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Subject Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 May 2017

Olga Fischer ,
Hendrik De Smet  and
Wim van der Wurff
Olga Fischer
Affiliation:
Universiteit van Amsterdam
Hendrik De Smet
Affiliation:
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
Wim van der Wurff
Affiliation:
University of Newcastle upon Tyne

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Chapter
Information
A Brief History of English Syntax , pp. 235 - 240
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

Subject Index

Abduction, 27, 45
Ablaut, 68
Absolute construction. See Clauses/clause types
Acculturation, 71
Accusativus cum infinitivo/aci, 57, 60–64, 76, 205–207
Adaptation, 52, 55
Adjectives
(non-)restrictive, 90, 94
attributive/predicative, 93–99, 105
comparative/superlative, 82–83, 92–93, 95, 104–105
pre/postnominal. See Word order
stacking of, 98–99
strong/weak, 66, 68, 84, 94–99, 104
substantive use, 81–82
Adjuncts, 40, 60, 69, 79–80, 98, 118, 133, 153
Adverbs
correlative, 185
light, 69, 131
sentence, 69, 191
temporal/time, 18, 97, 122
Affixes
prefix, 124, 126–127, 142–143, 161, 199
suffix, 68, 87
Agent(ive), 46, 63, 88–89, 121, 123–125, 133–134, 145, 151–152, 170, 172–173, 208
Agreement (concord)
subject-verb, 15, 137, 152–156, 193, 196–197
Ambiguous/ambiguity, 23, 85, 88–89, 121, 148, 174, 196, 206
American English, 13, 16, 105
Analogy, 30, 33–34, 41, 44–50, 58, 61–63, 66, 69, 74, 76, 83, 86, 88, 112, 115, 119, 132, 150, 167, 205
analogical grid, 46
analogical thinking, 45–47
proportional, 45
Anaphor(ic) 11, 29, 64, 69, 80, 82, 152–157, 175, 192 (see also Pronoun)
Anglo-Norman, 74, 174
Animacy, 46, 80, 82, 89, 103, 153–154, 198
Antecedent, 11, 101–103, 154, 156
Apposition/appositive, 90, 93, 101–102
Article (see also Determiners)
(in)definite, 83–86, 90–92, 95, 102, 143
omission of, 85
Aspect. See Perfect, Progressive
Assimilation/assimilated, 138
Autonomy of syntax, 32–33, 53
Auxiliary/semi-auxiliary, 17, 34, 37, 40, 46–48, 106–108, 111, 114–116, 118, 121–123, 128–130, 132, 151, 158, 167, 171, 175, 184, 194–195, 203–204
Bilingualism, 52–53, 55–56, 196
Bleaching, 40, 127
Borrowing 51–54, 56, 59, 67, 70, 76, 161, 177 (see also Loans)
Brace-construction, 66, 189, 196
Brythonic, 70–72
Case
accusative, 45, 60, 119, 140–141, 143–146, 149, 151, 198, 207
dative, 58–59, 137, 140–141, 143–151, 161, 166, 178, 198, 205, 207
dative vs to-phrase, 144
genitive, 24, 70, 73, 76, 79, 83, 86–92, 95, 102, 104, 140–142, 145–146, 173–174
genitive vs of-phrase, 24, 86–87, 89
nominative, 72, 81, 86–87, 101, 103, 145, 155
objective, 141, 143, 147, 149
oblique, 61, 64, 81, 145, 155
syncretism, 66
Categories, fuzzy/discrete, 32, 35–36
Causative DO 74, 129 (see also Verb types)
Causes of change, 1, 31, 44 see also External/Internal causes of change
C-command, 50
Celtic, 1–2, 25, 51, 54–56, 70–72, 76, 129
Chain reaction, 30, 38–39
Change
lexical, 37, 40, 50–62, 67, 73, 161
radical/catastrophic vs gradual, 32, 36–39, 42–43, 111, 113, 143, 161, 164, 174–175, 197
Circular reasoning, 31, 35, 38
Clauses/clause types
absolute construction, 22, 56–65, 126, 177–179, 187
adverbial, 18, 108, 124, 163–165, 168, 177–181, 183–187
affirmative/declarative, 72, 78, 129–131, 190, 192
clause-combining, 163, 176
complement clauses, 16, 22, 74, 102, 114, 146, 163, 169–170, 172–177, 179–183, 186–187, 206
coordinate/paratactic, 38, 58, 101, 132, 137, 139–140, 162, 180, 191
existential, 135
finite/non-finite, 60, 72, 89, 100, 113, 127, 149, 162, 164–166, 174, 179, 183–184, 204
interrogative, 3, 21, 106, 128–131, 158, 190, 203, 210
main, 15, 38, 62, 66, 89, 101, 108–110, 115, 122, 125, 131, 134, 137, 158, 160, 162–165, 169–170, 177–179, 182–183, 185, 187, 190–192, 194, 200
noun, 163–166, 168, 172, 174, 179–182, 186, 204
relative
(non-)restrictive, 100–103
free, 103–104, 177–178
marking, 15, 73–76, 101–103
zero, 102, 155
small, 61, 160
subject clauses, 181
subordinate/embedded, 3, 21, 38, 59, 66–67, 72, 89, 101–102, 125, 127, 134, 137, 157, 160, 162–165, 178–183, 185–186, 188, 190, 194, 196, 200–201
that-clauses 57, 110, 139, 169, 179–182, 186 (see also That-deletion)
Cleft sentences, 72, 204
Clitics, 29, 34, 62, 69, 87–88, 104, 140, 157, 167, 191, 193
Code-switching, 52, 56
Cohesion, 40
Collocation/-cate, 46, 119, 142–143, 148, 176, 209
Comparative evidence, 29, 50, 60, 62
Competence/I-language/langue, 29, 32, 35, 39, 53
Complement
subject, 22, 81, 152–153, 155, 169, 173, 175, 179
Complementizer, 68, 70, 75, 139, 160, 187, 204, 210
Compounds, 67, 86–87, 98, 157
Computer simulation, 42
Concord. See Agreement
Conjunction 75, 109–110, 137, 164, 179–183, 186 (see also Complementizer)
Conquest, 51–52
Constraints, 31, 44–45, 54, 69
affectedness constraint, 89
Construction Grammar/CxG, 28, 31–36, 39, 41, 44–45, 48–49
Contact, vii, 1, 20, 51–76, 105, 130, 133, 142–143, 193, 196
-induced change 52 (see also Borrowing)
Context, influence of, 14, 21, 29–30, 32, 35, 63, 95, 109–110, 130, 136–137, 153, 155–156, 168–170, 172, 174, 191, 193, 195–196, 198
Contiguity, 41, 46
Continuum/cline, 32, 34, 36, 44, 50, 93, 96, 165
Coordination. See Clauses/clause types
Copula verb, 22, 93, 121–122
Corpora
Brown/Frown corpora, 15
Corpus of early English correspondence, 13, 16–17
Corpus of historical American English, 13
Corpus of late Modern English, 13
Corpus of older Scots, 13
Diachronic Corpus of present-day spoken English, 19
Digital corpora/computer corpora, 8, 10, 12–18, 20, 22, 25, 136, 153, 211
Helsinki corpus, 12, 18, 96
LOB/FLOB/BLOB corpora, 15
Old Bailey corpus, 13
Penn-Helsinki parsed corpora, 13, 136
Time magazine corpus, 13
York-Toronto-Helsinki corpus, 12
Zurich English newspaper corpus, 13
Creole, 67
Cue-based learning, 31
Danelaw, 55, 70
Danish, 65–66
Dating of texts, 10, 71
Deduction, 27
Degree-0 learnability, 38
Determiners, 83–93
double, 91
pre- and postdeterminers, 91–93
Diagnostic features, 30, 37, 39
Dialect(al), 2, 8, 15–16, 53, 65–67, 71–72, 84–85, 109, 137, 157, 168, 193
Discourse 29, 40, 77, 83, 89, 94–95, 98–99, 137, 139, 152, 175–176, 192, 198, 208 (see also Information structure/status/processing)
Double-Base hypothesis, 33, 38
Dutch, 2, 46, 60, 62–63, 66, 68–69, 72–74, 82, 87, 92–93, 103, 122, 140, 143, 148, 177, 189–191, 197, 207–208
Ease of effort, 48 see also Economy
Economy in language, 24, 44, 49, 105
Edited texts, 136
Empty it, 61
Epistemic elements, 34, 40, 139, 148, 171
Erosion 40, 44, 48, 56, 109 (see also Reduction)
Ethnicity, 65, 67, 71
External causes/mechanisms/factors, 28, 30–31, 41–42, 44, 48, 50, 52–56, 166, 168
Falsification, 28, 35, 42–43
Focus, 77
Folk etymology, 45
Formulaic (frozen) expressions, 23, 110, 139
French, 2, 19–20, 24–25, 53–76, 82, 86, 96, 105, 141, 143–144, 146–147, 158, 161, 174, 191, 193
Frequency, 11, 14–15, 19, 23–24, 30, 44, 48, 72, 85, 93, 97, 105, 124, 130, 143, 174, 184, 195, 198
Function words, 48, 67, 70
Gender
-based variation, 17, 24
loss of, 68, 71, 80
natural vs grammatical, 80, 154
Generative linguistics, 28–29, 31, 34–35, 43, 45, 49, 53, 61, 144
Genitive. See Case
Genotype, 35
Germanic, 1, 9, 51, 54, 59–60, 62, 66, 68, 70–73, 76, 82–83, 86, 88, 106, 112, 116, 123, 126, 128–129, 139, 143, 197
Gerund, 60, 72, 124–125, 164–166, 172–177, 179, 187
Gesture/al, 142
Glosses, 57–58, 66
Gothic, 45, 168, 181
Government, 33, 50, 60–61
Grammar change vs language change, 29–30, 36–37, 39, 43
Grammaticalisation (theory)/GT, 28, 31–32, 34–36, 39–41, 44–45, 49–50, 118
Hybrids, 67–68
Icon(ic/icity), 47–48, 95–96, 99
Idioms (fixed phrases), 59, 96, 142, 210
Imitation, 52, 55, 74, 76
Immigration, 52–53, 66, 71
Impersonal construction/verbs, 60, 133, 137, 145–148, 151–152, 161, 181, 204
Indo-European, 59, 83, 93, 106, 112, 126–127
Induction, 27
Infinitival constructions, 56–58, 60–65, 76, 177, 204–207 see also Clause types
Infinitive
bare/to-, 47–48, 58, 60, 74, 111, 114–115, 165–166, 169–170, 177
passive/active, 57, 60, 62, 64, 104, 168, 172, 206–207, 209
Inflection, loss of, 37, 82–83, 86, 94, 109, 133, 152, 160, 178, 196, 198, 203
Information structure/status/processing 14, 24, 43, 59, 73, 77, 89–90, 94–96, 100, 140, 152, 162, 207, 211 (see also Discourse)
Intensifiers, 72, 82, 97, 121
Internal causes/mechanisms, 1, 25, 29–31, 42, 44, 50, 53–54, 72, 126, 131
Intonation, 17, 26, 94, 99–100
Inversion. See Verb-second/V2/inversion
Irish, 71
Koine(ization)/interlanguage, 53, 66–67, 70, 75, 196
LAD/Language Acquisition Device, 33
Language
acquisition/learning, 28, 32, 34–35, 41–45, 48–50, 53–54, 66–67, 69, 76
associative, 49
second, 42, 52
evolution, 42, 47–48
pathology, 42
shift, 52–53, 67, 70–71
Latin, 19–20, 25, 54–65, 69–71, 76, 96, 105, 136, 143–144, 159, 177, 206
Levelling, 53, 67–68
Lexical diffusion, 37, 61, 176
Lexicalisation, 143, 148, 167
Linguistic atlas of late Middle English, 16
Loans (see also Borrowing)
idioms, 59
lexical/syntactic, 51, 73, 75, 96
Low German, 66
Manuscripts/hand-written texts, 9–10, 16, 57, 163
Marked(ness), 17, 53, 68, 94, 203
Memory, 43, 49
Metaphor, 41, 44, 46–47, 202
Metonymy, 41, 44, 46–47
Minimalist program, 33
Misanalysis 47, 85, 88 (see also Abduction)
Modal particle, 182–183
Modal verbs/semi-modals, 34, 37, 60, 64, 83, 107–108, 110–115, 117, 146, 152, 167, 170–171, 181, 183
Modality
deontic, 34, 117, 167
epistemic, 34, 40, 139, 171, 182
Mood
adhortative, 109
imperative, 106–109, 139–140
indicative, 68, 106–110, 181
subjunctive, 34, 68, 106–110, 116, 180, 184
decline of, 109–111, 181
Morphemes, bound, 56
Negation/negative, 3, 15–16, 23, 83, 97, 106, 127–131, 135, 157–160, 174, 182–183, 191, 193, 203
clausal, 133, 166
Neural network, 43
Neurolinguistics, 42–43
Nominalisation, 58
Nominativus cum infinitivo/nci, 57–59
Northern Subject Rule, 71
Nouns
collective, 153–154
deverbal, 165–166, 173, 176
proper, 79–80, 85
Number, grammatical, 68, 81, 86, 138, 144, 152, 154
Numerals, 79, 82–84, 88, 92, 156
Object
marking, 140–141, 143–144, 198
omission (empty object/object pro-drop), 138–140
order of direct/indirect, 144, 197–199
Object-verb order. See Word order
Obsolesence, 23, 30, 120
Old Norse, 2, 65–66, 70
Old Northumbrian, 66
Orthography, 73, 93
Paradigmatic, 39–41, 46
Parameters/parametric, 28, 30–31, 34–35, 42–43, 53, 69
shift, 36–38, 41, 43–45, 61, 69
Parasitic gap, 64
Parataxis/actic. See Clauses/clause types
Parenthetical, 183
Parsimony 50 (see also Economy in language)
Participle
past, 22, 58, 64, 68, 111–112, 119–122, 127
present, 57–58, 72, 100, 111, 124, 165–175, 177–179
Participle constructions/clauses 22, 57–58, 72, 100, 119, 124–126, 132, 165, 170, 173, 176–179, 187 (see also Gerund)
Passives
direct/indirect, 149–151
medio-, 152
modal, 168, 170, 172
prepositional, 121, 149, 151, 208–210
progressive, 17, 22–23
Perfect, 106, 112, 116, 119–120, 175–176
Performance, 29–30, 32
Periphrastic verbs/constructions
operator DO, 72, 128–132, 158, 196, 204
Phenotype, 35
Pidgin, 42, 67
Place-name evidence, 65, 70
Poetry/prose/orality, 7, 17–18, 20, 24, 73, 78, 82, 163, 192, 195, 199
Possessive constructions/genitive/of-phrase. See Case
Poverty of the stimulus, 49
Pragmatic, 29, 32–34, 37, 39–40, 77, 148, 160, 196, 211
enrichment, 40
inferencing, 30, 33, 41, 44, 47
pragmatic mode vs syntactic mode, 62
Preposition
prepositional phrase, 20, 58, 69, 77, 79, 86–87, 89, 97, 121, 144, 146, 164, 166, 177–178, 200
stranding 17, 68, 172, 209–211 (see also Passive)
Prescriptive (grammar/statements), 118, 153–157
Prestige, 24, 53, 55–56, 67, 70, 110
Primary linguistic data/evidence, 30–31, 34, 36–37, 43–44
Principles and Parameters model/P&P, 28, 31–37, 39, 41–45, 49, 61, 69
Printed texts/paper texts, 8–11, 14, 16, 20, 25
Problem-solving, 44
Progressive 10, 17, 22–23, 72, 106, 117, 123–126, 176, 204 (see also Passive)
Pronoun
demonstrative, 68, 79–81, 83–85, 90–91, 95, 98, 101–102, 154, 175, 180–181, 184
proximal/distal, 85, 90
indefinite, 74, 81–82, 86, 91–92, 96, 102–103, 156, 191, 208
interrogative, 73, 79–81, 86, 102–103
omission of. See Object and Subject
person features, 18, 136–138
personal, 21, 67, 71, 80–81, 155, 191–192, 194
possessive, 72, 79, 83, 85–88, 90, 156
reflexive, 16, 46, 64, 72
relative, 79–81, 86, 100, 103, 180, 209
Propositional domain, 40, 93
Prop-word one, 83
Proximity, 47, 99
Punctuation, 101, 163
Quantitative patterns, 14, 23–24, 39, 54, 56–57, 60, 62, 68, 74, 93, 211
Raising to object, 19–20
Reanalysis, 44–45, 47, 63, 92, 147–148, 150, 167, 180, 205
Recategorisation, 36–37
Recipient/target/source language (agentivity), 19–20, 52–53, 55, 70, 75
Reduction 39–40, 53, 66, 85, 124, 127, 138, 144, 167, 186 (see also Erosion and Bleaching)
Reflexive verbs, 46
Register, 17–19, 30, 56, 78, 110
Reification, 50
Relative. See Clauses/clause types and Pronoun
Repetition, 19, 48, 162
Rhythmical patterns, 17, 105
Runes, 9
Salience, 58, 94–95, 208
S-bar deletion, 61
Scandinavian, 51, 54–56, 65–71, 127, 143, 168, 193, 196
Schemas, 27–28, 32, 48–50, 83
Scope increase/decrease/reduction, 39–40
S-curve, 30
Semantic change, 33, 39, 113, 125, 127, 178, 187
Semantic role/function. See Thematic role/θ-role
Shift-induced interference 52, 70 (see also Substratum influence)
Similarity. See Analogy
Simplification, 53, 65–70
Simultaneity, 36, 38–39, 42–43, 64, 111–112, 205
Social class, 17, 24–25
Social factors, 8–9, 16–17, 24–25, 35, 52–55, 65, 74, 85, 110
Socio-economic status, 55
Sociolinguistic(s), 9, 29, 53–54
Source/target language. See Recipient/target/source language (agentivity)
Speech community, 27, 30, 52, 54
Spoken data/language, 8, 19, 27, 35, 75, 135, 153–154, 162–163, 181, 202
Standard language/standardisation, 15, 25, 51, 53, 55, 64–65, 78, 100, 109, 119, 128, 135, 153, 158–159
written standard, 35, 62–63, 75, 153, 159, 162–163
Statistical/multivariate analysis, 24–25
Structuralist, 11, 28
Style/stylistic, 8–9, 18, 20, 23, 73, 77, 89, 134, 136, 156
Subjacency principle, 43
Subject
dummy/expletive, 134–136, 146, 151, 155, 171–172, 181
null/pro-drop, 102, 134–138
Subjectification, 33
Subjunctive. See Mood
Subordination. See Clauses/clause types
Substratum influence, 1, 51, 53, 70–71
Swedish, 66
Syntagmatic, 39–41, 46
Tag questions, 72, 108
Tense
past, 40, 68, 106, 111–112, 115–116, 120, 122, 148, 184
present, 18, 22, 106, 112, 115–117
Text-type, 8, 13, 17–19, 24–25
Textual domain, 40, 93
That-deletion/omission, 18, 102, 182–183
Thematic role/θ-role
agent. See Agent(ive)
experiencer, 133, 145–148, 152
instrument, 59, 133–134
patient, 121, 123, 155, 167, 170, 172
recipient, 133–134, 144, 150
source, 133–134, 145–147
theme, 64, 133–134, 152, 168
Theory-internal explanations, 31, 61 (see also Internal causes)
Topic(ality), 66, 77–78, 89, 137–138, 190, 202
Translation/translated, 19–20, 25, 56–58, 60–62, 73, 75, 144
Transparency Principle, 31
Unidirectional/ity, 32, 34, 39, 44
Universal Grammar/UG, 34, 36, 38, 43–44, 48
Universal/ity, 29, 34, 43, 53
typological, 53
Usage-based approaches, 49, 69, 132
Variation 8, 20, 25, 34, 37, 66, 68–69, 77, 104, 118, 141, 153–154, 159, 169, 198 (see also Gender and Social class)
dialectal/regional, 15–16, 25, 35
parameters of, 15
synchronic, 29
Verb phrase/VP, 3, 40, 106–132, 204–206
Verb types, 139
causative, 46, 60, 62–63, 72, 74, 76, 122, 129, 170
inchoative, 72
light, 142–143
of (physical/mental) perception, 60–63, 170, 177
of cognition, 23, 61–62, 139
of persuading and commanding, 58, 62–63
of utterance/communication, 61–62, 144
phrasal, 142–143, 199, 209
prefixed, 126–127, 142–143, 161, 199
prepositional, 142, 209
transitive/intransitive/ditransitive, 63–64, 119–120, 122, 140, 144, 152, 164, 176, 193
Verb-initial languages, 71–72
Verb-second/V2/inversion, 21, 51, 62–63, 66, 68–70, 72, 74–75, 82, 122, 126, 131, 185, 188–193, 196, 200–201, 204, 207–208
Vikings, 65–67
Welsh, 71
West Saxon English, 15
Wh-movement, 64
Wh-relatives. See Clauses/clause types and Pronoun
Word order
fixed/ation, 40, 63, 66, 72, 77–78, 80, 87–88, 92, 96, 98–99, 104, 120, 135, 144, 147, 149–150, 155, 161, 197, 207, 210
of direct/indirect objects. See Object
of noun and adjective, 48, 73, 94–98, 105
of verb and object, 17, 20, 37, 48, 62–63, 66, 73, 88, 104, 131, 185, 191, 194–197, 200, 202–203, 206
of verb and subject. See Verb-second/V2/inversion
Word-formation, 56
Written data/language, 9–10, 13, 15–16, 19, 26, 29, 35, 53, 135, 138, 151, 153, 162, 177
X-bar theory, 33, 43, 49

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