Introductory and further reading
Adegbija, Efurosibina. 1994. Language Attitudes in Sub-Saharan Africa. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Afolayan, Adebisi. 1976 (2nd edn 1984). The Six-Year Primary Project in Nigeria.Mother Tongue Education: The West African Experience, ed. Bamgbose, Ayo, 113–34. London: Hodder and Stoughton; Paris: UNESCO.
Alexander, Neville. 1999. An African Renaissance without African Languages. Social Dynamics (Special issue: Language and Development in Africa, ed. Alexander) 25(1): 1–12.
Alexander, Neville. 2005. The Potential Role of Translation as Social Practice for the Intellectualisation of African Languages. Keynote address delivered at the XVII World Congress of the International Federation of Translators, held at Tampere, Finland, 4–7 August 2005.
Alexandre, Pierre. 1967. Langues et Language en Afrique Noire. Paris: Payot.
Alexandre, Pierre. 1972. An Introduction to Languages and Language in Africa. Nairobi: Heinemann.
Alidou, Hassana and Maman, Mallam Garba. 2003. Assessment and Observations of Experiences of Utilization of African Languages in Basic Education. Paper for the ADEA Biennial 2003, Grand Baie, Mauritius, 3–6 December 2003.
Altmayer, Claus and Wolff, H. Ekkehard (eds.). 2013. Africa: Challenges of Multilingualism. Afrika: Herausforderungen der Mehrsprachigkeit. Les défis du plurilinguisme en Afrique Sprache-Kultur-Gesellschaft 14. Frankfurt a.M.: Peter Lang.
Annamalai, E. 2003. Reflections on a Language Policy for Multilingualism. Language Policy 2: 113–32.
Ansu-Kyeremeh, Kwasi. 1997. Communication, Education and Development: Exploring an African Cultural Setting. Accra: Ghana University Press.
Baker, Colin. 2002. Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. 3rd edn. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Bamgbose, Ayo. 1984. Mother Tongue Education: The West African Experience. London: Hodder and Stoughton; Paris: UNESCO.
Bamgbose, Ayo. 1991. Language and the Nation: The Language Question in Sub-Saharan Africa. Edinburgh University Press for the International African Institute.
Bamgbose, Ayo. 2000. African Language Use and Development: Aspirations and Reality. Proceedings of the 2nd World Congress of African Linguistics, Leipzig 1997, ed. Wolff, H. Ekkehard and Gensler, Orin D., 19–32. Cologne: Ruediger Koeppe.
Bamgbose, Ayo. 2004. Sauce for the Goose, Sauce for the Gander: Why an African Child Should be Taught in an African Language. Making Multilingual Education a Reality for All, ed. Pfaffe, , 18–36.
Bamgbose, Ayo. 2005. Mother-Tongue Education: Lessons from the Yoruba Experience. Languages of Instruction for African Emancipation: Focus on Post-colonial Contexts and Considerations, ed. Brock-Utne, Birgit and Hopson, Rodney Kofi, 210–34. Cape Town: CASAS; Dar es Salaam: Mkuki na Nyota.
Benson, Carol. 2002. Bilingual Education in Africa: An Exploration of Encouraging Connections between Language and Girls’ Schooling. Education: A Way Out of Poverty? New Education Division Documents; 12, ed. Melin, Mia, 79–94. Stockholm: Sida.
Bergmann, Herbert et al. 2002. Les Langues Nationales à l’École Primaire. Évaluation de l’École Experimentale. Edition Albasa s/c MEB-GTZ/2PEB. Niamey: Ministère de l’Éducation de Base.
Bloor, Thomas and Tamrat, Wondwosen. 1996. Issues in Ethiopian Language Policy and Education. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 17(5): 321–38.
Bodomo, Adams. 1996. On Language and Development in Africa: The Case of Ghana. Nordic Journal of African Studies 5(2): 31–51.
Brock-Utne, Birgit. 2000. Whose Education for All? The Recolonization of the African Mind. New York and London: Falmer Press.
Brock-Utne, Birgit. 2005. Language-in-Education Policies and Practices in Africa with a Special Focus on Tanzania and South Africa: Insights from Research in Progress. Decolonisation, Globalisation, Language in Education, ed. Lin, Angel M. Y. and Martin, Peter, 175–95. Clevedon, Buffalo and Toronto: Multilingual Matters.
Brock-Utne, Birgit, Desai, Zubeida, Qorro, Martha A. S. and Pitman, Allan (eds.). 2010. Language of Instruction in Tanzania and South Africa: Highlights from a Project. Rotterdam, Boston and Taipei: Sense Publishers.
Chatry-Komarek, Marie. 2003: Literacy at Stake: Teaching Reading and Writing in African Schools. Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan.
Cole, D. T. 1971. The History of African Linguistics to 1945. Current Trends in Linguistics, Vol. VII, ed. Sebeok, Th. A., 1–29. Den Haag: Mouton.
Cummins, Jim. 2000. Language, Power and Pedagogy: Bilingual Children in the Crossfire. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Desai, Zubeida. 2004. Starting a Research Project: Some Lessons to be Learnt. Researching the Language of Instruction in Tanzania and South Africa, ed. Brock-Utne, Birgit, Desai, Zubeida and Qorro, Martha, 117–31. Cape Town: African Minds.
Djité, Paulin. 1993. Language and Development in Africa. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 100/101: 149–66.
Dutcher, Nadine. 2004 (1st edn 2001). Expanding Educational Opportunity in Linguistically Diverse Societies. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
Dutcher, Nadine and Tucker, Richard. 1995. The Use of First and Second Languages in Education. A Review of International Experience. Pacific Islands Discussion Paper Series Number 1. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Elugbe, Ben. 1996. The Use of African Languages in Basic Education in Nigeria with Particular Reference to Lower Primary and Functional Literacy. African Languages in Basic Education. Proceedings of the First Workshop on African Languages in Basic Education, NIED, Okahanja, 18–23 September 1995, ed. by Legère, Karsten, 25–40. Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan Publishers.
Fafunwa, Aliu Babatunde. 1990. Who Is Afraid of the Use of African Languages in Education? Propos Africains sur l’Éducation Pour Tous. Sélection d’articles présentés à l’occasion de la consultation régionale sur l’Éducation Pour Tous. Dakar: UNESCO-UNICEF.
Fafunwa, Aliu Babatunde, Macauley, J. I. and Sokoya, A. 1989. Education in Mother Tongue: The Ife Primary Education Research Project (1970–1978). Ibadan: University Press Ltd.
Galdamès, Viviana, Alidou, Hassana, Jung, Ingrid and Büttner, Thomas (eds.). 2004. L’Ecole Vivante: Enseigner la Langue Maternelle dans un Programme d’Education Bilingue. Niamey: INWENT-2PEB/GTZ.
Geider, Thomas. 2009. Afrikanische Sprachen und Literaturen an der Universität Leipzig. Auf der Suche nach Vielfalt. Ethnographie und Geographie in Leipzig, ed. Deimel, Claus, Lentz, Sebastian and Streck, Bernhard, 193–205. Leibniz-Institut für Länderkunde.
Gregersen, Edgar G. 1977. Language in Africa. New York: Gordon and Breach.
Griefenow-Mewis, Catherine. 2004. How to Turn Oral African Languages into Written Languages? The Somali and Oromo Experience. Making Multilingual Education a Reality for All, ed. Pfaffe, , 204–211.
Gueye, Pape M. 2001. Reflections on the Advantages and the Practical Use of National Languages in Adult Literacy in Senegal. Adult Education in Africa and Latin America: Intercultural Experiences in a Multicultural Encounter, ed. Küper, Wolfgang and Valiente-Catter, Teresa, 49–66. Eschborn: GTZ.
Halaoui, Nazam. 2003. Relevance of Education: Adapting Curricula and Use of African Languages. Background Paper for the ADEA Biennial 2003, Grand Baie, Mauritius, 3–6 December 2003.
Heugh, Kathleen. 2000. The Case against Bilingual and Multilingual Education in South Africa. PRAESA Occasional Paper No. 6. Cape Town: PRAESA.
Heugh, Kathleen. 2003. A Re-take on Bilingual Education in and for South Africa. Multilingualism in Global and Local Perspectives: Selected Papers from the 8th Nordic Conference on Bilingualism, November 1–3, 2001, ed. Fraurud, Kari and Hyltenstam, Kenneth, 47–62. Stockholm: Centre for Research on Bilingualism, Stockholm University and Rinkeby Institute of Multilingual Research.
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Komarek, Kurt. 1998. Cost-Effectiveness and Sustainability of Contributions to MTT in Africa: The Malagasy Experience and Its Strategical Consequences. Mother Tongue Education: A Reader. 2nd edn, ed. Küper, Wolfgang. Eschborn: GTZ.
Komarek, Kurt. 2003. Universal Primary Education in Multilingual Societies. Eschborn: GTZ.
Krashen, Stephen. 1996. Under Attack: The Case against Bilingual Education. Cluver City, CA: Language Education Associates.
Le Traitement Informatique des Langues Africaines. 2003, Cahiers du Rifal [Réseau international francophone d’aménagement linguistique] 23, Novembre 2003.
Leger, Rudolf. 2001. Afrikanistik. Das Afrika-Lexikon. Ein Kontinent in 1000 Stichwörtern, ed. Mabe, J. E., 9–11. Wuppertal and Weimar: Peter Hammer and J. B. Metzler.
Lo Bianco, Joseph. 1996. Language as an Economic Resource. Language Planning Report; 5.1. Pretoria: Dept. of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology.
Mabe, Jacob E. (ed.). 2001. Das Afrika-Lexikon. Ein Kontinent in 1000 Stichwörtern. Wuppertal and Weimar: Peter Hammer and J. B. Metzler.
Makelela, Leketi. 2005. ‘We Speak Eleven Tongues’: Reconstructing Multilingualism in South Africa. Languages of Instruction for African Emancipation: Focus on Post-colonial Contexts and Consideration, ed. Brock-Utne, Birgit and Hopson, Rodney Kofi, 147–74. Cape Town: CASAS; Dar es Salaam: Mkuki na Nyota.
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Mazrui, Alamin. 2002. The English Language in African Education: Dependency and Decolonization. Language Policies in Education: Critical Issues, ed. Tollefson, James, 267–81. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Meyer-Bahlburg, Hilke and Wolff, [H.] Ekkehard. 1986. Afrikanische Sprachen in Forschung und Lehre. 75 Jahre Afrikanistik in Hamburg (1909–1984), 7–32. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.
OAU. 1986. Language Plan of Action for Africa. Addis Ababa: Organisation of African Unity.
Obanya, Pai. 1999. The Dilemma of Education in Africa. Dakar: UNESCO Regional Office.
Obanya, Pai. 1999. Popular Fallacies on the Use of African Languages in Education. Social Dynamics (Special issue: Language and Development in Africa) 25(1): 81–100.
Oksaar, Els. 1988. Aspects of Creativity: Interactional Strategies of Mono- and Multilingual Children. Children’s Creative Communication, ed. Söderberg, R., 82–102. Lund University Press.
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