Parenting That Promotes Positive Social, Emotional and Behavioral Development in Middle Childhood

doi:10.1017/9781108891400.013

10 - Parenting That Promotes Positive Social, Emotional and Behavioral Development in Middle Childhood

from Part II - Parenting across Development: Social, Emotional, and Cognitive Influences

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 December 2022

Liliana J. Lengua ,

Stephanie F. Thompson and

Michele R. Smith

Edited by

Amanda Sheffield Morris and

Julia Mendez Smith

Show author details

Amanda Sheffield Morris: Affiliation:
Oklahoma State University
Julia Mendez Smith: Affiliation:
University of North Carolina, Greensboro

Book contents

Get access

Summary

Middle childhood is a key period in the development of cognitive, social, emotional and behavioral capacities that establish the foundations of mental and physical health and academic success into adolescence and adulthood. Parenting during middle childhood occurs in a context of increasing demands and expectations on children, expanding social contexts, including school, peer and media influences, and broader economic, social and cultural influences. This chapter outlines how parents promote positive middle-childhood development in connection with wider and intersecting contexts, consistent with a bioecological model. We review research showing that parenting during middle childhood shapes children’s capacities for self-regulation, coping, problem solving, social responsibility, and academic competencies, and in turn, children’s social, emotional and behavioral adjustment. In light of the overwhelming evidence of the effects of parenting on middle childhood adjustment, it is clear that supporting parents and families by reducing stress and adversity, promoting parent mental health and well-being, and enhancing effective parenting is critical for laying the foundation for children’s mental health and well-being into adulthood.

Keywords

middle childhood parenting social-emotional adjustment bioecological context

Information

Type: Chapter
Information: The Cambridge Handbook of Parenting , pp. 213 - 235

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108891400.013 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Abaied, J. L., & Stanger, S. B. (2017). Socialization of coping in a predominantly female sample of caregivers: Contributions to children’s social adjustment in middle childhood. Journal of Family Psychology, 31, 958–964. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000342 Google Scholar

Acar‐Bayraktar, A. V., Cakmak, Z., & Saritas‐Atalar, D. (2019). Parenting and children’s prosocial and problem behaviors in middle childhood: The role of Turkish mothers’ emotion socialization practices. Social Development, 28, 333–346.Google Scholar

Ackard, D. M., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Story, M., & Perry, C. (2006). Parent–child connectedness and behavioral and emotional health among adolescents. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 30, 59–66.Google Scholar

Akcinar, B., & Shaw, D. S. (2018). Independent contributions of early positive parenting and mother–son coercion on emerging social development. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 49, 385–395.Google Scholar

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2018, May 1). Children and Media Tips from the American Academy of Pediatrics. www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/news-features-and-safety-tips/Pages/Children-and-Media-Tips.aspx Google Scholar

Ato, E., Galián, M. D., & Fernández-Vilar, M. A. (2014). Gender as predictor of social rejection: The mediating/moderating role of effortful control and parenting. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 30, 1069–1078.Google Scholar

Atzaba-Poria, N. & Pike, A. (2015). Through a cultural lens: Links between maternal and paternal negativity and children’s self-esteem. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46, 702–712.Google Scholar

Bleakley, A., Vaala, S., Jordan, A. B., & Romer, D. (2014). The Annenberg Media Environment Survey: Media access and use in US homes with children and adolescents. In Jordan, A. B. & Romer, D. (Eds.), Media and the well-being of children and adolescents (pp. 1–19). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Bountress, K., & Chassin, L. (2015). Risk for behavior problems in children of parents with substance use disorders. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 85, 275–286.Google Scholar

Bradley, R. H. & Corwyn, R. F. (2007). Externalizing problems in fifth grade: Relations with productive activity, maternal sensitivity, and harsh parenting from infancy through middle childhood. Developmental Psychology, 43, 1390.Google Scholar

Bradley, R. H., Pennar, A. L., Iida, M., Owen, M. T., & Lowe Vandell, D. (2021). Changes in the organization of paternal behavior during early and middle childhood. Parenting, 21, 141–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2019.1701936 Google Scholar

Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. A. (2006). The bioecological model of human development. In Damon, W. (Series Ed.) & Lerner, R. M. (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology; Vol. 1: Theoretical models of human development (pp. 793–828). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar

Castro, V. L., Halberstadt, A. G., Lozada, F. T., Craig, A.B. (2015). Parents’ emotion-related beliefs, behaviors, and skills predict children’s recognition of emotion. Infant and Child Development, 24, 1–22.Google Scholar

Causey, D., & Dubow, E. (1992). Development of a self-report coping measure for elementary school children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 21, 47–59.Google Scholar

Chan, S. M., Bowes, J., & Wyver, S. (2009). Parenting style as a context for emotion socialization. Early Education and Development, 20, 631–656. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409280802541973 Google Scholar

Chang, H., Shaw, D. S., Shelleby, E. C., Dishion, T. J., & Wilson, M. N. (2017). The long-term effectiveness of the family check-up on peer preference: parent–child interaction and child effortful control as sequential mediators. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 45, 705–717.Google Scholar

Cheung, R. Y., Boise, C., Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. T. (2018). Mothers’ and fathers’ roles in child adjustment: Parenting practices and mothers’ emotion socialization as predictors. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27, 4033–4043.Google Scholar

Cole, D. A., Martin, J. M., & Powers, B. (1997). A competency‐based model of child depression: A longitudinal study of peer, parent, teacher, and self‐evaluations. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 505–514.Google Scholar

Coley, R. L., Lewin-Bizan, S., & Carrano, J. (2011). Does early paternal parenting promote low-income children’s long-term cognitive skills?. Journal of Family Issues, 32, 1522–1542.Google Scholar

Colman, R. A., Hardy, S. A., Albert, M., Raffaelli, M., & Crockett, L. (2006). Early predictors of self‐regulation in middle childhood. Infant and Child Development, 15, 421–437.Google Scholar

Compas, B. E., Connor-Smith, J. K., Saltzman, H., Thomsen, A. H., & Wadsworth, M. E. (2001). Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence: problems, progress, and potential in theory and research. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 87–127.Google Scholar

Compas, B. E., Worsham, N. L., & Ey, S. (1992). Conceptual and developmental issues in children’s coping with stress. In LaGreca, A. M., Siegel, L. J., Wallander, J. L., & Walker, C. E. (Eds.), Stress and coping in child health (pp. 7–24). GuilfordGoogle Scholar

Conger, R. D., & Donnellan, M. B. (2007). An interactionist perspective on the socioeconomic context of human development. Annual Reviews of Psychology. 58, 175–199.Google Scholar

Conger, R. D., Wallace, L. E., Sun, Y., Simons, R. L., McLoyd, V. C., & Brody, G. H. (2002). Economic pressure in African American families: A replication and extension of the family stress model. Developmental Psychology, 38, 179–193.Google Scholar

Coyne, S. M., Radesky, J., Collier, K. M. et al. (2017). Parenting and digital media. Pediatrics, 140, S112–S116.Google Scholar

Crandall, A., Deater-Deckard, K., & Riley, A. W. (2015). Maternal emotion and cognitive control capacities and parenting: A conceptual framework. Developmental Review, 36, 105–126.Google Scholar

Criss, M. M., Shaw, D. S., Moilanen, K. L., Hitchings, J. E., & Ingoldsby, E. M. (2009). Family, neighborhood, and peer characteristics as predictors of child adjustment: A longitudinal analysis of additive and mediation models. Social Development, 18, 511–535.Google Scholar

Deater-Deckard, K., Wang, Z., Chen, N., & Bell, M. A. (2012). Maternal executive function, harsh parenting, and child conduct problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 53, 1084–1091. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02582.x Google Scholar

Dishion, T. J. (1990). The family ecology of boys’ peer relations in middle childhood. Child development, 61, 874–892.Google Scholar

Dishion, T. J., & McMahon, R. J. (1998). Parental monitoring and the prevention of child and adolescent problem behavior: A conceptual and empirical formulation. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 1, 61–75. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021800432380 Google Scholar

Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (1998). Parental socialization of emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9, 241–273. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0904_1 Google Scholar

Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Guthrie, I. K., Murphy, B. C., & Reiser, M. (1999). Parental reactions to children’s negative emotions: Longitudinal relations to quality of children’s social functioning. Child Development, 70, 513–534.Google Scholar

Eisenberg, N., Guthrie, I., Fabes, R. et al. (2000). Prediction of elementary school children’s externalizing problem behaviors from attentional and behavioral regulation and negative emotionality. Child Development, 71, 1367–1382.Google Scholar

Elam, K. K., Chassin, L., Eisenberg, N., & Spinrad, T. L. (2017). Marital stress and children’s externalizing behavior as predictors of mothers’ and fathers’ parenting. Development and Psychopathology, 29, 1305–1318.Google Scholar

Evans, G. W., Li, D., & Whipple, S. S. (2013). Cumulative risk and child development. Psychological Bulletin, 139, 1342–1396. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031808 Google Scholar

Forgatch, M. S., Snyder, J. J., Patterson, G. R. et al. (2016). Resurrecting the chimera: Progressions in parenting and peer processes. Development and Psychopathology, 28, 689–706.Google Scholar

Garcia Coll, C., Akiba, D., Palacios, N. et al. (2002). Parental involvement in children’s education: Lessons from three immigrant groups. Parenting: Science and Practice, 2, 303–324.Google Scholar

Gecas, V., & Schwalbe, M. L. (1986). Parental behavior and adolescent self-esteem. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48, 37–46.Google Scholar

Giallo, R., Cooklin, A., Wade, C., D’Esposito, F., & Nicholson, J. M. (2014). Maternal postnatal mental health and later emotional–behavioural development of children: The mediating role of parenting behaviour. Child: Care, Health and Development, 40, 327–336.Google Scholar

Gifford-Smith, M. E., & Brownell, C. A. (2003). Childhood peer relationships: Social acceptance, friendships, and peer networks. Journal of School Psychology, 41, 235–284.Google Scholar

Godleski, S. A., Eiden, R. D., Shisler, S., & Livingston, J. A. (2020). Parent socialization of emotion in a high-risk sample. Developmental psychology, 56, 489–502.Google Scholar

Gold, S., Edin, K. J., & Nelson, T. J. (2020). Does time with dad in childhood pay off in adolescence? Journal of Marriage and Family, 82, 1587–1605.Google Scholar

Gonzales, N. A., Tein, J.-Y., Sandler, I. N., & Friedman, R. J. (2002). On the limits of coping: Interaction between stress and coping for inner-city adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 16, 372–395.Google Scholar

Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F., & Hooven, C. (1996). Parental meta-emotion philosophy and the emotional life of families: Theoretical models and preliminary data. Journal of Family Psychology, 10, 243–268. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.10.3.243 Google Scholar

Guhn, M., Schonert-Reichl, K. A., Gadermann, A. M., Hymel, S., & Hertzman, C. (2013). A population study of victimization, relationships, and well-being in middle childhood. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14, 1529–1541.Google Scholar

Han, W. J., Leventhal, T., & Linver, M. R. (2004). The home observation for measurement of the environment in middle childhood: A study of three large-scale data sets. Parenting, 4, 189–210.Google Scholar

Hardway, C., Kagan, J., Snidman, N., & Pincus, D. B. (2013). Infant reactivity as a predictor of child anxiety, social ease, and parenting behavior in middle childhood. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 35, 531–539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-013-9362-5 Google Scholar

Harter, S. (1987). The determinants and mediational role of global self-worth in children. In Eisenberg, N. (Ed.), Contemporary Topics in Developmental Psychology (pp. 219–242). Wiley.Google Scholar

Healy, K. L., Sanders, M. R., & Iyer, A. (2015). Parenting practices, children’s peer relationships and being bullied at school. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 127–140.Google Scholar

Holmgren, H. G., Padilla‐Walker, L. M., Stockdale, L. A., & Coyne, S. M. (2019). Parental media monitoring, prosocial violent media exposure, and adolescents’ prosocial and aggressive behaviors. Aggressive Behavior, 45, 671–681. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21861 Google Scholar

Hughes, C. H., & Ensor, R. A. (2009). How do families help or hinder the emergence of early executive function? New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 123, 35–50.Google Scholar

Jabagchourian, J. J., Sorkhabi, N., Quach, W., & Strage, A. (2014). Parenting styles and practices of Latino parents and Latino fifth graders’ academic, cognitive, social, and behavioral outcomes. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 36, 175–194.Google Scholar

Jackson, A. P., Choi, J.-K., & Preston, K. S. J. (2019). Harsh parenting and black boys’ behavior problems: Single mothers’ parenting stress and nonresident fathers’ involvement. Family Relations, 68, 436–449. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12373 Google Scholar

Jia, G. D., Zeng, M., Wang, A. P., & Yang, Z. J. (2016). The unique contribution of parenting styles on self-esteem of pupils: Moderating of temperament. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 24, 535–539.Google Scholar

Joussemet, M., Koestner, R., Lekes, N., & Landry, R. (2005). A Longitudinal Study of the Relationship of Maternal Autonomy Support to Children’s Adjustment and Achievement in School. Journal of Personality, 73, 1215–1236.Google Scholar

Karreman, A., Van Tuijl, C., Van Aken, M. A., & Deković, M. (2008). Parenting, coparenting, and effortful control in preschoolers. Journal of Family Psychology, 22, 30–40.Google Scholar

Kerr, M., & Stattin, H. (2000). What parents know, how they know it, and several forms of adolescent adjustment: further support for a reinterpretation of monitoring. Developmental Psychology, 36, 360–380.Google Scholar

Kerr, D. C. R., Capaldi, D. M., Pears, K. C., & Owen, L. D. (2009). A prospective three generational study of fathers’ constructive parenting: Influences from family of origin, adolescent adjustment and offspring temperament. Developmental Psychology, 45, 1257–1275.Google Scholar

Kim, A. S., & Davis, K. (2017). Tweens’ perspectives on their parents’ media-related attitudes and rules: An exploratory study in the US. Journal of Children and Media, 11, 358–366.Google Scholar

Kim, J. & Kim, H. K. (2019). Intergenerational transmission of effortful control in families with school-age children in Korea. Journal of Family Psychology, 33, 88–97.Google Scholar

Kim, S., & Kochanska, G. (2020). Family sociodemographic resources moderate the path from toddlers’ hard-to-manage temperament to parental control to disruptive behavior in middle childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 1–13.Google Scholar

Kliewer, W., Fearnow, M. D., & Miller, P. A. (1996). Coping socialization in middle childhood: Tests of maternal and paternal influences. Child Development, 67, 2339–2357.Google Scholar

Klein, M. R., Lengua, L. J., Thompson, S. F. et al. (2018). Bidirectional Relations Between Temperament and Parenting Predicting Preschool-Age Children’s Adjustment. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 47, S113–S126.Google Scholar

Kohl, G. O., Lengua, L. J., & McMahon, R. J. (2000). Parent involvement in school conceptualizing multiple dimensions and their relations with family and demographic risk factors. Journal of School Psychology, 38, 501–523.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Kuhlman, K. R., Olson, S. L., & Lopez‐Duran, N. L. (2014). Predicting developmental changes in internalizing symptoms: Examining the interplay between parenting and neuroendocrine stress reactivity. Developmental Psychobiology, 56, 908–923.Google Scholar

Kumpfer, K. L., Molgaard, V., & Spoth, R. (1996). The Strengthening Families Program for the prevention of delinquency and drug use. In Peters, R. D. & McMahon, R. J. (Eds.), Banff international behavioral science series, Vol. 3. Preventing childhood disorders, substance abuse, and delinquency (pp. 241–267). Sage Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483327679.n11 CrossRef Google Scholar

Lac, A., Alvaro, E. M., Crano, W. D., & Siegel, J. T. (2009). Pathways from parental knowledge and warmth to adolescent marijuana use: An extension to the theory of planned behavior. Prevention Science, 10, 22–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-008-0111-z Google Scholar

Lam, C. B., McHale, S. M., & Crouter, A. C. (2012). Parent–child shared time from middle childhood to late adolescence: Developmental course and adjustment correlates. Child Development, 83, 2089–2103.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Landry, S. H. & Smith, K. E. (2010). Early social and cognitive precursors and parental support for self-regulation and executive function: Relations from early childhood into adolescence. In Sokol, B. W., Müller, U., Carpendale, J. I. M., Young, A. R., & Iarocci, G. (Eds.), Self and social regulation: Social interaction and the development of social understanding and executive functions (pp. 386–417). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Lee, J., & Schoppe‐Sullivan, S. J. (2017). Resident fathers’ positive engagement, family poverty, and change in child behavior problems. Family Relations, 66, 484–496.Google Scholar

Lee, S.-J., & Chae, Y.-G. (2007). Children’s Internet use in a family context: Influence on family relationships and parental mediation. Cyberpsychology & Behavior: the impact of the internet, multimedia and virtual reality on behavior and society, 10, 640–644. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.9975 Google Scholar

Leith, G., Yuill, N., & Pike, A. (2018). Scaffolding under the microscope: Applying self‐regulation and other‐regulation perspectives to a scaffolded task. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 88, 174–191. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12178 Google Scholar

Lengua, L. J. (2006). Growth in temperament and parenting as predictors of adjustment during children’s transition to adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 42, 819–832.Google Scholar

Lengua, L. J., & Kovacs, E. A. (2005). Bidirectional associations between temperament and parenting and the prediction of adjustment problems in middle childhood. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 26, 21–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2004.10.001 Google Scholar

Lengua, L. J., Moran, L., Zalewski, M., Ruberry, E., Kiff, C., & Thompson, S. (2015). Relations of growth in effortful control to family income, cumulative risk, and adjustment in preschool-age children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43, 705–720.Google Scholar

Leve, L. D., Griffin, A. M., Natsuaki, M. N. et al. (2019). Longitudinal examination of pathways to peer problems in middle childhood: A siblings-reared-apart design. Development and Psychopathology, 31, 1633–1647.Google Scholar

Livingston, J. A., Eiden, R. D., Lessard, J., Casey, M., Henrie, J., & Leonard, K. E. (2018). Etiology of teen dating violence among adolescent children of alcoholics. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47, 515–533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0730-4 Google Scholar

Loeber, R., Hipwell, A., Battista, D., Sembower, M., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2009). Intergenerational transmission of multiple problem behaviors: prospective relationships between mothers and daughters. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 37, 1035–1048.Google Scholar

Lovejoy, M., Graczyk, P., O’Hare, E., & Neuman, G. (2000). Maternal depression and parenting behavior: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 561–592.Google Scholar

Lozada, F. T., Halberstadt, A. G., Craig, A. B., Dennis, P. A., & Dunsmore, J. C. (2016). Parents’ beliefs about children’s emotions and parents’ emotion-related conversations with their children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 1525–1538.Google Scholar

MacCormack, J. K., Castro, V. L., Halberstadt, A. G., & Rogers, M. L. (2020). Mothers’ interoceptive knowledge predicts children's emotion regulation and social skills in middle childhood. Social Development, 29, 578–599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0325-1 Google Scholar

Marceau, K., Rolan, E., Leve, L. D. et al. (2019). Parenting and prenatal risk as moderators of genetic influences on conduct problems during middle childhood. Developmental psychology, 55, 1164–1181.Google Scholar

Mazursky-Horowitz, H., Thomas, S. R., Woods, K. E. et al. (2018). Maternal executive functioning and scaffolding in families of children with and without parent-reported ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46, 463–475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-017-0289-2 Google Scholar

McDowell, D. J., Parke, R. D., & Wang, S. J. (2003). Differences between mothers’ and fathers’ advice-giving style and content: Relations with social competence and psychological functioning in middle childhood. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 49, 55–76.Google Scholar

McMahon, R. J., & Forehand, R. L. (2005). Helping the noncompliant child: Family-based treatment for oppositional behavior. Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Mokrova, I., O’Brien, M., Calkins, S., & Keane, S. (2010). Parental ADHD Symptomology and Ineffective Parenting: The Connecting Link of Home Chaos. Parenting, Science and Practice, 10, 119–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295190903212844 Google Scholar

Mullineaux, P. Y., Deater‐Deckard, K., Petrill, S. A., & Thompson, L. A. (2009). Parenting and child behaviour problems: A longitudinal analysis of non‐shared environment. Infant and Child Development: An International Journal of Research and Practice, 18, 133–148.Google Scholar

Murray, A. (2012). The relationship of parenting style to academic achievement in middle childhood. The Irish Journal of Psychology, 33, 137–152.Google Scholar

Murry, V. M. (2019). Healthy African American families in the 21st century: Navigating opportunities and transcending adversities. Family Relations, 68, 342–357.Google Scholar

Newton, E. K., Laible, D., Carlo, G., Steele, J. S., & McGinley, M. (2014). Do sensitive parents foster kind children, or vice versa? Bidirectional influences between children’s prosocial behavior and parental sensitivity. Developmental Psychology, 50, 1808–1816.Google Scholar

Odgers, C. L., & Jensen, M. R. (2020). Adolescent mental health in the digital age: Facts, fears, and future directions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61, 336–348.Google Scholar

Olson, S. L., Choe, D. E., & Sameroff, A. J. (2017). Trajectories of child externalizing problems between ages 3 and 10 years: Contributions of children’s early effortful control, theory of mind, and parenting experiences. Development and Psychopathology, 29, 1333–1351.Google Scholar

Oppenheimer, C. W., Ladouceur, C. D., Waller, J. M. et al. (2016). Emotion socialization in anxious youth: Parenting buffers emotional reactivity to peer negative events. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 44, 1267–1278.Google Scholar

Pachter, L.M., Auinger, P., Palmer, R., & Weitzman, M. (2006). Do parenting and the home environment, maternal depression, neighborhood, and chronic poverty affect child behavior problems different in different racial-ethnic groups? Pediatrics, 117, 1329–1338.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Padilla-Walker, L. M., Coyne, S. M., Kroff, S. L., & Memmott-Elison, M. K. (2018). The protective role of parental media monitoring style from early to late adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47, 445–459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0722-4 Google Scholar

Page Jeffery, C. (2020). “It’s really difficult. We’ve only got each other to talk to.” Monitoring, mediation and good parenting in Australia in the digital age. Journal of Children and Media, 15, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2020.1744458 Google Scholar

Parke, R. D. (2004). Development in the family. Annual Reviews of Psychology, 55, 365–399.Google Scholar

Pastorelli, C., Lansford, J. E., Luengo Kanacri, B. P. et al. Positive parenting and children’s prosocial behavior in eight countries. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57, 824–834. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12477 Google Scholar

Patrick, M. R., Snyder, J., Schrepferman, L. M., & Snyder, J. (2005). The joint contribution of early parental warmth, communication and tracking, and early child conduct problems on monitoring in late childhood. Child Development, 76, 999–1014. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00893.x Google Scholar

Penela, E. C., Walker, O. L., Degnan, K. A., Fox, N. A., & Henderson, H. A. (2015). Early behavioral inhibition and emotion regulation: Pathways toward social competence in middle childhood. Child Development, 86, 1227–1240.Google Scholar

Pettit, G. S., Bates, J. E., Dodge, K. A., & Meece, D. W. (1999). The impact of after‐school peer contact on early adolescent externalizing problems is moderated by parental monitoring, perceived neighborhood safety, and prior adjustment. Child Development, 70, 768–778.Google Scholar

Pettit, G. S., Keiley, M. K., Laird, R. D., Bates, J. E., & Dodge, K. A. (2007). Predicting the developmental course of mother-reported monitoring across childhood and adolescence from early proactive parenting, child temperament, and parents’ worries. Journal of Family Psychology, 21, 206–217. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.21.2.206 Google Scholar

Poon, K. (2018). Hot and cool executive functions in adolescence: development and contributions to important developmental outcomes. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 2311.Google Scholar

Pougnet, E., Serbin, L. A., Stack, D. M., & Schwartzman, A. E. (2011). Fathers’ influence on children's cognitive and behavioural functioning: A longitudinal study of Canadian families. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 43, 173–182.Google Scholar

Prinzie, P., Stams, G. J. J. M., Deković, M., Reijntjes, A. H. A., & Belsky, J. (2009). The relations between parents’ Big Five personality factors and parenting: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 351–362.Google Scholar

Putnick, D. L., Bornstein, M. H., Lansford, J. E. et al. (2018). Parental acceptance–rejection and child prosocial behavior: Developmental transactions across the transition to adolescence in nine countries, mothers and fathers, and girls and boys. Developmental Psychology, 54, 1881–1890. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000565 Google Scholar

Racz, S. J., McMahon, R. J., King, K. M., Pinderhughes, E. E., & Bendezú, J. J. (2019). Kindergarten antecedents of the developmental course of active and passive parental monitoring strategies during middle childhood and adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 31, 1675–1694. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579419000993 Google Scholar

Riley, A. W., Coiro, M. J., Broitman, M. et al. (2009). Mental Health of Children of Low-Income Depressed Mothers: Influences of Parenting, Family Environment, and Raters. Psychiatric Services, 60, 329–336.Google Scholar

Rominov, H., Giallo, R., & Whelan, T. A. (2016). Fathers’ postnatal distress, parenting self-efficacy, later parenting behavior, and children’s emotional-behavioral functioning: A longitudinal study. Journal of Family Psychology, 30, 907–917.Google Scholar

Root, A. E., & Rasmussen, K. E. (2017). Maternal emotion socialization: The contribution of inhibited behaviour and mothers’ dissatisfaction with the parent–child relationship. Infant and Child Development, 26 , e1955. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.1955 Google Scholar

Rothbart, M. K. & Bates, J. E. (2006). Temperament. In Eisenberg, N., Damon, W., & Lerner, R. M. (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 99–166). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Google Scholar

Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A., & Evans, D. E. (2000). Temperament and personality: origins and outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 122–135.Google Scholar

Ruiz-Ortiz, R., Braza, P., Carreras, R., & Muñoz, J. M. (2017). Differential effects of mother’s and father’s parenting on prosocial and antisocial behavior: Child sex moderating. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26, 2182–2190.Google Scholar

Rydell, A. M., Hagekull, B., & Bohlin, G. (1997). Measurement of two social competence aspects in middle childhood. Developmental Psychology, 33, 824–833.Google Scholar

Sanders, M. R. (2008). Triple P-Positive Parenting Program as a public health approach to strengthening parenting. Journal of family psychology, 22, 506–517.Google Scholar

Sanders, M. R. & Turner, K. M. (2018). The importance of parenting in influencing the lives of children. In Handbook of parenting and child development across the lifespan (pp. 3–26). Springer.Google Scholar

Sanders, M. R., Turner, K. M. T., & Metzler, C. W. (2019). Applying self-regulation principles in the delivery of parenting interventions. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 22, 24–42.Google Scholar

Sandler, I. N., Tien, J. Y., & West, S. G. (1994). Coping, stress, and the psychological symptoms of children of divorce: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Child Development, 65, 1744–1763.Google Scholar

Schweizer, T. H., Olino, T. M., Dyson, M. W., Laptook, R. S., & Klein, D. N. (2018). Developmental origins of rumination in middle childhood: The roles of early temperament and positive parenting. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 47, S409–S420.Google Scholar

Sellers, R., Harold, G. T., Elam, K. et al. (2014). Maternal depression and co-occurring antisocial behaviour: Testing maternal hostility and warmth as mediators of risk for offspring psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55, 112–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12111 Google Scholar

Slagt, M., Semon Dubas, J., & van Aken, M. A. (2016). Differential susceptibility to parenting in middle childhood: Do impulsivity, effortful control and negative emotionality indicate susceptibility or vulnerability?. Infant and Child Development, 25, 302–324.Google Scholar

Smiley, P. A., Rasmussen, H. F., Buttitta, K. V., Hecht, H. K., Scharlach, K. M., & Borelli, J. L. (2020). Parent Control and Child Shame: Associations with Children’s Task Persistence and Depressive Symptoms in Middle Childhood. Parenting, 20, 311–336.Google Scholar

Thomson, K. C., Oberle, E., Gadermann, A. M., Guhn, M., Rowcliffe, P., & Schonert-Reichl, K. A. (2018). Measuring social-emotional development in middle childhood: The Middle Years Development Instrument. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 55, 107–118.Google Scholar

Valcan, D. S., Davis, H., & Pino-Pasternak, D. (2018). Parental behaviours predicting early childhood executive functions: A meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 30, 607–649.Google Scholar

Valentiner, D. P., Holahan, C. J., & Moos, R. (1994). Social support, appraisals of event controllability, and coping: An integrative model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 1094–1102.Google Scholar

Van der Kaap-Deeder, J., Vansteenkiste, M., Soenens, B., & Mabbe, E. (2017). Children’s daily well-being: The role of mothers’, teachers’, and siblings’ autonomy support and psychological control. Developmental Psychology, 53, 237–251.Google Scholar

Vertsberger, D., Saudino, K. J., Avinun, R., Abramson, L., & Knafo-Noam, A. (2019). A longitudinal genetically informed analysis of parental negativity and children’s negative emotionality in middle childhood. Developmental Psychology, 55, 2403–2416.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Wang, C., Williams, K. E., Shahaeian, A., & Harrison, L. J. (2018). Early predictors of escalating internalizing problems across middle childhood. School Psychology Quarterly, 33, 200–212.Google Scholar

Wang, D. & Fletcher, A. C. (2016). Parenting style and peer trust in relation to school adjustment in middle childhood. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 988–998.Google Scholar

Wang, M.-T., Dishion, T. J., Stormshak, E. A., & Willett, J. B. (2011). Trajectories of family management practices and early adolescent behavioral outcomes. Developmental Psychology, 47, 1324–1341. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024026 Google Scholar

Weiss, H. B., Dearing, E., Mayer, E., Kreider, H., & McCartney, K. (2005). Family educational involvement: Who can afford it and what does it afford. In Developmental pathways through middle childhood: Rethinking context and diversity as resources (pp. 17–40). Laurence Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Wilson, S. & Durbin, C. E. (2013). Mother–child and father-child dyadic interaction: Parental and child bids and responsiveness to each other during early childhood. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 59, 249–279.Google Scholar

Yang, Y., Song, Q., Doan, S. N., & Wang, Q. (2020). Maternal reactions to children’s negative emotions: Relations to children’s socio-emotional development among European American and Chinese immigrant children. Transcultural Psychiatry, 57, 539–555.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Yates, T. M., Obradović, J., & Egeland, B. (2010). Transactional relations across contextual strain, parenting quality, and early childhood regulation and adaptation in a high-risk sample. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 539–555. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095457941000026X Google Scholar

Yeung, WJ, Sandberg, JF, Davis-Kean, PE, Hofferth, SL. (2001). Children’s time with fathers in intact families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 136–154.CrossRef Google Scholar

Zhou, Q., Chen, S. H. & Main, A. (2012). Commonalities and differences in the research on children’s effortful control and executive function: A call for an integrated model of self‐regulation. Child development perspectives, 6, 112–121.Google Scholar

Zulauf, C. A., Sokolovsky, A. W., Grabell, A. S., & Olson, S. L. (2018). Early risk pathways to physical versus relational peer aggression: the interplay of externalizing behavior and corporal punishment varies by child sex. Aggressive Behavior, 44, 209–220.Google Scholar

Zvara, B. J., Sheppard, K. W., & Cox, M. (2018). Bidirectional effects between parenting sensitivity and child behavior: A cross-lagged analysis across middle childhood and adolescence. Journal of Family Psychology, 32, 484–495. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000372 Google Scholar

Accessibility standard: Unknown

Why this information is here

This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

Accessibility Information

Accessibility compliance for the HTML of this chapter is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.