Figures
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1.1 Layered discourses in a Nokia advertisement. Photo: the author
1.2 Various written representations of ‘cafe.’ Café beans: © Doreen Salcher. Café de Flore, photo: Olivia Kern. Cafe moulu, photo: Olivia Kern. MidPoint Café sign: Exquisitely Bored in Nacogdoches. Café Risqué billboard: reproduced courtesy of Wren and Jamie Pearson
2.1 Signs for bird in proto-cuneiform (c. 3100 bce) and cuneiform (c. 2400 bce)
2.2 Bamboo strips of the Suan shu shu, “Writings on Reckoning.” Photo courtesy of Professor Christopher Cullen
2.3 Sample of text written in hieratic (cursive hieroglyphics) c. 1800 bce. Image digitally reproduced with the permission of the Papyrology Collection, University of Michigan Library
4.1 Litterae ignotae, Hildegard of Bingen, Riesencodex, [934]–464v. Reproduced courtesy of Hochschul- und Landesbibliothek RheinMain
4.2 The first two lines of J. R. R. Tolkien's poem “Namárie,” written in Tengwar script, followed by Roman alphabetic transcription
4.3 Sample of Korean Hangul script. Replica of the Hunmin Chong'um from the National Museum of Korea, Seoul. Photo: Kbarends
4.4 Cherokee syllabary chart, from Holmes and Smith (Reference Holmes and Smith1977, p. 2). Reproduced by permission
4.5 A Cherokee stop sign in Tahlequah, Oklahoma. Copyright free photo. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cherokee_stop_sign.png)
4.6 The N'ko alphabet. Source: www.omniglot.com/writing/nko.htm. Reproduced by permission
5.1 Plain tokens from Tepe Gawra, present-day Iraq, c. 4000 bce. Courtesy Denise Schmandt-Besserat http://sites.utexas.edu/dsb/tokens/tokens/
5.2 Complex tokens from Tello, ancient Girsu, present-day Iraq, c. 3300 bce. Courtesy Denise Schmandt-Besserat http://sites.utexas.edu/dsb/tokens/tokens/
5.3 Clay ball and tokens (Nissen, Damerow, & Englund, Reference Nissen, Damerow and Englund1993). Reproduced by permission of University of Chicago Press
5.4 Sealed clay ball impressed with tokens similar to those shown to its right (Nissen et al. Reference Nissen, Damerow and Englund1993). Reproduced by permission of University of Chicago Press
5.5 Clay tablet from Susa (Iran) showing an enumeration. Musée du Louvre, Département des Antiquités Orientales (Sb 2313). © 1992 Musée du Louvre / Oi-Cheong Lee
5.6 Available designs in the development of proto-cuneiform tablets
5.7 Stylus shapes and their respective impressions (Nissen et al., Reference Nissen, Damerow and Englund1993, p. 118). Reproduced by permission of University of Chicago Press
5.8 Breaking up of curved lines with change of stylus (Nissen et al., Reference Nissen, Damerow and Englund1993, p. 118). Reproduced by permission of University of Chicago Press
5.9 The problem of relating signs in a proto-cuneiform text fragment (Nissen, Reference Nissen1986, p. 330). Reproduced by permission of Taylor & Francis
5.10 Evolution of the signs for ‘bird,’ ‘barley,’ and ‘ox’ from c. 3100 bce to c. 700 bce (based on Gaur, Reference Gaur1984, p. 49). British Library
5.11 Example of a rebus in English. May I see you home, my dear? Escort Card, c. 1865, US
6.1 Available designs in the development of the printing press
6.2 Greenpeace's appropriation of the visual design of the Nestlé KitKat logo. © Greenpeace
7.1 Still from a full-motion animation expressing jubilation. Reproduced by permission
8.2 Graphic overtitles that read “Big laughter. Got bowled over.” Reproduced by permission of MBC Network
8.3 Shifts in position are exaggerated by the webcam. Photos: the author
8.4 Looking at the webcam (left) and looking at her interlocutors (right). Photos: the author
