All translations from French, Arabic or other languages, unless otherwise credited, are my own. Transliterating from Maghribi Arabic poses particular problems; for simplicity and to aid the reader in finding names elsewhere in the (especially French-language) literature, in this book I have adopted a very simplified transliteration without macrons on long vowels or diacritics on emphatic consonants (except in notes, when citing Arabic sources, where the International Journal of Middle East Studies system is used). Hamza is marked with a closing apostrophe (’) only when it occurs mid-word (qa’id); ‘ayn is marked with an opening apostrophe (‘) when word-initial or mid-word (‘ulama, shari‘a). For vernacular terms from Arabic or Tamazight, wherever possible I reproduce Algerian pronunciation as reasonably as I can rather than trying to give accurate ‘standard’ or classical transliteration. Algerian proper names are given in as precise an Arabic or Berber transliteration as is possible from the sources for the period before 1900, after which the French état civil became more widely established. In later chapters, I give proper names in the form most commonly encountered elsewhere in the literature, which usually follow conventional Gallicised transliterations: thus, I refer to the saint Sidi Shu‘ayb Abu Madyan, not Sidi Choaïb Boumediene; the amir Abd al-Qadir, not the emir Abdelkader, but to Abdelaziz Bouteflika, not Abd al-Aziz Bu Tafliqa; Houari Boumediene, not Huwari Bu Madyan; Chérif Belkacem, not Sharif Abu ’l-Qasim. Overall, I have tried to make it easy for readers to recognise names and terms found elsewhere, rather than giving technically correct but uncommon renderings; so for Kabyle patronyms I use the conventional Aït rather than the more correct Ath, for Arabic equivalents Beni rather than Banu (but Awlad rather than the Gallicised Ouled). Ottoman Turkish terms are given in a simplified and Arabised transliteration for ease of reading and cross-referencing with other works on Ottoman North Africa, so the Regency’s janissary force is the ojaq not ocak, its founder is Aruj not Oruc, the minister responsible for its diplomacy is the wakil kharaj not the vekil ḫaraci. For place names, established forms that readers will find on maps and, again, elsewhere in the literature have been retained in preference to giving strict transliterations: Tlemcen (for Tilimsān), Bejaïa (Bijāya or Bgayeth), Oran (Wahrān), Constantine (Qsantīna), Timimoun (Tīmīmūn), Laghouat (al-Aghwāt), Cherchell (Sharshāl), Relizane (Ighil Izān), Djebel Amour (Jabal ‘Amur), Aurès (Awrās), Touat (Tuwāt). For populations, however, a slightly stricter, though still simplified, transliteration is used, so I refer e.g. to the mountains of the Ouled Naïl in the Saharan Atlas, but to the men and women of the Awlad Na’il. When referring to the colonial period, place names follow contemporary usage, so Orléansville (later al-Asnam, then Chlef), Philippeville (Skikda), Bône (Annaba), Fort National (Larbaa N’Ait Irathen), Palestro (Lakhdaria), Perrégaux (Mohammedia), Aumale (Sour el-Ghozlane), etc.; I have usually given the Algerian (or post-independence) name in brackets after the first occurrence of a French place name in Chapters 2–5 and vice versa, where necessary, in Chapters 6 and 7. Usually, googling a place name will now enable the reader to find both geographical location and pre- and post-independence variants online.