Both Paris and London had a well-established musical culture that developed during Clara and Robert Schumann’s lifetimes in response to changing artistic and entrepreneurial activities. Robert considered both Paris and London when seeking a new outlet for the publication of his journal, the NZfM, in 1838. While Clara’s first concert tour to Paris in 1831 was under her father’s close guidance, her second in 1839 was marked by her independence from his control, together with the stress caused by his opposition to her marrying Robert. Her third visit to Paris in 1862, mid-career, was the most successful. Her nineteen concert tours of England from 1856 onwards, with London as base, included chamber music performances with Joachim and Piatti, opportunities that Clara particularly valued. The hectic concert schedules she endured, covering a wide stretch enabled by train travel, nevertheless left space for cultivating social contacts and music-making in a domestic setting.