Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-77f85d65b8-zzw9c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-04-18T10:08:09.402Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

3 - Landscape Evolution along the Dead Sea Fault and its Margins

from Part I: - The Evolution of Current Landscapes and Basins

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 May 2017

By
Ari Matmon  and
Ezra Zilberman
Edited by
Yehouda Enzel  and
Ofer Bar-Yosef
Yehouda Enzel
Affiliation:
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Ofer Bar-Yosef
Affiliation:
Harvard University, Massachusetts
Get access

Summary

The landscape of Israel is a product of ancient exhumed structures and Neogene- Pleistocene tectonics related to the Dead Sea fault (DSF). Early on the DSF was dominated by lateral motion. Deep depressions along the fault formed ~10 million years later, triggering the formation of the present topography. The present topography and drainage systems of the western margin of the DSF begun evolving during the early Pliocene, ~4 Ma, and continued into the Quaternary. The development of the DSF inland base level was accompanied by the development of bounding rift escarpments and uplift tens of kilometers away from the plate boundary, which then resulted in disconnection of water passages to the Mediterranean and the establishment of the North-South oriented water divide. The initiation of major relief buildup after millions of years of dominating lateral slip is probably the expression of changes in the relative motion between the Arabian and African plates. Studies indicate that the present morphology and relief reached their present form at 1.6-2.0 Ma. The present topography set the physical and ecological conditions for the human-related Quaternary history of the region.

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
Quaternary of the Levant
Environments, Climate Change, and Humans
 , pp. 17 - 30
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Agnon, A. 1983. An attempted revision of the Neogene stratigraphy in the Dead Sea Valley. Israel Geological Society Annual Meeting, Nazareth, p. 63.Google Scholar
Agnon, A. 1993. The fault escarpment south west of the Dead Sea: From stratigraphy to morphotectonic history. In Israel Geological Society Annual Meetings Field Trips Guidebook, Arad, Israel, pp. 81–97.Google Scholar
Alfasi, S. 2014. Aggradation and Degradation Processes in the Peres Drainage System during the Pleistocene–Holocene Period. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem [Hebrew].Google Scholar
Avni, Y. 1991. The geology, paleogeography and landscape evolution in the Central Negev Highlands and the western Ramon structure. Geological Survey of Israel Report GSI/6/91 [Hebrew, English abstract].Google Scholar
Avni, Y. 1998. Paleogeography and tectonics of the central Negev and the Dead Sea Rift western margin during the late Neogene and Quaternary. Geological Survey of Israel Report GSI/24/98 [Hebrew, English abstract].Google Scholar
Avni, Y. & Zilberman, E. 2006. Landscape evolution triggered by neotectonics in the Sede Zin region, central Negev, Israel. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 55: 189–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avni, Y., Bartov, Y., Garfunkel, Z. & Ginat, H. 2000. Evolution of the Paran drainage basin and its relations to the Plio-Pleistocene history of the Arava Rift western margin, Israel. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 49: 215–38.Google Scholar
Avni, Y., Segev, A. & Ginat, H. 2012. Oligocene regional denudation of the northern Afar dome: pre and syn-breakup stages of the Afro-Arabian plate. Geological Society of America Bulletin 124: 1871.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bar, O. 2009. The shaping of the continental margin of central Israel since the Late Eocene – tectonics, morphology and stratigraphy. Geological Survey of Israel Report GSI/32/2009 [Hebrew, English abstract].Google Scholar
Bar, O., Gvirtzman, Z., Feinstein, S. & Zilberman, E. 2013. Accelerated subsidence and sedimentation in the Levant Basin during the Late Tertiary and concurrent uplift of the Arabian Platform: Tectonic versus counteracting sedimentary loading effects. Tectonics 32: 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bar, O., Zilberman, E., Feinstein, S., Calvo, R. & Gvirtzman, Z. 2016. The uplift history of the Arabian Plateau as inferred from geomorphologic analysis of its northwestern edge. Tectonophysics 671: 9–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartov, Y. 1974. A Structural and Paleogeographical Study of the Central Sinai Faults and Domes. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem [Hebrew, English abstract].Google Scholar
Bartov, Y., Steinitz, G., Eyal, M. & Eyal, Y. 1980. Sinistral movement along the Gulf of Aqaba – its age and relation to the opening of the Red Sea. Nature 285: 220–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. & Goren-Inbar, N. 1993. The Lithic Assemblages of ‘Ubeidiya, a Lower Paleolithic Site in the Jordan Valley, Qedem 34. Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Bayer, H.J., Hötzl, H., Jado, A.R., Röscher, B. & Voggenreiter, W. 1988. Sedimentary and structural evolution of the northwest Arabian Red Sea margin. Tectonophysics 153: 137–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Begin, Z.B. & Zilberman, E. 1997. The main stages and rate of the relief development in Israel. Geological Survey of Israel Report GSI/24/97 [Hebrew, English abstract].Google Scholar
Begin, Z.B., Ehrlich, A. & Nathan, Y. 1974. Lake Lisan, the Pleistocene precursor of the Dead Sea. Geological Survey of Israel Bulletin 63.Google Scholar
Belitzky, S. 2002. The structure and morphotectonics of the Gesher Benot Ya'aqov area, northern Dead Sea Rift, Israel. Quaternary Research 58: 372–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belmaker, M., Tchernov, E., Condemi, S. & Bar-Yosef, O. 2002. New evidence for hominid presence in the Lower Pleistocene of the Southern Levant. Journal of Human Evolution 43: 43–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belmaker, R., Lazar, B., Beer, J. et al. 2013. 10Be dating of Neogene halite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 122: 418–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ben-Avraham, Z. 1985. Structural framework of the Gulf of Elat (Aqaba), northern Red Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research 90: 703–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ben-Avraham, Z. 1992. Development of asymmetric basins along continental transform faults. Tectonophysics 215: 209–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ben-Avraham, Z., Ginzburg, A. & Yuval, Z. 1979. Seismic reflection and refraction investigations of Lake Kinneret; central Jordan Valley, Israel. In International Symposium on Rift Zones of the Earth; The Dead Sea Rift; Program & Abstracts, ed. Picard, L.Y & Freund, R., p. 43.Google Scholar
Ben Avraham, Z., ten-Brink, U.S., Bell, R. & Reznikov, M. 1996. Gravity field over the Sea of Galilee: evidence for a composite basin along a transform fault. Journal of Geophysical Research 101: 533–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bentor, Y.K. & Vroman, A.J. 1951. Map of the Negev (1:100,000), Sheet 18: Avdat. Israel Army SCI.Google Scholar
Bentor, Y.K. & Vroman, A.J. 1961. Map of the Negev (1:100,000), Sheet 16: Mt. Sedom. Israel Army SCI.Google Scholar
Blake, G.S. 1935. The Stratigraphy of Palestine and its Building Stones. Jerusalem: Printing and Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Bloom, A.L. 1998. Geomorphology: Upper Saddle River, 3rd edn. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Bohannon, R.G., Naeser, C.W., Schmidt, D.L. & Zimmermann, R.A. 1989. The timing of uplift, volcanism and rifting peripheral to the Red Sea: A case for passive rifting? Journal of Geophysical Research 94: 1683–701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boroda, R., Matmon, A., Amit, R. et al. 2014. Evolution and degradation of flat-top mesas in the hyper-arid Negev, Israel revealed from cosmogenic nuclides. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 39: 1611–21. doi: 10.1002/esp.3551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bosworth, W., Huchon, P. & McClay, K. 2005. The Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Basins. Journal of African Earth Sciences 43: 334–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braun, M. 1967. Type Sections of the Avedat Group Eocene Formations in the Negev (Southern Israel). Stratigraphic Section 4. Jerusalem: Geological Survey of Israel.Google Scholar
Braun, D., Ron, H., Marco, S. 1991. Magnetostratigraphy of the hominid tool-bearing Erk el Ahmar Formation in the northern Dead Sea Rift. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 40: 191–7.Google Scholar
Buchbinder, B. 1975. Lithogenesis of Miocene reef limestone in Israel with particular reference to the significance of the red algae. Geological Survey of Israel Report OD/3/75.Google Scholar
Buchbinder, B. & Zilberman, E. 1997. Sequence stratigraphy of Miocene–Pliocene carbonate-siliciclastic shelf deposits in the eastern Mediterranean margin (Israel): effects of eustasy and tectonics. Sedimentary Geology 112: 7–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchbinder, B., Martinotti, G.M., Siman Tov, R. & Zilberman, E. 1993. Temporal and spatial relationships in Miocene reef carbonates in Israel. Palaeogeography, Palaeoecology, Palaeoclimatology 101: 97–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchbinder, B., Calvo, R. & Siman-Tov, R. 2005. The Oligocene in Israel: A marine realm with intermittent denudation accompanied by mass-flow deposition. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 54: 63–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calvo, R. 2002. Stratigraphy and petrology of the Hazeva Formation in the Arava and Negev: Implications for the development of sedimentary basins and morphotectonics of the Dead Sea Rift valley. Geological Survey of Israel Report GSI/22/02.Google Scholar
Calvo, R. & Bartov, Y. 2001. Hazeva Group, southern Israel: New observations, and their implications for its stratigraphy, paleogeography, and tectono-sedimentary regime. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 50: 71–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, M.N., Matmon, A., Ron, H., Fink, D. & Niedermann, S. 2011. Dating Pliocene lacustrine sediments in the central Jordan Valley, Israel: implications for cosmogenic burial dating. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 305: 317–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Druckman, Y., Buchbinder, B., Martinoty, G., Siman Tov, R. & Aharon, P. 1995. The buried Afiq canyon (eastern Mediterranean, Israel): A case study of a Tertiary submarine canyon exposed in Late Messinian times. Marine Geology 123: 167–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enzel, Y. Shaliv, G. & Kaplan, M. 1988. The Tectonic Deformation along the Zin Lineament. Nuclear Power Plant – Shivta Sits – Preliminary Safety Analysis Report. Appendix 2.5E: Late Cenozoic Geology in the Site Area. Israel Electric Company.Google Scholar
Eran, G. 1982. The Geometry of the Negev Monoclines. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem [Hebrew, English abstract].Google Scholar
Freund, R. 1970. The geometry of faulting in Galilee. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 19: 117–40.Google Scholar
Fruchter, N., Matmon, A., Avni, Y. & Fink, D. 2011. Revealing sediment sources, mixing, and transport during erosional crater evolution in the hyperarid Negev Desert, Israel. Geomorphology 134: 363–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garfunkel, Z. 1981. Internal structure of the Dead Sea leaky transform (rift) in relation to plate kinematics. Tectonophysics 80: 81–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garfunkel, Z. 1988. The pre-Quaternary geology of Israel. In The Zoogeography of Israel, ed. Yom-Tov, Y. & Tchernov, E.. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 7–34.Google Scholar
Garfunkel, Z. 1997. The history and formation of the Dead Sea basin. In The Dead Sea, the Lake and its Setting, ed. Niemi, T.M., Avraham, Z. Ben & Gat, J.R.. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 36–56.Google Scholar
Garfunkel, Z. & Bartov, Y. 1977. The tectonics of the Suez Rift. Geological Survey of Israel Bulletin 71. Jerusalem: Geological Survey of Israel.Google Scholar
Garfunkel, Z. & Horowitz, A. 1966. The Upper Tertiary and Quaternary morphology of the Negev. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 15: 101–17.Google Scholar
Garfunkel, Z., Zak, I. & Freund, R. 1981. Active faulting in the Dead Sea rift. Tectonophysics 80: 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilat, A. 1980. The geology of the southern Hebron Mountains. Geological Survey of Israel Current Research 1980: 33–6.Google Scholar
Ginat, H. 1997. Paleogeography and landscape evolution of the Nahal Hiyyon and Nahal Zihor basins (sedimentology, climatic and tectonic aspects). Geological Survey of Israel Report, GSI/19/97 [Hebrew, English abstract].Google Scholar
Ginat, H., Zilberman, E. & Amit, R. 2002. Red sedimentary units as indicator for reconstructing Early Pleistocene tectonic activity in the Southern Negev desert, Israel. Geomorphology 45: 127–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ginat, H., Zilberman, E. & Saragusti, I. 2003. Early pleistocene lake deposits and Lower Paleolithic finds in Nahal (wadi) Zihor, Southern Negev desert, Israel. Quaternary Research 59: 445–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gur, D., Steinitz, G., Kolodny, Y., Starinsky, A. & McWilliams, M. 1995. 40Ar/39Ar dating of combustion metamorphism (the ‘mottled zone’, Israel). Chemical Geology 122: 171–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guralnik, B., Matmon, A., Avni, Y. & Fink, D. 2010. 10Be exposure ages of ancient desert pavements reveal Quaternary evolution of the Dead Sea drainage basin and rift margin tilting. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 290: 132–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gvirtzman, G. & Buchbinder, B. 1969. Outcrops of Neogene formations in the central and southern coastal plain, Hashephela and Be'er Sheva regions, Israel. Geological Survey of Israel Bulletin 50.Google Scholar
Gvirtzman, G. & Reiss, Z. 1965. Stratigraphic nomenclature in the coastal Plain and Hashephela regions. Geological Survey of Israel Report OD/1/65.Google Scholar
Gvirtzman, Z., Steinberg, J., Bar, O. et al. 2011. Retreating Late Tertiary shorelines in Israel: Implications for the exposure of north Arabia and Levant during Neotethys closure. Lithosphere 3: 95–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heimann, A. 1990. The development of the Dead Sea Transform and its margins in northern Israel during the Pliocene and Pleistocene. Geol-ogical Survey of Israel Report GSI/28/90, pp. 1–83 [Hebrew, English summary].Google Scholar
Heimann, A. & Ron, H. 1993. Geometric changes of plate boundaries along part of the northern Dead Sea Transform: Geochronologic and paleomagnetic evidence. Tectonics 12: 477–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heimann, A. & Steinitz, G. 1989. 40Ar/39Ar total gas ages of basalt from Notera 3 well, Hula Valley, Dead Sea Rift: stratigraphic and tectonic implicaions. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 38: 173–84.Google Scholar
Heimann, A., Steinitz, G., Mor, D. & Shaliv, G. 1996. The geochronology of the Cover Basalt: Revised K–Ar and new 40Ar/39Ar results. Geological Survey of Israel Report GSI/6/96.Google Scholar
Heimann, A., Zilberman, E., Amit, R. & Frieslander, U. 2011. Northward migration of the southern diagonal fault of the Hula pull-apart basin, Dead Sea Transform, northern Israel. Tectonophysics 476: 496–511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horowitz, A. 1979. The Quaternary of Israel. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Horowitz, A. 1983. Palynostratigraphy of Zemah-1 Borehole. Letter report to Oil Exploration (Investments) Ltd.Google Scholar
Horowitz, A. 2001. The Jordan Rift Valley. Rotterdam: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Hurwitz, S., Garfunkel, Z., Ben Gai, Y. et al. 2002. The tectonic framework of a complex pull-apart basin: seismic reflection observations in the Sea of Galilee, Dead Sea Transform. Tectonophysics 359: 289–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchinson, D.R., Golmshtok, A.J., Zoneneshain, L.P. et al. 1992. Depositional and tectonic framework of the rift basins of Lake Baikal from multichannel seismic data. Geology 20: 589–92.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inbar, N., Shulman, H., Flexer, A. & Yellin-Dror, A. 2010. The structure of Kinnarot Basin, Jordan Rift Valley, Israel. The Israel Geological Society, Annual Meeting Abstract Book, p. 77.Google Scholar
Issar, A. 1961. Geology of the Sub-Surface Water Resources of the Shefela and Sharon Areas. Report No. 307. Tel Aviv: Tahal, Water Planning for Israel Ltd (Hebrew).Google Scholar
Joffe, S. & Garfunkel, Z. 1987. Plate kinematics of the circum Red Sea area: a re-evaluating. Tectonophysics 141: 5–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kashai, E.L. & Croker, P.F. 1987. Structural geometry and evolution of the Dead Sea–Jordan rift system as deduced from new subsurface data. Tectonophysics 141: 33–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, A. 1971. U-series dating of Dead Sea basin carbonates. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 35: 1269–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klang, A. 1984. A new interpretation of the gravimetric anomaly of the Hula basin. Institute of Petroleum Research and Geophysics Report XI/776/81.Google Scholar
Kolodny, Y., Bar, M. & Sass, E. 1971. Fission track age of the ‘Mottled Zone event’ in Israel. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 11: 269–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcus, E. & Slager, J. 1985. The sedimentary-magmatic sequence of the Zemah 1 well (Jordan–Dead Sea Rift, Israel) and its emplacement in time and space. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 34: 1–10.Google Scholar
Martinez-Navarro, B., Belmaker, M. & Bar-Yosef, O. 2009. The large carnivores from ‘Ubeidiya (early Pleistocene, Israel): Biochronological and biogeographical implications. Journal of Human Evolution 56: 514–24.10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.02.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martinotti, G., Gvirtzman, G. & Buchbinder, B. 1978. The Late Miocene marine transgression in the Beer Sheva area. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 27: 72–82.Google Scholar
Matmon, A., Enzel, Y., Zilberman, E. & Heimann, A. 1999. Late Pliocene to Pleistocene reversal of drainage systems in Northern Israel: Tectonic implications. Geomorphology 28: 43–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matmon, A., Zilberman, E. & Enzel, Y. 2000. Determination of escarpment age using morphologic analysis: An example from the Galilee, northern Israel. Geological Society of America Bulletin 112: 1864–76.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matmon, A., Simhai, O., Amit, R. et al. 2009. Where erosion ceases: Desert pavement coated surfaces in extreme deserts present the longest-lived landforms on Earth. Geological Society of America Bulletin 121: 688–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matmon, A., Fink, D., Davis, M. et al. 2014. Unraveling rift margin evolution and escarpment development ages along the Dead Sea fault using cosmogenic burial ages. Quaternary Research 82: 281–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2014.04.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meiler, M., Shulman, H., Flexer, A., Reshef, M. & Yelin-Dror, A. 2008. A seismic interpretation of the Bet She'an basin. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 57: 1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michelson, H. 1973. ‘Yarmouk Basalt’ and ‘Raqqad Basalt’ – two volcanic phases, which flowed through pre-existing gorges. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 22: 51–8.Google Scholar
Michelson, H. & Lipson-Benitah, S. 1986. The litho and biostratigraphy of the southern Golan Heights. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 35: 221–40.Google Scholar
Mimran, Y. 1982. Multi-phase folding activity in eastern Samaria. Geol-ogical Survey of Israel Current Research 1982: 39–41.Google Scholar
Mor, D. 1986. The volcanism of the Golan Heights. Geological Survey of Israel Report GSI/5/86 [Hebrew, English abstract].Google Scholar
Mor, D. 1993. A time-table for the Levant Volcanic Province, according to K–Ar dating in the Golan Heights. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 16: 223–24.Google Scholar
Neev, D. 1960. A pre-Neogene erosion channel in the southern Coastal Plain of Israel. Geological Survey of Israel Bulletin 25: 20.Google Scholar
Neev, D. & Emery, K.O. 1967. The Dead Sea, depositional processes and environments of evaporates. Geological Survey of Israel Bulletin 41.Google Scholar
Neev, D. & Hall, J.K. 1979. Geophysical investigations in the Dead Sea; seismic results and interpretation. In International Symposium on Rift Zones of the Earth; The Dead Sea Rift; Program & Abstracts, ed. Picard, L.Y & Freund, R., p. 11.Google Scholar
Picard, L. 1936. Conditions of underground water in the western Emeq. Bulletin of the Geological Department, Hebrew University of Jerusalem 1: 1–24.Google Scholar
Picard, L. 1943. Structure and evolution of Palestine with comparative notes on neighboring countries. Bulletin of the Geological Department, Hebrew University of Jerusalem 4.Google Scholar
Picard, L. 1951. Geomorphogeny of Israel, Part 1: The Negev. Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel 8G: 1–30.Google Scholar
Picard, L. 1965. The geological evolution of the Quaternary in the central-northern Jordan Graben, Israel. Geological Society of America Special Papers 84: 337–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Picard, L. & Golani, U. 1965. The Geological Map of Israel (1;250,000), Northern Sheet. Jerusalem: Israel Geological Survey.Google Scholar
Picard, L. & Kashai, E. 1958. On the lithostratigraphy and tectonics of the Carmel. Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel, Section G: Geo-Science 7G: 1–19.Google Scholar
Plakht, J. 2000. Quaternary units in the Makhteshim, Negev Desert: Similarities and peculiarities. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 49: 179–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plakht, J. 2003. Quaternary maps of Makhtesh Hatira and Makhtesh Hazera, Negev Desert. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 52: 31–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quennell, A.M. 1956. The structural and geomorphic evolution of the Dead Sea Rift. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 114: 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quennell, A.M. 1959. Tectonics of the Dead Sea Rift. Congreso Geologico Internacional, 20th session. Mexico: Asociacion de Servicios Geologicos Africanos, pp. 385–405.Google Scholar
Ron, H. & Levi, S. 2001. When did hominids first leave Africa? New high-resolution magnetostratigraphy from the Erk-el-Ahmar formation, Israel. Geology 29: 887–90.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ron, H., Freund, R., Garfunkel, Z. & Nur, A. 1984. Block rotation by strike slip faulting: Structural and paleomagnetic evidence. Journal of Geophysical Research 89: 6256–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosendahl, B.R. 1987. Architecture of continental rift with special reference to East Africa. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 15: 445–503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenfeld, A., Segev, A. & Halbersberg, E. 1981. Ostracodes species and paleosalinities of the Pliocene Bira and Gesher formations (northwestern Jordan Valley). Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 30: 113–19.Google Scholar
Rotstein, Y., Bartov, Y. & Frieslander, U. 1992. Evidence for local shifting of the main fault and changes in the structural setting, Kinarot Basin, Dead Sea Transform. Geology 20: 251–4.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryb, U., Mattews, A., Erel, Y. et al. 2009. Iron mineralization along the northern Negev anticlines: sources, timing, and paleogeographical implications. Israel Geological Society Annual Meeting Abstracts, p. 112.Google Scholar
Ryb, U., Matmon, A., Porat, N. & Katz, O. 2012. From mass-wasting to slope stabilization – putting constrains on a tectonically induced transition in slope erosion mode: A case study in the Judea Hills, Israel. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 38: 551–60.Google Scholar
Rybakov, M., Fleischer, L. & ten Brink, U.S. 2003. The Hula Valley subsurface structure inferred from gravity data. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 52: 113–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandler, A., Zilberman, E., Rozenbaum, A.G. et al. 2012. A revised chrono-stratigraphy of the Neogene sequence in the eastern Lower Galilee. Israel Geological Society Annual Meeting 2012 (Ashkelon), pp. 114–15.Google Scholar
Sass, E. & Freund, R. 1977. Deeply incised Senonian unconformity in Jerusalem and its implication on early evolution of the Judean Hills. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 26: 108–11.Google Scholar
Schattner, U. & Weinberger, R. 2008. A mid-Pleistocene deformation transition in the Hula basin, northern Israel: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the Dead Sea Fault. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 9: Q07009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schattner, U., Ben-Avraham, Z., Lazar, M. & Huebscher, C. 2006. Tectonic isolation of the Levant basin offshore Galilee–Lebanon – effects of the Dead Sea fault plate boundary on the Levant continental margin, eastern Mediterranean. Journal of Structural Geology 28: 2049–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schulman, N. 1962. The Geology of the Central Jordan Valley. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem [Hebrew].Google Scholar
Schütt, H. & Ortal, R. 1993. A preliminary correlation between the Plio-Pleistocene malacofaunas of the Jordan Valley (Israel) and the Orontes Valley (Syria). Zoology in the Middle East 8: 69–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Segev, A. 2000. Synchronous magmatic cycles during the fragmentation of Gondwana: radiometric ages from the Levant and other provinces. Tectonophysics 325: 257–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaliv, G. 1991. Stages in the tectonic and volcanic history of Neogen continental basins in northern Israel. Geological Survey of Israel Report GSI/11/91, p. 94.Google Scholar
Sharp, W.D. & Clague, D.A. 2006. 50-Ma initiation of Hawaiian–Emperor bend records major change in Pacific plate motion. Science 313: 1281–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shtober-Zisu, N., Greenbaum, N., Inbar, M. & Flexer, A. 2008. Morphometric and geomorphic approaches for assessment of tectonic activity, Dead Sea Rift (Israel). Geomorphology 102: 93–104.10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.06.017CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sneh, A. & Buchbinder, B. 1984. Miocene to Pleistocene surfaces and their associated sediments in the Shfela region, Israel. Geological Survey of Israel Current Research 1984: 56–9.Google Scholar
Sneh, A. & Weinberger, R. 2003a. Geological Map of Israel (1:5,0000), Metulla Sheet (2-II). Jerusalem: Geological Survey of Israel.Google Scholar
Sneh, A. & Weinberger, R. 2003b. Geology of the Metulla quadrangle, northern Israel: Implications for the offset along the Dead Sea Rift. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 52: 123–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sneh, A. & Weinberger, R. 2006. Geological Map of Israel (1:50,000), Rosh Pina Sheet (2-IV). Jerusalem: Geological Survey of Israel.Google Scholar
Steckler, M.S. & ten Brink, U.S. 1986. Lithospheric strength variations as a control on new plate boundaries; Examples from the northern Red Sea region. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 79: 12159–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stein, M. & Agnon, A. 2007. So, what is the age of the Sedom Lagoon? Israel Geological Society Annual Meeting (Newe Zohar), p. 119.Google Scholar
Stein, M., Agnon, A., Starinsky, A. et al. 1994. What is the ‘age’ of the Sedom Formation? Israel Geological Society Annual Meeting 1994, p. 108.Google Scholar
Stein, M., Starinsky, A., Agnon, A. et al. 2000. The impact of brine–rock interaction during marine evaporite formation on the isotopic Sr record in the oceans: Evidence from Mt. Sedom, Israel. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 64: 2039–53.10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00370-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steinitz, G. & Bartov, Y. 1991. The Miocene–Pliocene history of the Dead Sea segment of the rift in light of K–Ar ages of basalts. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 40: 199–208.Google Scholar
Tchernov, E. 1975. The Early Pleistocene Molluscs of Erk el-Ahmar (The Pleistocene of the Central Jordan Valley, the Excavations at Ubeidiya). Jerusalem: The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, p. 36.Google Scholar
Tchernov, E. 1987. The age of the ‘Ubeidiya Formation, an early Pleistocene hominid site in the Jordan Valley, Israel. Israel Journal of Earth-Sciences 36: 3–30.Google Scholar
ten Brink, U.S. & Ben-Avraham, Z. 1989. The anatomy of a pull-apart basin; seismic reflection observations of the Dead Sea basin, Tectonics 8: 333–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ten Brink, U.S., Schoenberg, N., Kovach, R.L. & Ben-Avraham, Z. 1990. Uplift and a possible Moho offset across the Dead Sea transform. Tectonophysics 180: 71–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ten Brink, U.S., Rybakov, M., Al-Zoubi, A. et al. 1999. The anatomy of the Dead Sea Transform: Does it reflect continuous changes in plate motion? Geology 27: 887–90.10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0887:AOTDST>2.3.CO;22.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torfstein, A., Gavrieli, I., Katz, A., Kolodny, Y. & Stein, M. 2008. Gypsum as a monitor of the paleo-limnological-hydrological conditions in lake Lisan and the Dead Sea. Geochimica et Cosmochimica. Acta 72: 2491–509.10.1016/j.gca.2008.02.015CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torfstein, A., Haase-Schramm, A., Waldmann, N., Kolodny, Y. & Stein, M. 2009. U-series and oxygen isotope chronology of the mid-Pleistocene Lake Amora (Dead Sea basin). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 73: 2603–30.10.1016/j.gca.2009.02.010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaks, A., Woodhead, J., Bar-Matthews, M. et al. 2013. Pliocene–Pleistocene climate of the northern margin of Saharan-Arabian Desert recorded in speleothems from the Negev Desert, Israel. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 368: 88–100.10.1016/j.epsl.2013.02.027CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wdowinski, S. & Zilberman, E. 1996. Kinematic modeling of large scale structural asymmetry across the Dead Sea Transform. Tectonophysics 266: 187–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wdowinski, S. & Zilberman, E. 1997. Systematic analyses of the large-scale topography and structure across the Dead Sea Rift. Tectonics 16: 409–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westaway, R. 2004. Kinematic consistency between the Dead Sea Fault Zone and the Neogene and Quaternary left-lateral faulting in SE Turkey. Tectonophysics 391: 203–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yair, A. 1962. The Morphology of Nahal Dishon. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem [Hebrew].Google Scholar
Zak, I. 1967. The Geology of Mt. Sedom. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Zilberman, E. 1977. The structures along the Sa'ad-Nafha Lineament in the Avedat Plateau. Geological Survey of Israel Report GSI/31/98.Google Scholar
Zilberman, E. 1985. The geology of the central Sinai–Negev shear zone, central Negev. Part C: The Paran Lineament. Geological Survey of Israel Report GSI/38/85.Google Scholar
Zilberman, E. 1986. Pliocene–Early Pleistocene surfaces in the northwestern Negev – paleogeography and tectonic implications. Geological Survey of Israel Report GSI/26/86.Google Scholar
Zilberman, E. 1991. Landscape evolution in the central, northern and northwestern Negev during the Neogene and the Quaternary. Geological Survey of Israel Report GSI/45/90.Google Scholar
Zilberman, E. 1992. Remnants of Miocene landscape in the central and northern Negev and their paleogeographic implications. Geological Survey of Israel Bulletin 83.Google Scholar
Zilberman, E. 2000. The formation of the ‘Makhteshim’ – unique erosion cirques in the Negev, southern Israel. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 49: 127–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zilberman, E. & Avni, Y. 2007. The Hemar Conglomerate – a remnant of a middle-late Miocene cross-rift stream. Israel Geological Society Annual Meeting, p. 138.Google Scholar
Zilberman, E. & Calvo, R. 2013. Remnants of Miocene fluvial sediments in the Negev Desert, Israel, and the Jordanian Plateau: Evidence for an extensive subsiding basin in the northwestern margins of the Arabian plate. Journal of African Earth Science 82: 33–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zilberman, E. & Porat, N. 2012. The Neogene-Quaternary sequence of the northern Negev and its relation to the morphological structure. In Israel Geological Society Annual Meeting (Ashkelon) Field Trips Guidebook, pp. 17–42.Google Scholar
Zilberman, E., Baer, G., Avni, Y. & Feigin, D. 1996. Pliocene fluvial systems and tectonics in the central Negev, southern Israel. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 45: 113–26.Google Scholar

Accessibility standard: Unknown

Why this information is here

This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

Accessibility Information

Accessibility compliance for the HTML of this chapter is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×