

Notre Dame, Paris, Cathedral, 23

nunneries. See medieval nunneries

nuns, 8–9

nurses, healing and, 89, 106–107

occult. See also magic

burial practices and, 137

magic and, 111

through stones, 113–121

Old City of Jerusalem, 20–21

medieval Jewish sacred heritage and, 26

Our Lady of Walsingham, 160–161, 189–190

Parry, Sir Hubert, 174

Partney, St Mary Magdalene Hospital, 76

PAS. See Portable Antiquities Scheme

patina, authenticity and, 15–16

patrimonialisation process, 3

Patten, Alfred Hope, 189–190

patterns of iconoclasm, at Glastonbury Abbey, 167–168

chronological significance of, 168

Peers, Sir Charles, 197, 199, 213

personal grooming, monastic healing and, 83–84

person-object boundary, in magic, 112

Perth Carmelite Friary, 135–140

Peterson, Jordan B, 178

Petrie, George, 179–180

physical place, 145

pilgrim badges and ampullae

in burial practices, 139

mutilation of, 132

as ritual objects, 131–132

deliberate deposition of, 132–133

PAS evidence for, 131

regional influences on deposition of, 132–133

pilgrimages, contemporary, 27–28

at Glastonbury Abbey, 204

medieval, 31–32

memory practices and, 155

ritual continuity and, 34

during Scottish Reformation, 155

place, study of

biographies of, 147–148

at Glastonbury Abbey, 174–175

physical, 145

sense of, development of, 145

significance of, 2–3

placed deposits. See structured deposition

political value, of sacred heritage, 25–26, 30

Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS), 131

Power, Rosemary, 200

practice theory, 2, 6–7, 71–72, 110. See also embodied experience

Premonstratensian monasteries, 53, 60

Puhvel, Jaan, 178

Radford, Courtenay Arthur Ralegh, 67, 181–187

Rahtz, Philip, 209

Rawcliffe, Carole, 75

RCHAMS. See Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland

Reading Abbey, Berks, 148

reform monasticism, in Scotland, 43. See also Céli Dé reform movement

material cultural signature of, 68

Reformation, Protestant, 4, 11, 16–17, 148–157, 168. See also The Dissolution; Glastonbury Abbey; Scottish Reformation

Regimen Sanitatis, 74–75

relativism, 216

relics, 12, 16, 23, 32, 45–58, 72, 112, 127–129, 131, 158, 203–204. See also authenticity

associative relics, 161–162

inventio ceremonies, 16

Turku Cathedral, 16

relict plants, monastic healing through, 82–83

religion. See also medieval Christian heritage

archaeology and, 2–6

as embodied experience, 2

‘matière à penser’ approach, 7

ritual practices in, 6–7, 9–10

the sacred in, deconstruction of, 6

‘lived,’ 110–114

magic and

boundaries between, 111

Christian pararituals in, 143–144

ritual practices in, 6–7

structured deposits, 9–10

replication

authenticity through, 191–194

of Glastonbury Abbey, 194–196

resurrection, theoretical approach to, 134

Richardson, J S, 194

Rievaulx Abbey, North Yorkshire, 24

Ritchie, Roy, 134, 181–182

rites of healing, through magic, 112

apotropaic rites, 112

ritual objects, as placed deposits, 121–133

archaeological approach to, 121–123

at Barhobble Church, Mochrum, 121–123

in burial practices, 128–130

at Melrose Abbey, Roxburgshire, 129–130

coins as, 130–131

mutilation of, 132

at Glasgow Cathedral, 124–126

at Iona nunnery church, 124–125, 127

jewellry, 133

mutilation of, 132

pilgrim badges and ampullae, 131–132

deliberate deposition of, 132–133

mutilation of, 132

PAS evidence for, 131

regional influences on deposition of, 132–133

sacred context for, 125–127

through ritual performances, 126–127

as spiritual objects, 126–127

at St Andrews Cathedral, 129

at St Blanes Church, Isle of Bute, 124–125, 128

at Whithorn, 123–124

ritual practices, Christian pararituals, 143–144

Roberts, Charlotte, 80–81

Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCHAMS), 42–43

sacred, ritual objects as, placed deposits of, 125–127

through ritual performances, 126–127

as spiritual objects, 126–127

sacred heritage, 1, 12–21, 29–30. See also authenticity; specific countries

application of, 15

of battlefields, 14

as dark heritage, 14

collective identity through, 15

collective memory and, 24, 27

conflict over

between alternative and dominant faiths, 31

between heritage professionals and faith communities, 31

deep time perspective on, 13–14, 19–20

definition of, 12, 15, 29

criteria in, 12–13

in Greece, 15

impermanence of, 15

indigenous, medieval Scottish monasteries’ appropriation of, 55

intangible elements of, 3, 13

in invention of tradition, 15

legitimation of authority through, 31

medieval Jewish, 26

memorial function of, 14–15

national memory through, 15

natural features of, 14

in Old City of Jerusalem, 20–21

participation in, 28–36

political value of, 25–26, 30

as practice, 28–36

re-enchantment of, 21–28

ritual access at, 19–20

ritual continuity and, 34

secular engagement with, 29–30

social value of, 25, 30, 213

spiritual identity and, 199–207

spiritual values of, 21–28

tangible elements of, 13

timelessness of, 24–25

sacred landscapes

Aboriginal concepts, 14

battlefields, 14

as dark heritage, 14

Native American concepts of, 14

sacred myths, theoretical approaches to, 176–178

sacred sites. See also specific sites

authenticity of, 187–199

Celtic Twilight movement, 200

Gamla Uppsala, Sweden, 31, 179

Great Zimbabwe, 199–200

Mount Athos, Greece, 25

spiritual identity at, 199–207

Stonehenge, 6, 199–200

sacred words, 113–121

saints, dedications to, 150

Sampson, Jerry, 167, 169

sanctity of material objects, 16

scallop shells, in burial practices, 139–140

ScARF. See Scottish Archaeological Research Framework

Scarre, Geoffrey, 9

Scotland. See also medieval monasteries

Aberdeen, East Kirk of St Nicholas, 135–140

Arbroath Abbey, Angus, 40

archaeological knowledge in, construction of, 43–49

Auldhame, East Lothian, 135–139, 154–155

Céli Dé reform movement, 50–55, 58–68

burial practices influenced by, 65–66

colonisation by monks and, 63–65

culdees, 40, 68. See also Céli Dé reform movement

at Monymusk, Aberdeenshire, 62–63

nation-building influenced by, 58–62

Whithorn, 66–68

Declaration of Arbroath in, 40

Dunfermline Abbey, Fife, 40, 150–151

folkloric sources in, 32–33

heritage value, 40–42, 70

Inchaffray, Perth and Kinross, 63

Incharmarnock, Argyll and Bute, 137, 154

Iona Abbey, 56–57

Isle of May, 64–66

Jedburgh Abbey, Scottish Borders, 63

Kelso Abbey, Scottish Borders, 87

medieval friaries in, 61

medieval nunneries in, 46–49

Elcho Nunnery, Perth and Kinross, 49

Iona Nunnery, 48

Melrose Abbey, Roxburgshire, 40–41

monastic archaeology in

as culturally distinct from England, 43

‘Golden Age’ of, 40–43

historical development of, 38–39

historical studies on, 40

Ireland’s ‘Golden Age’ compared to, 42

medieval influences on, 43

prehistoric influences on, 43

RCHAMS, 42–43

as sacred heritage, 40–41

ScARF, 42–43

nation-building in

Céli Dé reform movement as influence on, 58–62

monasticism and, 49–58

Paisley Abbey, Great Drain, Renfrewshire, 44, 93–102

Perth Carmelite Friary, 135–140

Pluscarden Abbey, Moray, 190–191

reform monasticism in, 43. See also Céli Dé reform movement

material cultural signature of, 68

Sweetheart Abbey, Dumfries and Galloway, 46

Wars of Independence, 39–58

Witness Cairns, Isle of Whithorn, 34

Scott, Sir Walter, 42

Scottish Archaeological Research Framework (ScARF), 42–43

Scottish Reformation, memory practices during, 153–157

for burials, 154–155

commendators, 154

The Dissolution and, 153–154

at holy wells, 155–157

through pilgrimages, 155

secularist reasoning

in archaeology, 7–12

about folklore, 11–12

about magic, 11

Marxism and, 8

structured deposition and, 9–10

about superstition, 10–11

sacred heritage and, 29–30

Selby Abbey, North Yorkshire, 149–150

Semple, Sarah, 146

Seymour, Edward, 168

Sgor nam-Ban-Naomha, Canna, 50

Skriðuklaustur, Iceland, 83, 93

social memory, 145–146

social value

in heritage management, 2

of sacred heritage, 25, 30, 213

Soutra Hospital, Scottish Borders, 102

Spicer, Andrew, 148–153

spiritual value

of heritage, 3

of sacred heritage, 21–29

springs. See wells

St Andrews Cathedral, 129

St Andrews Sarcophagus, 126–127

St Blanes Church, Isle of Bute, 124–125, 128

St Dunstan, 184

St Mary Merton Priory, Surrey, 85–86, 105

St Mary Spital, London, 79, 87–89, 95, 105

Standley, Eleanor, 133

Stöber, Karen, 69

Stocker, David, 127, 147

stones, magic with, 113–121

in burials, 114

in classical literature, 113

in gemstones, 115–116

healing properties of, 113–115

jet, 114–115

lapidaries, 113

Stout, Adam, 168–169

Strata Florida Abbey, Ceredigion, 147–148

structured deposition

in archaeology, 9–11

in churches, 121–126, 143

secularist reasoning and, 9–10

of weapons, 147

Stukeley, William, 170, 174, 209

Stutz, Liv Nilsson, 6

superstition, secularist reasoning about, 10–11

Sweetheart Abbey, Dumfries and Galloway, 46

Syon Abbey, Middlesex, 84–85, 105–106. See also Herbal of Syon Abbey; Syon Rule

Syon Rule, 84–85

Tarlow, Sarah, 9

‘thin place,’ 203, 212–217

Thomas, Charles, 181, 194

Thomas Aquinas, 111

Thomas of Chobham, 113, 117

Thorne, John, 166

Tironensian monasteries, 53

Travaini, Lucia, 130

Treasure Trove finds, 117, 120–121

Trigger, Bruce, 178

Trinitarian monasteries, 60

Turgot (biographer), 50

uroscopy, 89–90

Valliscaulian monasteries, 39–59

values. See political value; social value; spiritual value

van Gennep, Arnold, 128

Vergil, Polydore, 170

Villers Abbey, Belgium, 148, 196

Voyé, Lilian, 27

Waddell, John, 178

Wales, monastic archaeology in, 39

Walsham, Alexandra, 148–153

Walsingham, Norfolk, 187–190

Holy House, 189–190

Our Lady of Walsingham, 160–161, 189–190

Slipper Chapel, 188–189

Watts, Lorna, 209

Weber, Max, 22

wells

healing, 77

holy, 155–157

Whiteread, Rachel, 26

Whithorn, 66–68

archaeology of diet at, 82

burial practices at, 134–135, 182

origin myth for, 187

plans for, 181

ritual objects at, as placed deposits, 123–124

Whiting, Richard, 166–167

Wilfrid, Roger, 166

William of Auvergne, 111

William of Malmesbury, 158, 160–162, 184

Willmott, Hugh, 147

Willows, Marlo, 77–78

Winchester, St Mary Magdalene Hospital, 75–89, 95, 105

Winchester Cathedral, 17–18

Witness Cairns, Isle of Whithorn, 34

women

in Burnham Abbey, Bucks, 8, 178–190

holy wells and, 155–157

in Iona Community, 193–194

in medieval nunneries, in Scotland, 46–49

Elcho Nunnery, Perth and Kinross, 49

Iona Nunnery, 48

as patrons of medieval monasteries, in Scotland, 44–48

wooden burial rods, 136–137

Yalouri, Eleana, 15

Yeoman, Peter, 38

York, St Mary’s abbey, 127

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