Figures
1.1Historical trends in world primary energy consumption by energy source
1.2Share of total global CO2 emissions from fossil fuels for coal, oil, and natural gas
1.4Price of international energy commodities, energy adjusted for comparison on a $/MMBtu basis
1.5Net imports of steam coal for the most significant importing countries
1.7Net exports of steam coal for the most important exporting countries
2.8Energy consumption intensity in China (defined as the annual growth rate of energy consumption divided by the corresponding growth rate of GDP)
2.9Average production cost and selling price for major state coal mines in China
3.1Illustration of the administrative structure of China’s coal industry
4.3Estimates of India’s coal resources and reserves by data source
5.3South African coal production, consumption, and exports: 1950–2007
5.5Eskom’s coal-generated electricity in South Africa (GWh, right axis) and coal burned to generate this electricity (Mtpa, left axis)
5.9Scenario for domestic coal demand evolution in South Africa (Mtpa)
6.1Australian saleable black coal production by state, 1950–2011
6.3Lost production due to work stoppages at NSW coal mines, 1948–1960
6.4Share of black coal consumption by industry, 1950 and 1959
6.5Lost production due to industrial strife in Australian coal mines, 1960–1986
6.6Annual nominal and real wages for NSW coal miners, 1968–1986
6.8Raw coal output per man shift for Australia’s underground and open-cut black coal mines, 1960–1986
6.10Shares of domestic coal consumption by industry, 1960 and 1986
6.11Steam coal and coking coal shares of total exports, 1960 and 1986
6.12Queensland and NSW shares of black coal exports, 1960 and 1986
6.15Nominal and real prices (1980 A$) of Australian black coal in A$ per tonne, 1980–2013
6.16FOB price of Australian black coal exports in A$ and US$ per tonne, 1980 – 2013
6.17China’s imports of steam and coking coal between 2000 and 2013
6.18China’s annual steam coal imports and exports, 2000–2012
6.19Value of different Australian exports in 2012 (billion A$)
7.1Indonesia’s coal production by mining authorization type, 1982–2009
7.2Export and domestic sales of Indonesian steam coal, 1995–2009
7.3A barge pulls Adaro Energy coal down the Barito River in South Kalimantan
7.4A barge with coal from Berau Coal approaches a floating transshipment facility in East Kalimantan that will transfer the coal to an oceangoing vessel for shipment to customers in Asia
7.5Sea distance to major Asian discharge ports from Abbot Point (Australia), Balikpapan (Kalimantan, Indonesia), and Richards Bay (South Africa)
7.6Transport cost for traditional coals from Australia (Abbot Point), Indonesia (Balipapan, Kalimantan), and Richards Bay (South Africa) to major Asian discharge ports: (a) weight basis (USD/tonne); (b) energy basis (USD/GJ)
7.7Indonesia’s coal exports and domestic consumption, 2009–2012
7.8Comparison of sea transport costs for traditional and “new” (low-rank) Indonesian coals with traditional and new coals from Australia and South Africa (USD per GJ)
8.1Monthly averaged benchmark prices for coal, natural gas, and crude oil
9.3Dry bulk freight rates from FOB ports to Guangzhou port in ChinaCoalArb model
9.5Cost of freight indexed to pre-financial-crisis levels (September 2008)
9.6FOB coal prices indexed to pre-financial-crisis levels (September 2008)
10.1Monthly prices for steam coal in USD per tonne (CIF Eurozone, FOB Richards Bay, and FOB Newcastle) and crude oil in USD per barrel (crude oil index) between April 1996 and April 2013
10.6Marginal cost curves (2010) for selected production nodes
10.7Capacity and investment costs for selected production nodes in the base year
10.9Capacity and investment costs for all export nodes in the base year
10.10FOB costs (2010) for the export countries in COALMOD-World
10.11Linear regression of average freight rates between 2002 and 2009
10.13COALMOD-World results: development of yearly global coal demand in both scenarios until 2030 (in Mtpa)
10.14Global COALMOD-World results: aggregated consumption and imports in the Base Case (in Mtpa)
10.15Global results: aggregated consumption and imports in the Moderate Growth scenario (in Mtpa)
10.19Average prices of selected regions for all model years (in USD/t) in the Base Case
10.20Production costs at production level for selected producers over time in the Base Case
10.21Production costs at production level for selected producers over time in the Moderate Growth scenario
11.1Simplified schematic of coal bed methane (CBM) extraction
11.2Seven-year CBM production profile for an actual CBM production well in the Bowen Basin
11.3Seven-year CBM production profile for an actual CBM production well in the Surat Basin
11.5Queensland coal bed methane production by basin, 1997–2012
11.6Queensland gas production from CBM and conventional sources
11.7Simplified schematic of underground coal gasification (UCG)
A.9China’s electricity generation by fuel and major events, 1978–2010
A.10Coal consumption and efficiency trends at power plants, 1978–2009
A.11Coke production composition by type of coke ovens in Shanxi, 1985–2008
A.12Coal, electricity, and fuel requirements for different types of cement kilns
A.13Average mine mouth sales price for coal produced by key SOEs in China
A.14Reference projection for China’s electricity generation capacity mix in 2030
A.15Coal consumption and efficiency trend in the Chinese power industry
A.17China’s major coastal ports and marine transport of coal
A.18Coal and coke transport versus freight tonnage in China, 1978–2009
A.20Coal throughput at major coastal ports, from 1984 to 2009
A.24Indices of cargo tonnage by transport mode, normalized around 1978
A.26Coal output of Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, and China from 1949 to 2009
A.27Statistical revisions of China’s coal output in 2006 and 2010
A.29Unexplainable coal consumption at the provincial level in China
A.30Official statistics versus independent estimations of coal mining safety in China
A.31Fuel combustion and carbon emissions: China vs the United States
