Through words and images employed by individuals and communities across the Graeco-Roman worlds, this book explores linguistic interactions and multilingual representations of identity. It encompasses not only Greek and Roman culture and power, but also the transformation of the Graeco-Roman world under Islam and within the medieval mind. By treating a range of materials, contexts, languages, and temporal and political boundaries, the contributors consider points of cross-cultural similarity and difference and the changing linguistic landscape of East and West from antiquity into the medieval period. Contemporary multilingualism theory and interdisciplinary perspectives deliver fresh insights into remarkable evidence and offer new directions for the future.